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1.
Hydrogeochemical investigations are carried out in the different blocks of Burdwan district, West Bengal, India in order to
assess its suitability for drinking as well as irrigation water purpose. Altogether 49 representative groundwater samples
are collected from bore wells and the water chemistry of various ions viz. Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+, K+, CO32−, HCO3−, Cl−, SO42− and NO3− are carried out. The chemical relationships in Piper and Gibbs diagram suggest that the groundwater mainly belongs to alkali
type and Cl− group and are controlled by rock dominance. A comparison of groundwater quality in relation to drinking water quality standards
proves that most of the water samples are suitable for drinking water purpose whereas groundwater in some areas of the district
has high salinity and high sodium adsorption ratio (SAR), indicating unsuitability for irrigation water and needs adequate
drainage. 相似文献
2.
Seasonal variation of groundwater quality in a part of Guntur District, Andhra Pradesh, India 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
N. Subba Rao 《Environmental Geology》2006,49(3):413-429
The area in Guntur district, Andhra Pradesh, India, is selected to discuss the impact of seasonal variation of groundwater
quality on irrigation and human health, where the agriculture is the main livelihood of rural people and the groundwater is
the main source for irrigation and drinking. Granite gneisses associated with schists and charnockites of the Precambrian
Eastern Ghats underlie the area. Groundwater samples collected seasonally, pre- and post-monsoons, during three years from
forty wells in the area were analyzed for pH, EC, TDS, TA, TH, Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+, K+, CO32−, HCO3−, Cl−, SO42−, NO3−and F−. The chemical relationships in Piper’s diagram, Chebotarev’s genetic classification and Gibbs’s diagram suggest that the
groundwaters mainly belong to non-carbonate alkali type and Cl− group, and are controlled by evaporation-dominance, respectively, due to the influence of semi-arid climate, gentle slope,
sluggish drainage conditions, greater water–rock interaction, and anthropogenic activities. A comparison of the groundwater
quality in relation to drinking water quality standards proves that most of the water samples are not suitable for drinking,
especially in post-monsoon period. US Salinity Laboratory’s and Wilcox’s diagrams, and %Na+ used for evaluating the water quality for irrigation suggest that the majority of the groundwater samples are not good for
irrigation in post-monsoon compared to that in pre-monsoon. These conditions are caused due to leaching of salts from the
overlying materials by infiltrating recharge waters. A management plan is suggested for sustainable development of the area. 相似文献
3.
This study was carried out to analyze groundwater quality in selected villages of Nalbari district, Assam, India, where groundwater
is the main source of drinking water. 40 groundwater samples collected from hand pumps and analyzed for pH, EC, TDS, Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+, K+, HCO3
−, SO4
2−, Cl− and F−. Chemical analysis of the groundwater showed that mean concentration of cations in (mg/L) is in the order Ca2+ > Mg2+ > Na+ > K+ while for anions it is HCO3
− > Cl− > SO4
2− > F−. Fluoride concentration was recorded in the range of 0.02–1.56 mg/L. As per the desirable and maximum permissible limits
for fluoride in drinking water recommended by WHO and by Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS), which is 1.5 mg/L, the groundwater
of about 97% of the samples were found to be suitable for drinking purpose. The suitability of the groundwater for irrigation
purpose was investigated by some determining factors such as sodium adsorption ratio, soluble sodium percentage, Kelly’s ratio
and electrical conductivity. The value of the sodium absorption ratio and electrical conductivity of the groundwater samples
were plotted in the US Salinity laboratory diagram for irrigation water. Most of the groundwater samples fall in the field
of C2S1 and C3S1 indicating medium to high salinity and low sodium water, which can be used for irrigation on almost all types
of soil with little doubt of exchangeable sodium. The hydrochemical facies shows that the groundwater is Ca-HCO3 type. 相似文献
4.
