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1.
An intercalibration between 32 laboratories in 16 countries was conducted using acidified and ultraviolet-irradiated seawater. One sample was natural seawater but two were spiked with mercuric chloride, 15.4 and 143 ngl?1, respectively. The results show, for the majority of the laboratories, good accuracy and precision in the recovery of spikes but they also demonstrate that the most serious errors in low-level determinations are systematic.  相似文献   

2.
为探究烟台近岸人工鱼礁区的底层渔业群落与自然岩礁区的差异,本研究于2018年5月—2019年2月在位于山东烟台近岸的养马岛自然岩礁区、牟平人工鱼礁区及毗邻泥沙区开展4个季度的渔业调查。调查共发现渔业生物15目37科53种,自然岩礁区与人工鱼礁区的平均物种数的差异不显著,但均明显高于泥沙区(Kruskal-Wallis test, P0.05)。两礁石区的CPUE(catch per unit effort)在各季节均显著高于泥沙区(ANOVA,P0.05),春、夏季自然岩礁的CPUE显著高于人工鱼礁(ANOVA, P0.05)。三个区域的优势种存在一定相似性,但各优势种的CPUE呈现出明显的区域差异,尤其对于许氏平鲉及大泷六线鱼,人工鱼礁的生境优势高于其他两个区域。多样性分析结果显示,自然岩礁区的Shannon-Wiener多样性指数H′最高,其次为人工鱼礁区和泥沙区。自然岩礁与人工鱼礁区Magalef丰富度指数D的差异不显著,但都明显高于泥沙区(ANOVA, P0.05)。ANOSIM分析表明三个海区的群落组成在各季节均存在显著差异(P0.05),主要原因是优势种资源量和分布存在明显的区域差异,这也反映了优势种对群落结构的塑造作用。RDA分析发现,温度、溶氧及水深依次为影响群落结构的主控环境因子,可解释部分群落结构的异质性。本研究证实人工鱼礁可以有效提高以岩礁性鱼类为主的渔业资源量,然而其群落结构复杂度、生物多样性水平与相对成熟的自然岩礁区仍存在一定差距,未来其能否取代或超越自然岩礁的功能,仍需要长时间的积累和观测。  相似文献   

3.
This study documents long-term changes of a Zostera noltii landscape induced by a natural cyclic event in a coastal lagoon. The barrier-islands forming this system are very dynamic with drifting movements controlling ecological patterns and processes occurring in this area. Changes in the areal extent of the Z. noltii meadows were assessed using historical aerial photographs from 1940, 1980, 1989, 1996 and 1998. Landscape indices such as total patch area (TA), mean patch size (MPS), number of patches (NP), mean shape coefficient of variation (CV) and landscape fractal dimension (D) were calculated for each year and related to an index of disturbance intensity. The spatial distribution of the Z. noltii meadows varied greatly during the studied period and changes observed were related to the disturbance created by the barrier-islands' spatial dynamics. After an artificial inlet relocation the Z. noltii area, number of patches, patch mean size and coefficient of variation decreased. The fractal dimension of the Z. noltii landscape increased by 50% showing that besides a decrease in total area, number of patches, and patch mean area, patch fragmentation was an important consequence of this anthropogenic disturbance.Seagrass natural distribution patterns changed in response to natural and human-induced activities. This study emphasizes the importance of the landscape approach and the historical perspective when studying seagrass changes and the importance of taking into consideration long-term changes in seagrass landscapes to avoid confusion between man-induced effects with natural cyclic events.  相似文献   

4.
The development of an analytical expression to describe the natural variation of global temperature and related climatic variables over periods from a few years or less to over a billion years is shown and seen to match the variation of eustatic sea-level over similar periods. An additional anthropogenic factor to take the greenhouse effect into account is added to this natural climatic variation giving close correlation between the combined natural-plus-anthropogenic model of global temperature variation and its observed history over the past century. This provides grounds for confidence in the subsequent deterministic forecast for the combined model and its sea-level counterpart of, for instance, about 0.7m rise by 2050AD.A tentative physical explanation of the natural climate model is given invoking the possibility that the Universal Gravitational Constant (G) may, in fact, be a variable. In parallel, the anthropogenic climate model is underlined by alluding to a theoretical explanation of the population growth mechanism which largely drives it. The interactive nature of the impact of man on sea-level rise and vice versa is stressed.  相似文献   

