共查询到20条相似文献，搜索用时 109 毫秒
1.
In this study, we present a particle batch smoother (PBS) to determine soil moisture profiles by assimilating soil temperatures at two depths (4 and 8 cm). The PBS can be considered as an extension of the standard particle filter (PF) in which soil moisture is updated within a window of fixed length using all observed soil temperatures in that window. This approach was developed with a view to assimilating temperature observations from distributed temperature sensing (DTS) observations, a technique which can provide temperature observations every meter or less along cables up to kilometers in length. Here, the PBS approach is tested using soil moisture and temperature, and meteorological data from an experimental site in Citra, Florida. Results demonstrate that the PBS provides a statistically significant improvement in estimated soil moisture compared to the PF, with only a marginal increase in computational expense ( < 3% of CPU time). This confirms that assimilating a sequence of temperature observations yields a better soil moisture estimate compared to sequential assimilation of individual temperature observations. The impact of observation interval was investigated for both PF and PBS, and the optimal window length was determined for the PBS. While increasing the observation interval is essential to maintain the spread of particle values in the PF, the PBS performance is best when all available observations are assimilated. 相似文献
2.
卫星被动微波遥感土壤湿度,是准确分析大空间尺度上陆表水分变化信息的有效手段.美国航天局(NASA)发布的基于AMSR-E观测亮温资料的全球土壤湿度反演产品,在蒙古干旱区的实际精度并不令人满意.本文基于对地表微波辐射传输中地表粗糙度和植被层影响的简化处理方法,采用AMSR-E的6.9 GHz,10.7 GHz和18.7 GHz之V极化亮温资料,应用多频率反演算法,并以国际能量和水循环协同观测计划(The Coordinated Energy and Water Cycle Observations Project)即CEOP实验在蒙古国东部荒漠地区的地面实验资料作为先验知识,获取被动微波遥感模型的优化参数,以期获得蒙古干旱区精度更高的土壤湿度遥感估算结果.分析表明,本文方法反演的白天和夜间土壤湿度结果与地面验证值之间的均方根误差(RMSE)接近0.030 cm3/cm3, 证明所用方法在不需要其他辅助资料或参数帮助下,可较精确地反演干旱区表层土壤湿度信息,能够全天候、动态监测大空间尺度的土壤湿度变化,可为干旱区气候变化研究及陆面过程模拟和数据同化研究提供高精度的表层土壤湿度初始场资料. 相似文献
3.
This paper explores the behaviour and sensitivity of a watershed model used for simulating lateral soil water redistribution and runoff production. In applications such as modelling the effects of land‐use change in small headwater catchments, interactions between soil moisture, runoff and ecological processes are important. Because climate, soil and canopy characteristics are spatially variable, both the pattern of soil moisture and the associated outflow must be represented in modelling these processes. This study compares implicit and explicit routing approaches to modelling the evolution of soil moisture pattern and spatially variable runoff production. It also addresses the implications of using different landscape partitioning strategies. This study presents the results of calibration and application of these different routing and landscape partitioning approaches on a 60 ha forested watershed in Western Oregon. For comparison, the different approaches are incorporated into a physically based hydro‐ecological model, RHESSys, and the resulting simulated soil moisture, runoff production and sensitivity to unbiased error are examined. Results illustrate that both routing approaches can be calibrated to achieve a reasonable fit between observed and modelled outflow. Calibrated values for effective watershed hydraulic conductivity are higher for the explicit routing approach, which illustrates differences between the two routing approaches in their representation of internal watershed dynamics. The explicit approach illustrates a seasonal shift in drainage organization from watershed to more local control as climate goes from a winter wet to a summer dry period. Assumptions used in the implicit approach maintain the same pattern of drainage organization throughout the season. The implicit approach is also more sensitive to random error in soil and topographic input information, particularly during wetter periods. Comparison between the two routing approaches illustrates the advantage of the explicit routing approach, although the loss of computational efficiency associated with the explicit routing approach is noted. To compare different strategies for partitioning the landscape, the use of a non‐grid‐based method of partitioning is introduced and shown to be comparable to grid‐based partitioning in terms of simulated soil moisture and runoff production. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
4.
