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1.
基于卸荷岩体力学基本理论,运用三维有限差分软件,提出以塑性体积应变增量变化区间与不同卸荷区域岩体力学参数相对应的卸荷模拟方法,模拟了不同侧压系数条件下开挖洞周附近围岩最大体积应变增量以及围岩损伤范围的变化情况。数值模拟结果表明：当侧压系数较低时,洞周附近围岩的塑性体积应变增量区域的外边界近似为竖向椭圆形,随着侧压系数的增大,其外边界逐渐向圆形变化,最后变为横向椭圆形。侧压系数越大,围岩的卸载效应越显著,洞周附近围岩的塑性体积应变增量就越大,其所产生的围岩损伤范围也相应越大。利用所获得的结果,可以为深埋隧洞的稳定性分析以及支护设计提供依据。 相似文献
2.
Many of the existing pore pressure models for FEM analysis are limited either to cases where the pore pressure component produced by the shearing stress is neglected (usually restricted to static analysis) or where the component produced by the mean confining stress is disregarded (usually restricted to cyclic loading, as in earthquake and offshore engineering). A pore pressure model including the simultaneous effects of shear and mean confining stresses is presented in this paper. The model is simple and applicable to static as well as cyclic loading. The conceptual relationship between strains and pore pressure is well recognized in soil mechanics; however, it is difficult to determine the strains by FEM with the necessary accuracy to ensure satisfactory pore pressure predictions, mainly in the range of strains where the concepts of stress path are best applicable. To overcome this limitation, the proposed technique introduces a pore pressure function, to be coupled to a potential and a loading function in an elastic—plastic constitutive model. For simplicity, it is assumed that the pore pressure response can be satisfactorily represented by a path dependent calibrating function determined to fit experiments over a given range of confining pressures. This procedure allows the independent determination of the pore pressure increment before the iterative elastic—plastic procedure is activated, thus supplying the constitutive model directly with the appropriate direction and magnitude of the effective stress increment. The advantages of this procedure during undrained loading are presented in the text. 相似文献
3.
A new procedure for the ground response curve (GRC) is investigated in strain-softening surrounding rock for a circular opening. The procedure started each step with a radius increment and the analytical solutions of stress and strain in each annulus were presented. The plastic region is divided into a finite number of concentric annuli, whose thickness is uniformly determined by a small radius increment. Combining the equilibrium equation and failure criterion, stress for each annulus can be obtained analytically. The displacement for each step can be calculated analytically through solving the differential equation by invoking flow rule and Hooke’s law. The strains for each annulus can be obtained by the strain-displacement relationship. In the successive manner, the distributions of stress and displacement can be found. It should be noted that the finial stress and displacement at radial direction are the internal support pressure and deformation at the excavation surface, respectively. By assuming different plastic radii (using a plastic radius increment), GRC, the evolution curve of plastic radii and internal support pressure can be obtained analytically. Some numerical and engineering examples are performed to demonstrate the validity of the proposed procedure. It is shown that the results of the proposed procedure at the tunnel crown are basically consistent with field measuring data. The influence of the annulus number, plastic radius increment and dilation on the accuracy of the proposed approach is investigated. Results show that the solutions are more accurate and the calculation efficiency is higher. 相似文献
4.
岩石屈服之后,弹性参数随塑性变形而变化,即岩石具有弹塑性耦合特征。在弹塑性耦合框架和现有应变分类、定义、本构方程研究的基础上,主要做了以下工作：结合岩石压缩试验,从损伤和塑性变形角度分析了弹性参数随塑性演化的现象;重点研究了加载增量步的应变特征,将与加载应力增量对应的应变增量分解为符合广义Hooke定律的弹性应变增量 、不符合广义Hooke定律的弹性应变增量 和塑性应变增量 ;通过采用加载增量步之后的弹性参数将 与 构造弹性关系,分别在应变空间和应力空间中建立了适用于加载、中性变载和卸载条件的本构方程;对表征物质微观结构变化的内变量进行了讨论。所提出的应变分类和定义方法概念清晰,适合于应变强化阶段和应变软化阶段,且所建立的弹塑性耦合本构方程能够反映不同加载条件对弹性参数变化速率的影响,符合岩石的弹塑性耦合力学特性。 相似文献
5.