5.
This study investigated the community structure and functional traits of the mollusk fauna associated with macroalgae with different thallus morphologies in a reef environment in Northeastern Brazil. A total of 15 individuals of each species of macroalgae adhered to natural substrate and 15 individuals of Padina gymnospora detached from the substrate were collected. The structural complexity of algal habitats was measured and the associated malacofauna screened and identified. All three macroalgae differed significantly in the complexity of their habitat, with Sargassum polyceratium being the most complex. A total of 823 specimens of mollusks belonging to 22 species and 11 families were recorded, of which Columbellidae was the most represented with six species. The functional trait “size” revealed that micromollusks smaller than 10 millimeters were predominant in the community; however, individuals of larger sizes (up to 24.54 millimeters) belonging to young stages of other species were also present. Eight functional trophic groups were identified, of which “carnivorous” stood out with seven species. Six functional groups of microhabitats were identified, with intra‐specific variation in habitats, while habitat expansion was documented for species not yet recorded in association with macroalgae. The structure of the molluskan community differed among the three algae species with the greatest richness, abundance, and diversity of mollusks and functional traits occurring with S. polyceratium. Community structure differed between algae adhered to natural substrate and detached algae, with the latter having lower mollusk richness and diversity, but with greater abundance of some species that remained on algal fronds after release from the reef environment. This study reinforces the importance of algal habitat for marine invertebrate fauna, especially for micromollusks that spend their entire life cycle, or part of it, in association with macroalgae.  相似文献   

6.
As a commercially important fisheries resource in East Asia, the Chinese surf clam Mactra chinensis has experienced severe population declines in the past decades, probably due to over‐exploitation. To provide scientific bases for fisheries management and artificial breeding, we investigated genetic variation and population structure of Mactra chinensis in Northern China using microsatellites. Samples collected from eight localities throughout natural habitats of the species in Northern China were genotyped. Nine microsatellites revealed high allelic diversity with 14–36 alleles per locus. Observed and expected heterozygosity varied from 0.593 to 0.945 and from 0.638 to 0.958, respectively. Pairwise FST values indicated that all population pairs had small but significant genetic differentiation. A Mantel test showed statistically significant correlations between genetic distance and geographical distance, indicating that genetic differentiation of the Chinese surf clam conformed to a pattern of isolation‐by‐distance. Cluster analysis using neighbor‐joining separated the eight populations into three groups. The three areas of low gene flow identified by barrier analysis corresponded with local oceanographic features, suggesting that marine currents and peninsulas play an important role in population structuring of this species.  相似文献   

7.
A clamped square-plate is subjected to a uniform state of stress in the x-direction. The present study deals with the basic question of determining the variation of the lower natural frequencies of transverse vibration of a plate as a small diameter, central hole is made in it, introducing a stress concentration field.  相似文献   

8.
The variation in mycosporine‐like amino acid (MAA) concentration in the soft coral Heteroxenia fuscescens in relation to changes in ultraviolet radiation (UVR) regimes was investigated at the Gulf of Eilat, northern Red Sea. Solar radiation (300–700 nm) was measured for different depths and seasons. The UVR irradiance was measured to a depth of 25 m on the reef. The mean attenuation coefficient for UV‐B measured in winter was twofold that of the summer value. Separation of H. fuscescens extracts by reverse‐phase isocratic high‐performance liquid chromatography revealed a single MAA compound, palythine (λmax = 320 nm). Possible seasonal changes in MAAs in colonies of H. fuscescens along a depth gradient were examined on different dates. Palythine concentrations in the colonies were significantly higher in summer than in the other seasons particularly in shallow water. Possible changes in MAA content in colonies of H. fuscescens as a result of UVR protection, were determined by experiments conducted for periods of 1 week, 1 month and 3 months, at a depth of 5 m. In these experiments colonies were removed from the natural substrate and placed underwater, protected from UVR by a PVC filter. Significant differences between UV‐exposed and protected colonies of H. fuscescens were found only in the 3‐month experiment conducted during the summer. These findings demonstrate that UVR is an important environmental factor regulating MAA biosynthesis in the soft coral H. fuscescens.  相似文献   

