共查询到19条相似文献，搜索用时 921 毫秒
1.
用易溶于水的金属盐类试剂作示踪剂,是岩溶地下水示踪试验中广泛采用的有效方法,通过野外现场测定人工示踪剂中的金属离子可以揭示岩溶地下水的运动特征.传统极谱法所用的液态汞操作不便,且容易造成环境污染.本文制作了固体汞电极,采用溶出伏安法测定地下水示踪剂中的铜,在地下水样品中加入醋酸一醋酸钠缓冲溶液,氯化钾溶液作为支持电解质,采用固体汞电极扫描,记录溶出曲线.实验了氯化钾溶液、醋酸-醋酸钠缓冲溶液用量对100 ng/mL铜标准工作溶液峰电流的影响,在选定最佳实验条件下,铜浓度在0 ～ 1000 ng/mL范围内与峰电流呈现良好的线性关系,相关系数大于0.999,方法检出限为0.58 ng/mL,加标回收率为96.4％ ～ 101.7％.地下水中可能存在的一些离子对测定不产生干扰.该方法应用于地下水示踪试验,铜的测定结果与极谱法基本吻合,且简单快速,适合野外现场测定,同时避免了极谱法液态汞的污染问题. 相似文献
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3.
电提取离子法中离子运移机理初探 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
首先讨论了大量离子系统的初值问题,随后介绍了６个基本概念,估算了地层中离子的平均热运动速度。导出了离子散射的指数规律,得出离子的平均自由时间的数值等于散射几率的倒数;离子的平均漂移速度和电场强度成正比,离子淌度与平均自由时间成正比,与有效质量成反比;介质的电导率和离子浓度、平均自由时间成正比,与有效质量成反比的结论有有关公式、表达式。指出了离子的运移机理是,运移－散射－再运移－再散射,直到离子被吸 相似文献
4.
李绪谦 《水文地质工程地质》1991,(1)
本文在大量实验资料的基础上,系统地研究了溶液中多种阳离子对土壤吸附铜定量的影响规律,建立了金属离子单独干扰的二元溶液吸附模型和多种离子共同干扰的多元溶液吸附模型,并对各金属离子的影响程度进行了评价。最后指出其环境水文地质意义。 相似文献
5.
尾矿库区土壤金属污染严重影响了库区的生态环境,而金属离子在土壤中的危害性大小取决于其进入土壤之后的吸附-解吸、形态转化、迁移等。为了进一步预测和防治土壤金属污染,取某硫铁矿尾矿库区土壤进行室内批淋滤实验,结果表明:淋滤液中金属离子初始浓度越大,越有利于土壤对金属离子的吸附;淋滤液的pH越小,越不利于土壤对金属离子的吸附。土壤对Mn2+的吸附规律更符合双常数方程,对Fex+、Cu2+的吸附规律更符合Elovich吸附速率方程。假设土壤中金属离子可全部溶出,在1∶25土液比的实验条件下金属离子Mn2+、Fex+、Cu2+的持续溶出时间分别为3.28,284.5,1.224d,实际中造成的污染将更加严重。吸附量、吸附速率及分配系数均与淋滤液中金属离子初始浓度及土壤中背景浓度呈正相关关系,土壤中金属溶出时间则与土壤中金属元素背景值呈正相关关系。 相似文献
6.
凹凸棒石与Ni2+的长期吸附作用 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1
以Ni2+为例研究了凹凸棒石与重金属离子长期作用过程,探讨了重金属离子在凹凸棒石上的吸附反应动力学,并运用高分辨透射电镜揭示了凹凸棒石与重金属离子互相作用引起重金属离子水解沉淀、形成氢氧化物或层状双氢氧化物次生物相的现象.实验表明,凹凸棒石-Ni2+水悬浮体系中,随着时间的延长溶液的pH值逐渐升高,Ni2+浓度逐渐降低,并且长期作用后悬浮液的pH值和重金属离子浓度受到固/液比控制.Ni2+在凹凸棒石和水两相中的分配在长达40 d的时间内都没有达到完全平衡,表明凹凸棒石-Ni2+水悬浮体系中存在凹凸棒石与重金属离子长期互相作用.凹凸棒石与Ni2+长期作用Ni2+浓度变化可以用抛物线扩散方程、双常数方程、一级扩散方程、Elovich方程较好地拟合.凹凸棒石与重金属的长期作用反应机制可能是由于凹凸棒石纳米效应和反应活性,表面缓慢水化导致含重金属离子溶液pH值缓慢升高,诱导了Ni2+在凹凸棒石表面沉淀,在凹凸棒石表面形成了氢氧化物或层状双氢氧化物. 相似文献
7.