This paper presents a constitutive model for describing the stress-strain response of sands under cyclic loading. The model, formulated using the critical state theory within the bounding surface plasticity framework, is an upgraded version of an existing model developed for monotonic behaviour of cohesionless sands. With modification of the hardening law, plastic volumetric strain increment and unloading plastic modulus, the original model was modified to simulate cyclic loading. The proposed model was validated against triaxial cyclic loading tests for Fuji River sand, Toyoura sand and Nigata sand. Comparison between the measured and predicted results suggests that the proposed modified model can capture the main features of cohesionless sands under drained and undrained cyclic loading. 相似文献
6.
为了真实地描述饱和密砂在循环加载过程中的变形行为,需要引入考虑剪胀阶段组构变化的宏观参量。在已有的基于状态参量的本构模型基础上,引入反映组构变化的剪胀内变量,简称组构-剪胀内变量z。以相变线PTL作为参考线,采用基于相变的状态参量判断砂土在初始时刻和任意时刻体积变形的变化趋势,并通过z对剪胀比d的影响,考虑反向加载过程中塑性变形的累积,建立了一个针对饱和密砂的循环加载的弹塑性本构模型。该模型根据试验现象将已有模型中的塑性剪切模量区分为首次加载模量与再加载模量,能较好地模拟排水情况下砂土循环加载的胀-缩变化过程。最后,针对密砂的三轴排水情况,利用文中模型进行预测,并把预测结果与试验结果进行比较,结果表明该模型能够总体反映砂土循环加载的变形行为。 相似文献
7.
对广义剪应力、广义剪应变的表达式作了说明,在给出其增量表达的同时,指出了在计算二者增量时可能产生的误解。在此基础上,分析比较由平均主应力、体积应变增量、广义剪应力、广义剪应变增量表述的功的增量以及由三向主应力与三向主应变增量表述的功的增量得出：两种表述在一般情况下并不一致。但在某些特殊情况下,例如等应力Lode角加载并满足应力全量Lode角与应变增量Lode角相等时,二者的表述一致。岩土塑性理论中塑性功增量存在与功的增量相同的问题,然而对于实际岩土材料,应力全量与塑性应变增量等Lode角的假定在一般情况下是不能满足的。因此在岩土塑性理论中,对于一般情况下的等应力Lode加载情况,用平均主应力、塑性体积应变增量、广义剪应力、塑性广义剪应变增量表述的塑性功增量也只是一种近似。 相似文献
8.
利用研制的平面应变模型加载及观测系统,研究了位移控制加载条件下含孔洞土样的破坏过程。孔洞内压及侧压由气囊施加。利用数字图像相关方法,获得应变场。通过布置测线的方式,研究了剪切带内外最大剪切应变及主应变轴偏转角的分布及演变规律。得到了下列结果。随着纵向应变的增加,含孔洞土样的最大剪切应变的分布经历由均匀变形向局部化变形的转化过程。对于剪切带外的测点,随着远离孔洞表面,最大剪切应变有增加的趋势,这与剪切带内损伤导致带外弹性应变降低（卸荷）有关。在孔洞表面附近,最大剪切应变变化复杂,这与应变弹性成分的下降与塑性成分的增加的博弈有关。对于剪切带尖端的测点,其和前后测点相比,水平线应变发生突增（剧烈膨胀）,垂直线应变的值发生突降（挤压程度剧烈降低）,剪切应变的值发生突增（剪切变形剧烈增加）,由此导致主应变轴偏转角的值发生突增,达到30°。当纵向应变相同时,侧压或内压的增加对含孔洞土样的纵向应力有增强作用。 相似文献
9.