9.
Pure individual and mixed pigment standards were distributed among Joint Global Ocean Flux Study (JGOFS) pigment analysts to estimate the variability of their spectrophotometric and chromatographic systems. To monitor the integrity of the pigments during the comparison exercise, chlorophyll and carotenoid standards were archived and periodically analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Pigment standards stored in the dark under nitrogen at − 20 °C were found to be stable for periods of at least one year. Results from three separate intercalibration exercises document a better agreement for spectrophotometric analyses than for HPLC. For the spectrophotometric comparisons, 90% of the pigments analyzed by participant laboratories were within ± 6% of the mean “consensus” values. By contrast, 65 and 85% of the laboratories agreed to within ± 10 and ± 20%, respectively, when chromatographic analyses were compared. Chlorophyll absorption measurements obtained with a diode array-type spectrophotometer were 6–9% lower than those obtained with monochromator-type spectrophotometers. These underestimates probably result from chlorophyll fluorescence contamination associated with the optical configuration of the diode array spectrophotometer. It was also determined that HPLC methods which are not capable of separating monovinyl chlorophyll a from divinyl chlorophyll a can produce 15–25% overestimates of total chlorophyll a concentration in Prochlorococcus-dominated oceanic waters. A simple dichromatic approach is described for eliminating this variable source of error caused by co-elution of these structurally-related pigments. The use of internal standards and periodic calibration checks with external standards is highly recommended for improving analytical performance.  相似文献   

10.
A broad community intercalibration exercise for accurate measurement of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) in seawater has been carried out over a period of 5 years. A set of 10 natural samples with DOC content from 40 to 200 μM C were accompanied by two glucose standards and a “zero C” blank; all sealed in glass ampoules. Samples were sent to all interested analysts for “blind” analysis; 62 laboratories in 17 countries participated. A total of 59 separate analyses were determined to be acceptable by screening criteria based on standards and blank; another nine sets of analyses did not pass the screening. The majority of the analyses, both those passing and those that did not, were performed with high temperature combustion (HTC) methods, six sets of analyses were done using wet chemical oxidation methods.From the 53 sets of acceptable HTC analyses, the coefficient of variation (%CV) for analytical comparability of the samples was 10% (“community precision”). It is estimated that the individual replicate injection precision for most instruments was approximately 2% and that no additional variability was caused by differences within the ampoules of individual samples. The additional variability over 2% was likely a result of both random and systematic differences in analytical capabilities from instrument to instrument and from day to day for individual instruments. With an arbitrary selection after the fact, smaller subsets of analysts can show comparability better than 10% and duplicate or triplicate runs on different days of the full sets of samples in several laboratories showed comparability in the 2–6.5% range. Experienced oceanic analysts, with internal or shared reference materials, can now show reproducibility and comparability at a level closer to 2%.Preliminary use of DOC reference materials by 14 participants showed day-to-day reproducibilities for their laboratories in the 2–6% range in most cases; several with poorer reproducibility do not normally perform DOC analyses on samples with concentrations as low as the deep ocean reference used here. Use of these reference materials can also give a demonstration of comparability between laboratories. For credibility of DOC analyses, it is necessary for analysts to use community reference materials and report results of their analytical performance with these references.This paper does not identify individual data nor should it be considered an evaluation of individual laboratories or analysts. The purpose is to show the summary picture of the international community of DOC analysts as it existed in the mid- to late 1990s.  相似文献   

11.
随着贝类底播增养殖产业的迅猛发展,为保证底播贝苗的成活率,养殖企业对天然苗种更加重视。天然苗种采用中间育成方法,需要对苗种进行筛选作业,但目前筛选作业仍以人工作业为主,存在作业效率低、劳动强度大等问题。作者通过对大连地区虾夷扇贝(Patinopecten yessoensis)天然苗种筛选作业调研的基础上,设计了满足生产实际需求的扇贝苗种筛选装置,可实现3种规格贝苗的筛选作业。试验分2阶段进行,第1阶段对影响筛选准确性的因素进行正交分析于验证,确定了最佳工艺参数;第2阶段在大连旅顺进行的生产性对比试验得出,机械筛选的平均准确率为91.33%,误差率低于10%,且5组筛选结果无显著性差异(P0.05);同时机械筛选的平均作业效率为80g/(人/min),约为人工筛选作业效率的8倍。由此说明扇贝苗种筛选装置具有较高的准确性、稳定性和高效性,具有推广应用价值。  相似文献   