化学侵蚀下硬脆性灰岩变形和强度特性的试验研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
通过硬脆性灰岩在不同pH值、0.1 mol/L和Na2SO4和CaCl2溶液以及蒸馏水浸泡后的的常规三轴压缩试验,分析了受化学腐蚀作用的灰岩在不同围压下的变形及强度特性,探讨了三轴强度参数及变形参数的变化规律,并对浸泡岩石的化学溶液进行水质检测,得到了化学溶液中各离子浓度的变化规律,初步分析了化学溶液对灰岩力学特性影响的机制和规律。试验表明：化学溶液浸泡后,灰岩有从脆性向延性转化的趋势;灰岩的强度参数 , 值及弹性模量E均有不同程度的下降,而泊松比则增大;在相同的化学溶液侵蚀下,弹性模量和凝聚力降低幅度最大;灰岩力学参数劣化的程度与从灰岩中溶出的离子浓度的大小具有一定的对应关系：从灰岩中溶出的离子浓度越高,其力学参数劣化程度越大。 相似文献
8.
采用高压水热活化法对预先烧制的粉煤灰进行碱溶实验,探讨钙硅摩尔比、碱液浓度、液固比、苛性比、反应温度、反应时间等影响因素对于氧化铝溶出率的影响。考虑到氧化铝溶出率及反应成本等各方面因素,得出氧化铝溶出的适宜条件。结果表明:碱溶条件下,钙硅摩尔比为1.0,溶液碱浓度为350 g/L,液固比为10∶1,苛性比为14,反应温度280℃,活化时间为2 h。通过氧化铝溶出工艺条件的优化,可使氧化铝提取率达到95%以上。 相似文献
9.
渗透特性是表征黏性土层防渗能力及防污性能的关键控制因素,黏土衬垫渗透系数的正确选择对保证垫层的防污效果具有极其重要的意义。采用柔性壁渗透仪,通过室内试验研究了混合重金属离子共存情况下侵蚀饱和黏性土的渗透特性变化规律。试验结果表明,将可溶性铜、铬离子混合与铜、锰离子混合溶液作为渗液,黏性土渗透性均随着掺入离子浓度比例的增大而逐渐增强,且相同试验条件下,铜、铬离子混合溶液作为渗液测得的黏土渗透系数值大于铜、锰离子混合溶液作为渗液测得的渗透系数值。混合重金属离子的存在削弱了黏土垫层作为工程防污屏障服役的能力,并对黏土层的水力传导性起到了劣化作用。试验土样微观结构分析表明,渗液特性的改变影响了土样内部的微观结构,随着渗液混合离子质量比的增大,土样中出现了凝聚体且有效输运孔隙通道增大,与宏观渗透特性的变化规律相吻合。研究结果能够为有效评估黏土防污屏障的防渗隔污能力及研究堆场渗液在黏土垫层中的运移机制提供参考。 相似文献
10.
地电化学提取法机理研究 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
通过系统地研究几种矿物及土壤中的铜离子在电场作用下的溶出机理及迁移规律，得出地电化学提取法中的一般规律。在激发电场作用下，土壤中矿物的成矿元素可被加速溶出，并发生难溶形态→溶解度稍大的形态→可溶形态转化。同时离子的扩散系数最大比未加电场时增大约500倍．离子的迁移速度也增大了约50倍，流量也有明显提高。地电提取法提取的元素异常主要来源于电极周围附近的土壤(及所含的矿物)中。该异常是深部矿物所形成的离子晕的结果．并且与土壤中矿物元素的化学形态有关。 相似文献
11.