This paper is concerned with a fundamental assumption in the theory of plasticity: the direction of plastic strain increments is independent of the loading (stress) increment direction. This assumption, also known as plastic flow rule postulate, works quite well for metal‐like materials. However, geomaterials such as sand present deformational mechanisms that are distinctive from those of metals when they are loaded. As such, we hereby examine the validity of this postulate for granular media accounting for their discrete nature. This is accomplished by analysing the mechanical behaviour of a cubic assembly of polydispersed spherical articles using a particle flow code. An extension to Gudehus' response envelope to three‐dimensional conditions is used to study the incremental character and influence of loading direction on the behaviour of these materials. It is found that plastic flow in granular media is governed by both current state variables and incremental loading direction and magnitude, especially under non‐axisymmetric stress conditions. The flow rule postulate of plasticity remains valid only in axisymmetric and biaxial conditions. We also verified that the plastic response might be significantly influenced by the stress path (or history) taken prior to loading. These findings raise the question of whether or not classic elastoplastic models based on the above postulate will have serious shortcomings, especially in true‐triaxial conditions. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
10.
The analysis of elasto-plastic boundary value problems using the finite element method involves many discretizations. These lead to the problem of yield surface drift in which the stress state predicted at the end of an elasto-plastic increment of loading does not lie on the current yield surface. As such discrepancies are comulative it is important to ensure that the stresses are corrected back to the yield surface during each increment of loading. In this paper five methods of accounting for this drift are examined. These involve correcting the stresses by projecting back along the plastic flow, the total strain increment and the accumulated effective stress direction. In addition a ‘correct’, method which accounts for the changes in elastic strains which accompany any stress correction is considered. This method is theoretically more sound than the other approximate approaches. All five methods have been used in finite element analyses of the stress changes that occur adjacent to a single pile installed in a uniform deposit of soil on pile loading. The soil was assumed to be normally consolidated and was modelled using a form of modified Cam Clay. Comparison of these results with an analysis, in which yield surface drift was negligible indicated that only the ‘correct’ method and the method involving projecting back along the plastic flow direction give accurate predictions. Substantiai errors occur if the other methods of correcting for yield surface drift are employed. It is recommended that the ‘correct’ method be adopted for finite element calculations. 相似文献
11.
A three-dimensional (3D) soil–structure interface model is proposed within the two-mechanism constitutive theory and bounding surface theory originally established for soils. The proposed model has two main characteristics: first, the model is formulated based on two different and superposed deformation mechanisms. The first mechanism is due to the stress ratio increment, and the second is due to the normal stress increment. Each mechanism induces a shear strain component and a normal strain component. The proposed model can be reduced to the conventional single-mechanism interface model. Second, the plastic modulus and stress dilatancy are defined using the bounding surface theory. The plastic flow rule under cyclic loading is modified and assumed to be dependent on both the stress state of the mapping point and the stress reversal loading direction. The proposed model was validated against the available 3D interface tests and was found to satisfactorily reflect the salient features of the interfaces under monotonic and cyclic loading paths with different normal boundaries. The problem in which the elastic normal stiffness in conventional single-mechanism interface models is often underestimated to enhance the simulation performance under varying normal stress conditions is solved by incorporating the second mechanism. And the effect of the second mechanism on the modeling behavior is discussed. The modified plastic flow direction accurately simulates the 3D cyclic shear response, and the difference between the model simulation and test result increases with the number of cycles by use of the plastic flow direction defined in conventional bounding surface theory. 相似文献
12.
The phenomenon of stable cylindrical cavities known as rat‐holes in stockpiles and hoppers is well known but is not properly understood, and existing theory is unsatisfactory, in that it is believed not to properly incorporate actual material properties. Here the classical rat‐hole theory of Jenike and his coworkers is re‐examined, with a view to examining the validity of the so‐called ‘stable rat‐hole equation’, which is widely used in practice. For certain plastic regimes, new exact analytical solutions are determined for two special values of the angle of internal friction. One of the exact results may be used as the basis of an approximate solution valid for small angles of internal friction. Further, these exact and approximate solutions are compared with a full numerical solution of the governing differential equations. One of the approximations used by Jenike and his coworkers is shown to be invalid. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
13.