12.
Three outdoor plastic tanks were filled with North Sea water. The water was filtered free of algae and inoculated with the diatom Thalassiosira rotula. Under nearly natural nutrient supply an exponential plankton growth occurred with realistic cell concentrations. The flexible tanks (3–4 m3, 4–5 m deep) were exposed in the German Bight at a station in the outer harbour of Helgoland. The concentration changes of dissolved free amino acids (DFAA) were determined. The direct determination method applied permitted an analysis in picomole range without loss and with good reproducibility. The preliminary concentration of DFAA amounted to 0.2 μmol dm−3 in all three cultures, increasing during the development of T. rotula to 0.9–1.3 μmol dm−3 and decreasing in the stationary phase back again to smaller values. A high degree of temporal variation in DFAA was observed in all three cultures. In spite of these rapid changes in concentration, a good parallel development could be shown for all cultures, which extended as far as the spectra of the amino acids. Relationships between DFAA and other parameters of the culture-systems were examined.  相似文献   

13.
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14.
Diopatra neapolitana Delle Chiaje, 1841 (Annelida, Onuphidae) is an important economic natural resource in Ria de Aveiro (northwestern coast of Portugal) and throughout Europe. The species is intensively harvested for use as fresh bait. However, there is only limited knowledge about its life cycle derived from a previous study in Mediterranean Sea. Reproduction and development patterns are known to vary biogeographically, making it important to base management decisions on locally appropriate information. This work examines reproduction patterns for populations from the Eastern Atlantic, which have not previously been assessed, with an eye towards drawing Atlantic–Mediterranean comparisons and informing local management strategies. The study was conducted from May 2007 to April 2009 in Ria de Aveiro. The reproductive biology of D. neapolitana was described from the proportional variation of worms with gametes in the coelom and from the progression of the oocyte diameter. Individuals with gametes inside the coelom were found all year round, but the peak reproductive period occurred between May and August, when almost all individuals had gametes in the coelom and females contained more oocytes than at any other time of the year. The overall male:female ratio was close to 1:1 and the oocyte diameter ranged from 40 to 240 μm. In vitro fertilization was performed and the results compared to other studies. Based on the present results, some protection measures are suggested to implement a sustainable exploitation of the species.  相似文献   

15.
In actual engineering, soft clay foundations are in drained or partial drained conditions, it would be useful to establish reasonable constitutive relationship and provide guidance for engineering projects. A hollow cylinder apparatus is used to investigate the anisotropic deformation behavior of natural soft marine clay influenced by intermediate principal stress coefficient b and principal stress direction α. Tests were conducted by maintaining a fixed principal stress direction α relative to the vertical direction, while keeping the intermediate principal stress coefficient b constant. It was found that the anisotropic deformation behavior of natural soft clay is merely influenced by major principal stress direction α, but significantly influenced by intermediate principal stress coefficient b.  相似文献   

16.
Intermittently opening estuaries are artificially opened to manage flood risk, water quality, recreational amenity, and fisheries; however, the ecological impacts of this management technique are incompletely understood. During 2001 and 2004, this study assessed the impacts of artificial openings on the macroinvertebrates of entrance barriers of intermittently opening estuaries in New South Wales (Australia). In 2001 macroinvertebrates were sampled once before artificial opening and 9 and 25 d after re-formation of the entrance barrier. A multiple before–after-control-impact analysis found that, although entrance barriers were destroyed by the artificial openings and then re-formed naturally by wave action, significant interactions for taxonomic richness, density of the amphipod Paracalliope australis (Gammaridae) and density of the gastropod mollusc Aschoris victoriae (Hydrobiidae) meant that the effects of this disturbance could not be distinguished from the natural variations that occurred in unopened estuaries. Multivariate analyses found that assemblages at both opened and unopened estuaries changed from before to after the openings, and the magnitude of the dissimilarity between times varied between estuaries. In 2004, macroinvertebrates were sampled on three randomly selected days within each of three periods (before, 3 d and 42 d after) at one opened and three unopened estuaries. Asymmetrical analysis of this modified before–after-control-impact study found that the change in taxonomic richness at the opened estuary from before to after opening did not differ from temporal changes that occurred in unopened estuaries. Short-term variation (i.e. between days) in total density of macroinvertebrates and density of P. australis in the re-formed entrance barrier of the opened estuary also did not differ from the variation in the control estuaries. Additionally, assemblage structure was not significantly changed by the opening and assemblages at two control estuaries were also unchanged over the same time. Individual taxa and assemblages of macroinvertebrates in entrance barriers of these intermittently open estuarine systems appear to be resilient to the habitat disturbance caused by artificial openings.  相似文献   