PENG Tongjiang ZHANG Baoshu LIU Fusheng 《《地质学报》英文版》2006,80(2):212-218
The present work discusses the mineralogy, saturated adsorption of ammonium and adsorption of heavy metal ions （Cu^2＋, Pb^2＋ and Zn^2＋） on industrial vermiculite samples from the Yuli Mine in Xinjiang Autonomous Region. The saturated adsorption capacity of ammonium and the affection factors of adsorption of Cu^2＋, Pb^2＋ and Zn^2＋ are discussed on the basis of the mineralogical characteristics of the industrial vermiculite samples. The saturated adsorption capacities of ammonium are between 56.02 and 98.42 mmol/100g. The time of adsorption equilibrium is about 30-60 min, and the pH values and concentration of the ion solution significantly affect the adsorption capacities of the heavy metal ions. The adsorption capabilities of the heavy metal ions on industrial vermiculite are almost the same in the low ion concentration solutions, characterized by a sequence of Zn^2＋〉Pb^2＋〉Cu^2＋ for adsorption capacity in solutions with relatively high ion concentration. The results have practical significance for the application of the industrial vermiculite to treating wastewater containing ammonium or heavy metal ions. 相似文献
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《Applied Geochemistry》2004,19(11):1855-1864
The Coquimbo region has been one of the richest producers of Cu, Au and Hg in Chile, and some of the deposits have been mined almost continuously since the 16th century. To assess the potential environmental contamination in this region, the authors measured the concentration of Cu, As, Cd, Zn and Hg in samples of stream and mine waters, stream sediments, soils, flotation tailings, and mine wastes in the Andacollo (Cu, Au, Hg) and Punitaqui (Cu–Au, Hg) districts. The concentration of Hg in the atmosphere in these districts were also measured. Although contamination is strongly controlled by the ore in each district, metal dispersion is modified by the degree of metallurgical processing efficiency as shown by the outdated Cu flotation system at Andacollo (stream sediments Cu 75–2200 μg/g). Conversely, more efficient procedures at Punitaqui resulted in less stream contamination, where stream sediments contained Cu ranging from 110–260 μg/g. However, efficient concentration by flotation of a given metal (e.g. Cu) may lead to the loss of another (e.g. Hg up to 190 μg/g in the tailings at Punitaqui), and therefore, to contamination via erosion of the tailings (downstream sediments Hg concentrations up to 5.3 μg/g). Continued use of Hg for Au amalgamation at Andacollo has led to significant contamination in stream sediments (0.2–3.8 μg/g Hg) and soils (2.4–47 μg/g Hg). Communities in this region are underdeveloped, and decades of inefficient treatment of flotation tailings and waste-rock stock piles has resulted in significant contamination of the surrounding landscape. 相似文献
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Determination of Free Cd,Cu and Zn Concentrations in Lake Waters by In Situ Diffusion Followed by Column Equilibration Ion-exchange 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Combining in situ diffusion and column ion-exchange equilibration, we measured free metal ion concentrations (Cd, Cu and Zn)
in water samples collected from the epilimnion of 14 lakes in the Rouyn-Noranda area (600 km north-west of Montreal, QC, Canada).
Lakes were selected to represent a wide range of physico-chemical characteristics (hardness, pH, dissolved organic matter—DOM,
degree of metal contamination), to determine the influence of these parameters on metal speciation. Total dissolved metal
concentrations, as determined within the diffusion cells, varied over one to two orders of magnitude: [Cd] 0.19–2.9 nM; [Cu]
36–190 nM; [Zn] 7–2,800 nM. The proportion of total dissolved metal present as free Cd2+ and Zn2+ was relatively constant for the 14 selected lakes, despite the wide pH (4.5–8) and DOM (3–23 mg C/L) ranges, probably reflecting
the inverse relationship observed between pH and DOM; this proportion did, however, vary with DOM and pH for Cu. Our experimental
free metal ion concentrations were compared with those calculated with the thermodynamic models WHAM (Windermere Humic Aqueous
Model VI) and ECOSAT 4.7 (incorporating the NICA-Donnan model). Measured and calculated values were in reasonable agreement
for both Cd and Zn although measured values were generally slightly higher, i.e. less than one order of magnitude. For several
lakes, measured free Cu concentrations were, however, much higher than the calculated values, suggesting that these models
overestimate Cu complexation. The gap between measured and calculated free metal ion concentration becomes more important
as the total metal concentration decreases and as pH increases. 相似文献
14.
Sorption of metals on humic acid 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
The sorption on humic acid (HA) of metals from an aqueous solution containing Hg(II). Fe(III), Pb, Cu, Al, Ni, Cr(III), Cd, Zn, Co and Mn, was investigated with special emphasis on effects of pH, metal concentration and HA concentration. The sorption efficiency tended to increase with rise in pH, decrease in metal concentration and increase in HA concentration of the equilibrating solution. At pH 2.4. the order of sorption was: Hg? Fe? Pb? CuAl ? Ni ? CrZnCdCoMn. At pH 3.7. the order was: Hg and Fe were always most readily removed, while Co and Mn were sorbed least readily. There were indications of competition for active sites (CO2H and phenolic OH groups) on the HA between the different metals. We were unable to find correlations between the affinities of the eleven metals to sorb on HA and their atomic weights, atomic numbers, valencies, and crystal and hydrated ionic radii. The sorption of the eleven metals on the HA could be described by the equation , where Y = % metal removed by HA; X = mgHA; and A and B are empirical constants. 相似文献
15.
Heavy metal exchange processes in sediment-water systems 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：1
Experimental data for sorption of Hg, Cd, Cu, and Pb by sand, silt, and organic-rich sediments from the Ottawa River, Canada
show significant conformity to Langmuir's equation. Values of the bonding energy constant and the sorption maximum correlate
directly with organic content and mean grain size (φ). Desorption experiments indicate that the heavy metals form stable complexes
in nitrilotriacetate (NTA) and NaCl Solutions, with the following desorption ratios: Hg, 1:1 (Cl−:NTA); Pb, 1:10; Cd, 1:2. Serial and batch desorption studies under various conditions show that the cation-exchange order
in the sediments is Hg>Pb>Cu>Cd. For a given heavy metal the partition coefficient between sediment and solution is not greatly
changed by the presence of another cation, provided the latter has the same order of concentration. If, the concentration
of one cation exceeds another by more than 10, however, significant desorption of the less concentrated ion takes place on
a mass action basis. 相似文献
16.