《Advances in water resources》2004,27(8):785-801
Soil moisture satellite mission accuracy, repeat time and spatial resolution requirements are addressed through a numerical twin data assimilation study. Simulated soil moisture profile retrievals were made by assimilating near-surface soil moisture observations with various accuracy (0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 10%v/v standard deviation) repeat time (1, 2, 3, 5, 10, 15, 20 and 30 days), and spatial resolution (0.5, 6, 12 18, 30, 60 and 120 arc-min). This study found that near-surface soil moisture observation error must be less than the model forecast error required for a specific application when used as data assimilation input, else slight model forecast degradation may result. It also found that near-surface soil moisture observations must have an accuracy better than 5%v/v to positively impact soil moisture forecasts, and that daily near-surface soil moisture observations achieved the best soil moisture and evapotranspiration forecasts for the repeat times assessed, with 1–5 day repeat times having the greatest impact. Near-surface soil moisture observations with a spatial resolution finer than the land surface model resolution (∼30 arc-min) produced the best results, with spatial resolutions coarser than the model resolution yielding only a slight degradation. Observations at half the land surface model spatial resolution were found to be appropriate for our application. Moreover, it was found that satisfying the spatial resolution and accuracy requirements was much more important than repeat time. 相似文献
5.
6.
Year‐round estimation of soil moisture content using temporally variable soil hydraulic parameters 
下载免费PDF全文
下载免费PDF全文 Soil moisture plays a key role in the hydrological cycle as it controls the flux of water between soil, vegetation, and atmosphere. This study is focused on a year‐round estimation of soil moisture in a forested mountain area using the bucket model approach. For this purpose, three different soil moisture models are utilised. The procedure is based on splitting the whole year into two complement periods (dormant and vegetation). Model parameters are allowed to vary between the two periods and also from year to year in the calibration procedure. Consequently, two sets of average model parameters corresponding to dormant and vegetation seasons are proposed. The process of splitting is strongly supported by the experimental data, and it enables us to variate saturated hydraulic conductivity and pore‐size characterisation. The use of the two different parameter sets significantly enhances the simulation of two (Teuling and Troch model and soil water balance model‐green–ampt [SWBM‐GA]) out of three models in the 6‐year period from 2009 to 2014. For these two models, the overall Nash‐Sutcliffe coefficient increased from 0.64 to 0.79 and from 0.55 to 0.80. The third model (the Laio approach) proved to be insensitive to parameter changes due to its insufficient drainage prediction. The variability of the warm and cold parameter sets between particular years is more pronounced in the warm periods. The cold periods exhibited approximately similar character during all 6 years. 相似文献
7.
本文旨在将实时监测得到的土壤墒情转化为流域水文模型可以直接使用的土壤含水量,论证将实时土壤墒情资料用于实时预报的可行性;利用实时监测土壤墒情,改进传统的模型结构,设计基于实测土壤墒情的降雨径流水文预报模型.采用土壤含水量误差抗差估计技术以抵御观测资料粗差的影响,提高系统的稳定性;并在此基础上提出了土壤含水量系统响应修正方法,以提高模型计算精度.将该模型应用于实验流域——宝盖洞流域进行应用检验,洪水模拟合格率达到92.3%,整体模拟精度达到甲级. 相似文献
8.
The regional verification of soil moisture is a vital step in evaluating and improving numerical model performance and utilizing forecast results. Currently, even with improved spatial and temporal resolutions of numerical model, verification methods for soil moisture data still rely on the traditional intensity verification parameters, such as mean error (ME) and root-mean-squared error (RMSE). Those methods provide only incomplete and sometimes inaccurate messages and thus hinder a proper evaluation of a forecast model. The SAL method is an object-based regional verification method with respect to precipitation forecasts. Based on the SAL method, a novel object-based method (SAL-DN) is proposed here, which can be used to test regional soil moisture. Both the ideal experiment and real experiment show that the SAL-DN method can reveal the differences between the observed and forecast soil moisture in three aspects: structure, amplitude, and location, and the results can reflect the actual situation. Furthermore, compared with the SAL method, the SAL-DN method is also capable of verifying physical quantities with high-value and low-value centers like temperature. Therefore, the SAL-DN method enhances verification accuracy and can be applied widely. 相似文献
9.