17.
南海东北海域海面高度的多尺度变异   总被引：1，自引：1，他引：1       下载免费PDF全文
利用8a的TOPEX/Poseidon高度计资料,采用小波分析方法,研究南海东北部海域海面高度的多尺度变异.研究得出,南海东北部海域的海面高度变化主要受3个不同时间尺度因素的影响,其中最强的是季节变化(Va)的影响,其周期范围为0.60～1.20a,它主要与海面高度的年循环相联系;其次是周期在0.17～0.45a(即2～5个月)的变化(V25)的影响,它主要与中尺度时间周期引起的海面高度变化相联系.较小的一个因素是周期在1 50～5 00a的年际变化(Vi)的影响,它主要与El Niño事件引起的海面高度变化相联系.分析表明对8a平均而言,海面高度变化所引起的能量偏差V25的高值区主要分布在吕宋海峡以西海域,在1995,1996和1999年出现最大值;偏差Va的高值区分布在吕宋岛西北海域,在1995年出现最大值;年际偏差Vi的高值区位于台湾的西南海域,在1997～1998年El Niño事件期间达到最大.  相似文献   

18.
The genetic diversity and variation of three pseudo‐species of the commercially important Indian conch Turbinella pyrum from the southeast coast of India were studied. A total of 88 individuals was genotyped at 12 loci and differences in the genetic diversity among genetic groups were correlated with known population histories. The study identified 535 alleles and all the studied loci were highly polymorphic. The number of alleles ranged between four and 29 with a global mean of 14.861. The global means of the observed and expected heterozygosities were 0.774 and 0.891, respectively. The estimated within‐population inbreeding value (FIS = 0.131) indicated a shortfall of heterozygosity in the populations. An analysis of molecular variance showed that 5% of the total variation was due to differences between genetic groups. The Bayesian approach revealed strong distinctiveness in the three genetic groups studied. Overall microsatellite analysis revealed less genetic diversity in all studied genetic groups and significant genetic variation among the three pseudo‐species. The study highlights the significant distinctiveness of the pseudo‐species of T. pyrum and the need for appropriate conservation efforts in order to prevent further losses of their genetic diversity.  相似文献   

19.
密斑马面鲀Thamnaconustessellatus是在我国南海海域较为常见的一种马面鲀属鱼类。本研究基于线粒体DNA控制区序列对南沙群岛密斑马面鲀3个群体的遗传结构及其遗传多样性进行了分析。研究结果显示,密斑马面鲀的控制区序列变异程度较大,86尾个体序列的变异位点数为38个,共定义了28个单倍型;3个密斑马面鲀群体的单倍型多样度和核苷酸多样度均较高,且相差不大;密斑马面鲀群体间未检测到显著的群体遗传结构,分子方差分析表明,99.67%的遗传差异来自于群体内,群体间遗传差异仅为0.33%。贝叶斯树和最大似然树均显示出密斑马面鲀单倍型间松散的分布,未检测到显著的谱系结构。群体历史动态分析结果表明密斑马面鲀的群体经历了更新世的群体扩张事件。  相似文献   

20.
In the survey area, there are four maxima and two clear minima of seasonal variation in total numbers of individuals of hydromedusae a year. The change of locations in the dense center of hydromedusae shows that it moves northward from southwest in spring and summer, and it retracts from north to southwestern part of the strait in autumn and winter. The seasonal variation in number of species of hydromedusae may be divided into two types: ( i ) species occur throughout the year. (ii) species with markedly seasonal variation. There are three dominant species in the survey area, i. e. Liriope tetraphylla, Aglaura hemistoma and Rhopalonema velatum. The former two are of oceanic eurytopic type, the last one is of oceanic steurotopic type. The hydromedusae in investigated area may be divided into three ecological groups, i. e. neritic warm-water, oceanic warm-water and neritic warm-temperal, the former two of which are dominated.  相似文献   

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