In this paper, the Discrete Element Method (DEM) is employed to numerically explore the response of hollow cylinder specimens of granular soils under complex stress paths. Two series of numerical tests are conducted to clarify the effects of the principal stress direction α and the intermediate principal stress through the b-value on the mechanical response of granular materials. The effects of α and b-value on the non-coaxiality of the principal stress and the principal plastic strain increment directions are investigated. It is observed that b-value and α significantly affect the non-coaxial behavior of granular materials. Finally, the results are discussed and compared with those obtained from physical laboratory tests. 相似文献
14.
Contact mechanism of a rock fracture subjected to normal loading and its impact on fast closure behavior during initial stage of fluid flow experiment 
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下载免费PDF全文 Fast closure of rock fractures has been commonly observed in the initial stage of fluid flow experiments at environmental temperatures under low or moderate normal stresses. To fully understand the mechanisms that drive this fast closure, the evolution of local stresses acting on contacting asperities on the fracture surfaces prior to fluid flow tests needs to be evaluated. In this study, we modeled numerically the asperity deformation and failure processes during initial normal loading, by adopting both elastic and elastic–plastic deformation models for the asperities on a real rock fracture with measured surface topography data, and estimated their impact on initial conditions for fluid flow test performed under laboratory conditions. Compared with the previous models that simulate the normal contact of a fracture as the approach of two rigid surfaces without deformations, our models of deformable asperities yielded smaller contact areas and higher stresses on contacting asperities at a given normal stress or normal displacement. The results show that the calculated local stresses were concentrated on the contacts of a few major asperities, resulting in crushing of asperity tips. With these higher contact stresses, however, the predicted closure rates by pressure solution are still several orders of magnitude lower than that of the experimental measurements at the initial stage of fluid flow test. This indicates that single pressure solution may not likely to be the principal compaction mechanism for this fast closure, and that the damages on contacting asperities that occur during the initial normal loading stage may play an important role. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
15.
The implications of assuming isotropic elasto–plasticity to model the behaviour of soil under simple shear conditions are considered. For small strains, use of such a model implies the following three consequences: (1) strains and strain increments at any stage of shearing may be expressed as the sum of elastic and plastic components; (2) principal directions of stress and of plastic strain increment are collinear; (3) principal directions of stress increment and of elastic strain increment are collinear. These consequences are used in order to establish relationships between the stresses, stress increments and strains which develop in a simple shear test. No additional assumptions with regards the form of the yield function, the flow rule or the hardening function are required for this development. By defining the ratio of the plastic to the total shear strain increment on the horizontal plane (the plane of zero extension) as λ, it is possible to define the horizontal normal stress σx in terms of λ and other stresses and strains which are normally known during simple shear loading. As a result, all components of the stress tensor in the simple shear plane may be defined. Results of some direct simple shear tests on soft clay have been interpreted using the model and found to be generally consistent with some of the observations reported in the literature from tests in which boundary stresses were measured. 相似文献
16.