Stormwater infiltration systems are a popular method for urban stormwater control. They are often designed using an assumption of one‐dimensional saturated outflow, although this is not very accurate for many typical designs where two‐dimensional (2D) flows into unsaturated soils occur. Available 2D variably saturated flow models are not commonly used for design because of their complexity and difficulties with the required boundary conditions. A purpose‐built stormwater infiltration system model was thus developed for the simulation of 2D flow from a porous storage. The model combines a soil moisture–based model for unsaturated soils with a ponded storage model and uses a wetting front‐tracking approach for saturated flows. The model represents the main physical processes while minimizing input data requirements. The model was calibrated and validated using data from laboratory 2D stormwater infiltration trench experiments. Calibrations were undertaken using five different combinations of calibration data to examine calibration data requirements. It was found that storage water levels could be satisfactorily predicted using parameters calibrated with either data from laboratory soils tests or observed water level data, whereas the prediction of soil moistures was improved through the addition of observed soil moisture data to the calibration data set. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
10.
ABSTRACTTraditionally, hydrological models are only calibrated to reproduce streamflow regime without considering other hydrological state variables, such as soil moisture and evapotranspiration. Limited studies have been performed on constraining the model parameters, despite the fact that the presence of a large number of parameters may provide large degree of freedom, resulting in equifinality and poor model performance. In this study, a multi-objective optimization approach is adopted, and both streamflow and soil moisture data are calibrated simultaneously for an experimental study basin in the Saskatchewan Prairies in western Canada. The results of this study show that the multi-objective calibration improves model fidelity compared to the single objective calibration. Moreover, the study demonstrates that single objective calibration performed against only streamflow can fairly mimic the streamflow hydrograph but does not yield realistic estimation of other fluxes such as evapotranspiration and soil moisture (especially in deeper soil layers). 相似文献
11.
H.K. McMillan 《水文研究》2012,26(18):2838-2844
This paper uses soil moisture data from 17 recording sensors within the 50 km2 Mahurangi catchment in New Zealand to determine how measured variability in soil moisture affects simulations of drainage in a typical lumped conceptual model. The data show that variability smoothes the simulated field capacity threshold such that a proportion of the catchment contributes to drainage even when mean soil moisture content is well below field capacity. Spatial variability in soil moisture controls by extension the catchment drainage behaviour: the resulting smoothed shape of the catchment‐scale drainage function is demonstrated and is also determined theoretically under simplifying assumptions. The smoothing effect increases the total simulated discharge by 130%. The analysis explains previous findings that different drainage equations are required at point scale versus catchment scale in the Mahurangi. The spatial variability and hence the emergent drainage behaviour are found to vary with season, suggesting that time‐varying parameters would be warranted to simulate drainage. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
12.
An automatic calibration scheme for the HBV model (ACSH) was developed. The ACSH was based on the physical significance of the model parameters and structure. The inference of hydrologists in the manual calibration was adopted as the guideline. A slight modification of the model structure of the soil routine was suggested to avoid interdependence of the parameters. In total nine parameters, except the snow routine, Fc and MAXBAS, were calibrated automatically in two stages; first the soil moisture routine and then the others. There are six sets in two stages in total. Using the Powell method, the parameters in each step were calibrated simultaneously with carefully selected objective functions, and in particular a powerful objective function for the soil moisture routine. The steps were in a fixed order in the ACSH according to the model structure. The optimal values of the model parameters were stable, with the different initial values varying in considerable ranges. The automatic calibration gave the same model performance as the manual calibration when the ACSH was tested in two basins. The automatic calibration can thus be used as a reference or as an alternative solution of the model. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
13.
14.