Spatial pattern of heavy metal concentration in the soil of rapid urbanization area: a case of Ehu Town,Wuxi City,Eastern China 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Jianguo Li Lijie Pu Ming Zhu Qilin Liao Haiyan Wang Fangfang Cai 《Environmental Earth Sciences》2014,71(8):3355-3362
Urbanization has an important effect on the soil ecosystem. Anthropogenic activities during urban sprawl are the sources and methods of migration, transition, and concentration of heavy metals in the soil. In this paper, the Yangtze River delta, the fastest urbanization area in China, was selected to study the influence of urbanization on heavy metal concentration in the soil. The analysis was performed on 218 samples collected from a typical industrial town in the delta. The content of six heavy metals (Hg, Cd, As, Pb, Cu, and Zn) was measured, which showed that the soil was seriously polluted by heavy metals, particularly Hg. In the study area, human activities were the major factors for the heavy metal concentration in the soil. The average content of Hg in the 0–500 m zone from the urban core was 1.4 mg/kg, about five times higher than the grade II threshold of the Chinese Environmental Quality Standard for Soils. The content of Hg, Cd, Pb, and Cu decreased gradually with increasing distance from the core of the built-up area, especially Hg. The influence of the anthropogenic activities was found to be anisotropic, and effects in the direction of 315° and 225° were most significant. Hg pollution in the 225° direction of the study area was more serious. These results suggested that the urbanization process affects not only the content but also the spatial pattern of heavy metal concentration in the soil. 相似文献
17.
以华北地区某工业场地为研究对象,采用数理统计和地质统计学方法,对该场地土壤中重金属元素的空间分布特征及元素之间的相互关系进行研究。结果显示:各重金属元素在研究区已有一定程度的积累,其中Hg的平均含量高于国家《土壤环境质量标准》三级标准值和当地土壤背景值,污染最严重,是该场地土壤重金属污染的主要因子;各重金属元素污染程度整体上为Hg>Zn>Cd>Mn>Pb>Cu>Cr>As,其中As平均含量与当地土壤背景值接近。重金属元素Hg、Cd、Mn、Fe和Co具有中等程度的空间相关性,表明这些元素具有相同或相似的污染源。场地内1、4、8、9厂区的土壤重金属污染最严重,污染物种类与其特殊的工艺流程有一定关系,这为以后的污染防治工作提供了重要依据。 相似文献
18.
金属矿产资源开发活动通常会导致矿区土壤重金属含量的累积,选用科学的评价标准及方法成为评判、区分矿业活动农田土壤重金属累积影响和风险的关键问题。在简述土壤背景值和土壤环境质量标准含义的基础上,提出采用与矿区其他环境条件基本相同或相近的邻区耕作层土壤重金属元素的平均含量作为评判矿业活动重金属对耕作层土壤的累积影响的对照值。以2011年小秦岭金矿区80件耕作层土壤重金属含量为例,金矿开发活动区耕作层土壤重金属的累积风险研究表明,土壤重金属低风险以上样品数占总样品数百分比的排序为Hg＞Cd＞Pb＞Cu,矿业活动对土壤重金属累积的贡献率排序为Hg＞Cu＞Pb＞Cd＞Zn。土壤中的Cr、As、Zn元素有轻度累积但无风险。土壤中Hg元素的累积风险面积达到了187.77km＾2,占到研究区总面积的47.08%。其中,中、高风险的面积为99.55km＾2,土壤重金属累积风险极其严重。研究结果科学地评判了矿业活动对耕作层土壤重金属的累积影响及其贡献,为土壤污染防治指明了方向。 相似文献
19.
本文对石家庄市大气降尘重金属含量水平进行了研究,从2007年11月起连续收集一年的大气降尘样品,分析了As、Cd、Hg、Pb、Cr、Cu、Zn、Ni、Mo、Mn、Al2O3、K2O等12项。结果表明,与土壤背景值相比,石家庄市大气降尘中除Al2O3外的重金属含量总体明显升高。采用相关分析和主成分分析,对降尘重金属元素来源进行解析,认为有3种主要来源:一是Pb、Cr、As、Hg、Mo、Cd、Mn与燃煤活动、道路交通有关;二是Ni、Cu、Zn除与燃煤活动有关外,还与工矿企业废气排放有关;三是Al2O3主要与土壤颗粒物有关(自然来源)。以Al作为参考元素计算重金属的富集因子表明,受工业活动影响的Cd、Hg、Zn具有较大的富集因子,大气降尘中的重金属含量高值区与工业区域的分布相吻合。 相似文献