Zhechao Wang Shucai Li Liping Qiao Jiangang Zhao 《Rock Mechanics and Rock Engineering》2013,46(6):1603-1615
A series of laboratory tests were performed to examine the fatigue behavior of granite subjected to cyclic loading under triaxial compression condition. In these tests, the influences of volumetric change and residual strain on the deformation modulus of granite under triaxial cyclic compression were investigated. It is shown that the fatigue behavior of granite varies with the tendency for volumetric change in triaxial cyclic compression tests. In the stress–strain space, there are three domains for fatigue behavior of rock subjected to cyclic loading, namely the volumetric compaction, volumetric dilation with strain-hardening behavior, and volumetric dilation with strain-softening behavior domains. In the different domains, the microscopic mechanisms for rock deformation are different. It was also found that the stress level corresponding to the transition from volumetric compaction to volumetric dilation could be considered as the threshold for fatigue failure. The potential of fatigue deformation was compared with that of plastic deformation. The comparison shows that rocks exhibit higher resistances to volumetric deformation under cyclic loading than under plastic loading. The influence of residual strain on the fatigue behavior of rock was also investigated. It was found that the axial residual strain could be a better option to describe the fatigue behavior of rock than the loading cycle number. A constitutive model for the fatigue behavior of rock subjected to cyclic loading is proposed according to the test results and discussion. In the model, the axial residual strain is considered as an internal state variable. The influences of confining pressure and peak deviatoric stress on the deformation modulus are considered in a term named the equivalent stress. Comparison of test results with model predictions shows that the proposed model is capable of describing the prepeak fatigue behavior of rock subjected to cyclic loading. 相似文献
17.
Three-Dimensional Numerical Investigations of the Failure Mechanism of a Rock Disc with a Central or Eccentric Hole 总被引：3，自引：3，他引：0
The diametrical compression of a circular disc (Brazilian test) or cylinder with a small eccentric hole is a simple but important test to determine the tensile strength of rocks. This paper studies the failure mechanism of circular disc with an eccentric hole by a 3D numerical model (RFPA3D). A feature of the code RFPA3D is that it can numerically simulate the evolution of cracks in three-dimensional space, as well as the heterogeneity of the rock mass. First, numerically simulated Brazilian tests are compared with experimental results. Special attention is given to the effect of the thickness to radius ratio on the failure modes and the peak stress of specimens. The effects of the compressive strength to tensile strength ratio (C/T), the loading arc angle (2α), and the homogeneity index (m) are also studied in the numerical simulations. Secondly, the failure process of a rock disc with a central hole is studied. The effects of the ratio of the internal hole radius (r) to the radius of the rock disc (R) on the failure mode and the peak stress are investigated. Thirdly, the influence of the vertical and horizontal eccentricity of an internal hole on the initiation and propagation of cracks inside a specimen are simulated. The effect of the radius of the eccentric hole and the homogeneity index (m) are also investigated. 相似文献
18.
A two-surface plasticity model for stiff clay 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
This paper presents a constitutive model for describing some important features of the behavior of natural stiff clay evidenced experimentally such as the limited elastic zone, the presence of strain hardening and softening, and the smooth transition from elastic behavior to a plastic one. The model, namely ACC-2, is an adapted Modified Cam Clay model with two yield surfaces: similarly to bounding surface plasticity theory, an additional yield surface—namely Inner yield surface—was adopted to account for the plastic behavior inside the conventional yield surface. A progressive plastic hardening mechanism was introduced with a combined volumetric-deviatoric hardening law associated with the Inner yield surface, enabling the plastic modulus to vary smoothly during loading paths. The main feature of the proposed model is that its constitutive equations can be simply formulated based on the consistency condition for the Inner yield surface, so that it can be efficiently implemented in a finite element code using a stress integration scheme similar to that of the Modified Cam Clay model. Furthermore, it is proved to be an appropriate model for natural stiff clay: the simulations of a set of tests along different mechanical loading paths on natural Boom Clay show good agreement with the experimental results. 相似文献
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20.
This paper presents a relatively simple method for three‐dimensional liquefaction analysis of granular soil under offshore foundations. In this method, the Mohr–Coulomb model, which defines the elasto–plastic stress–strain relationship under monotonic loading, is modified to accommodate the plastic strains generated by cyclic loading. The effects of cyclic loading, evaluated from the results of laboratory tests on saturated samples of soil, are incorporated into the model. The method is implemented in an efficient finite element program for analyses of three‐dimensional consolidating soil. The practicability of the model is demonstrated by analysis of a typical offshore foundation, and the predictions of the numerical analysis are compared with the observed behaviour of the foundation. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献