利用模拟记录和2011年日本东北MW9.0大地震观测记录分析了基于移动窗解卷积法识别场地非线性时变特征的可行性,并与移动窗谱比法的结果进行了对比分析。研究表明:基于移动窗解卷积法可以较好地揭示场地非线性随地震动水平的变化过程,识别非线性发生的阈值、非线性变化程度及强震动后的恢复程度;与移动窗谱比法相比,移动窗解卷积法更容易获得较为稳定的土体非线性时变过程,但对于存在强阻抗比的浅表层土体,移动窗谱比法可以获得更准确的非线性程度。对2011年日本东北MW9.0大地震中8个KiK-net台站进行了非线性时变分析,结果表明;两种方法识别的非线性阈值较接近,约在40—100 cm/s2之间,且与场地vS30没有明显的相关性;在峰值加速度PGA较低的IBRH20台站,非线性引起的波速下降较小（3%）且震后几乎完全恢复;PGA 处于386—822 cm/s2之间的其余7个台站,场地等效剪切波速下降13%—37%,产生了显著的场地非线性,且震后未完全恢复;PGA大于380 cm/s2时,非线性所导致的场地波速下降、恢复与PGA无明显相关性。 相似文献
15.
Soil water content vertical profiles under natural conditions: matching of experiments and simulations by a conceptual model 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1 下载免费PDF全文
下载免费PDF全文 The prediction of soil moisture content, θ, as a function of depth, z, and time, t, is of fundamental importance for applications in many hydrological processes. The main objective of this paper is to provide an approach to solve this problem at a local scale in soils with vegetation. The matching of soil moisture vertical profiles observed under natural conditions in grassy plots and their simulations by a conceptual model is presented. Experimental measurements were performed in a plot located in Central Italy, complete with hydrometeorological sensors specifically set up and equipped with a time domain reflectometry system providing the water content, θe(z, t). A conceptual model framework earlier proposed for two‐layered soil vertical profiles was modified and adopted for simulations. The changes concern the incorporation of evapotranspiration, the reduction of the original model for applications also to homogeneous soil vertical profiles, and a correction for the differences existing between assumed and observed initial moisture contents. In the model calibration, it was found that the effects of vegetation could be represented adequately by a fictitious soil vertical profile with a more permeable upper layer of saturated hydraulic conductivity, Ks, independent of time. Then, for the validation events, the model simulations in the stages of both infiltration and redistribution/evapotranspiration reproduced appropriately θe(z, t) with typical values of root mean square error in the range 0.0017–0.0657. Similar results were obtained by applying the modified two‐layered model for simulations of experimental data observed in three other plots located in Northern Italy and Germany. For all four vegetated sites, the two‐layer profile better matched the experimental data than the assumption of a homogeneous profile. Thus, the conceptual approach based on a two‐layered scheme for representing θ(z, t) in soils with vegetation appears to be appropriate for many hydrological applications. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
16.
A conceptual water‐balance model was modified from a point application to be distributed for evaluating the spatial distribution of watershed water balance based on daily precipitation, temperature and other hydrological parameters. The model was calibrated by comparing simulated daily variation in soil moisture with field observed data and results of another model that simulates the vertical soil moisture flow by numerically solving Richards' equation. The impacts of soil and land use on the hydrological components of the water balance, such as evapotranspiration, soil moisture deficit, runoff and subsurface drainage, were evaluated with the calibrated model in this study. Given the same meteorological conditions and land use, the soil moisture deficit, evapotranspiration and surface runoff increase, and subsurface drainage decreases, as the available water capacity of soil increases. Among various land uses, alfalfa produced high soil moisture deficit and evapotranspiration and lower surface runoff and subsurface drainage, whereas soybeans produced an opposite trend. The simulated distribution of various hydrological components shows the combined effect of soil and land use. Simulated hydrological components compare well with observed data. The study demonstrated that the distributed water balance approach is efficient and has advantages over the use of single average value of hydrological variables and the application at a single point in the traditional practice. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
17.
《Advances in water resources》2005,28(1):69-86
This paper examines the linkage between the drainage network and the patterns of soil water balance components determined by the organization of vegetation, soils and climate in a semiarid river basin. Research during the last 10 years has conclusively shown an increasing degree of organization and unifying principles behind the structure of the drainage network and the three-dimensional geometry of river basins. This cohesion exists despite the infinite variety of shapes and forms one observes in natural watersheds. What has been relatively unexplored in a quantitative and general manner is the question of whether or not the interaction of vegetation, soils, and climate also display a similar set of unifying characteristics among the very different patterns they presents in river basins. A recently formulated framework for the water balance at the daily level links the observed patterns of basin organization to the soil moisture dynamics. Using available geospatial data, we assign soil, climate, and vegetation properties across the basin and analyze the probabilistic characteristics of steady-state soil moisture distribution. We investigate the presence of organization through the analysis of the spatial patterns of the steady-state soil moisture distribution, as well as in the distribution of observed vegetation patterns, simulated vegetation dynamic water stress and hydrological fluxes such as transpiration. Here we show that the drainage network acts as a template for the organization of both vegetation and hydrological patterns, which exhibit self-affine characteristics in their distribution across the river basin. Our analyses suggest the existence of a balance between the large-scale determinants of vegetation pattern reflecting optimality in the response to water stress and the random small-scale patterns that arise from local factors and ecological legacies such as those caused by dispersal, disturbance, and founder effects. 相似文献
18.
A. V. Deshcherevskii V. M. Mukhin A. Ya. Sidorin V. A. Gavrilov N. N. Smolina Yu. Yu. Yakovleva 《Journal of Volcanology and Seismology》2008,2(4):278-288
A local model has been developed for the Petropavlovsk-Kamchatskii Geodynamic Test Site; the model is concerned with the transformation of atmospheric precipitation in the snow cover and in the active soil layer. The input parameters of the model are standard hydrometeorological observations, the output consists in the variation of moisture content in the soil and evaporation from it. Data from water level monitoring carried out at the Site for the purpose of earthquake prediction were used to show how the output parameters can be utilized to reveal the water level variations in a well due to the moisture content variation in the upper crust. The procedure makes the data interpretation more correct. 相似文献
19.
Numerical simulation of an unsaturated flow equation 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
A numerical model for an unsaturated flow problem by using the finite element method is established in order to simulate liquid
moisture flow In an unsaturated zone with homogeneous soil and deep subsurface water, and with different initial and boundary
conditions. For infiltration or evaporation problems, a traditional method usually yields oscillatory non-physics profiles.
However, nonoscillatory solutions are obtained and non-physics solutions for these problems are evaded by using the mass-lumped
finite element method. Moreover, the kind of boundary condition is handled very well.
Project supported by the National Key Project of Fundamental Research ”Climate Dynamics and Climate Prediction Theory“ and
China Postdoctoral Science Foundation. 相似文献
20.
This paper evaluates the Integrated BIosphere Simulator (IBIS) land surface model using daily soil moisture data over a 3‐year period (2005–2007) at a semi‐arid site in southeastern Australia, the Stanley catchment, using the Monte Carlo generalized likelihood uncertainty estimation (GLUE) approach. The model was satisfactorily calibrated for both the surface 30 cm and full profile 90 cm. However, full‐profile calibration was not as good as that for the surface, which results from some deficiencies in the evapotranspiration component in IBIS. Relatively small differences in simulated soil moisture were associated with large discrepancies in the predictions of surface runoff, drainage and evapotranspiration. We conclude that while land surface schemes may be effective at simulating heat fluxes, they may be ineffective for prediction of hydrology unless the soil moisture is accurately estimated. Sensitivity analyses indicated that the soil moisture simulations were most sensitive to soil parameters, and the wilting point was the most identifiable parameter. Significant interactions existed between three soils parameters: porosity, saturated hydraulic conductivity and Campbell ‘b’ exponent, so they could not be identified independent of each other. There were no significant differences in parameter sensitivity and interaction for different hydroclimatic years. Even though the data record contained a very dry year and another year with a very large rainfall event, this indicated that the soil model could be calibrated without the data needing to explore the extreme range of dry and wet conditions. IBIS was much less sensitive to vegetation parameters. The leaf area index (LAI) could affect the mean of daily soil moisture time series when LAI < 1, while the variance of the soil moisture time series was sensitive to LAI > 1. IBIS was insensitive to the Jackson rooting parameter, suggesting that the effect of the rooting depth distribution on predictions of hydrology was insignificant. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献