Geochemistry of groundwater,Markandeya River Basin,Belgaum district,Karnataka State,India 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
The Markandeya River Basin stretches geographically from 15o56′ to 16o08′ N latitude and 74o37′ to 74o58′ E longitude, positioned in the midst of Belgaum district, in the northern part of Karnataka. The groundwater quality of 54 pre-monsoon samples in the Markandeya River Basin was evaluated for its suitability for drinking and irrigation purposes by estimating pH, EC, TDS, hardness and alkalinity besides major cations (Na+, K+, Ca2+, Mg2+) and anions (HCO3–, Cl–, SO42–, PO43-, F-, NO3–), boron, SAR, % Na, RSC, RSBC, chlorinity index, SSP, non-carbonate hardness, Potential Salinity, Permeability Index, Kelley’s ratio, Magnesium hazard and Index of Base Exchange. Negative Index of Base Exchange indicates the chloro-alkaline disequilibrium in the study area and the majority of water samples fall in the rock dominance field based on Gibbs’ ratio. Permeability indices of classes I and II suggest suitability of groundwater for irrigation. Based on Cl, SO4, HCO3 concentrations, water samples can be classified as normal chloride (96.3%) and normal sulfate (94.4%) and normal bicarbonate (44.4%) water types. 相似文献
5.
A study on hydrochemical characteristics of surface and sub-surface water in and around Perumal Lake,Cuddalore district,Tamil Nadu,South India 总被引:4,自引:4,他引:0
M. V. Prasanna S. Chidambaram T. V. Gireesh T. V. Jabir Ali 《Environmental Earth Sciences》2011,63(1):31-47
Hydrogeochemical investigations are carried out in and around Perumal Lake, Cuddalore district, South India in order to assess
its suitability in relation to domestic and agricultural uses. The water samples (surface water = 16; groundwater = 12) were
analyzed for various physicochemical attributes like pH, electrical conductivity (EC), sodium (Na+), potassium (K+), calcium (Ca2+), magnesium (Mg2+), chloride (Cl−), bicarbonate (HCO3
−), sulfate (SO4
2−), phosphate (PO4), silica (H4SiO4) and total dissolved solids (TDS). Major hydrochemical facies were identified using Piper trilinear diagram. Hydrogeochemical
processes controlling the water chemistry are water–rock interaction rather than evaporation and precipitation. Interpretation
of isotopic signatures reveals that groundwater samples recharged by meteoric water with few water–rock interactions. A comparison
of water quality in relation to drinking water quality standard proves that the surface water samples are suitable for drinking
purpose, whereas groundwater in some areas exceeds the permissible limit. Various determinants such as sodium absorption ratio
(SAR), percent sodium (Na%), residual sodium carbonate (RSC) and permeability index (PI) revealed that most of the samples
are suitable for irrigation. 相似文献
6.
The present work was carried out in Nalbari district of Assam (India) with an objective to assess the quality of groundwater and to check its suitability for drinking and irrigation purposes. Groundwater samples were collected from 50 different locations during pre- and post-monsoon seasons of 2016. Results of chemical analysis revealed that mean concentration of cations varied in the order Ca2+?>?Na+?>?Mg2+?>?K+, while for anions the order was HCO3 ??>?Cl??>?SO42??>?NO32??>?F? during both pre- and post-monsoon seasons. The suitability of groundwater samples for drinking purpose was assessed by comparing the results of physico-chemical analysis of groundwater with Indian Standards. Further, its suitability for irrigation purpose was assessed by evaluating several parameters like sodium adsorption ratio (SAR), sodium percentage (Na%), magnesium ratio, Kelly’s ratio and residual sodium carbonate (RSC). The SAR values obtained for all the samples were plotted against EC values in the US Salinity Laboratory diagram, and it was revealed that the most of the samples fall under water type C2-S1 indicating medium salinity and low SAR. Further, it was found that the majority of the samples belong to Ca–Mg–HCO3 hydrochemical facies followed by Ca–Mg–Cl–SO4, whereas only a few samples belong to Na–K–HCO3 hydrochemical facies. 相似文献
7.
The Markanda river basin occupying an area of about 1547 km2 is a part of the alluvial deposits of the Indo- Gangetic plain near the Himalayan foothills in the northwest India. The region
is associated with active agricultural activities and makes significant contribution to the country’s agricultural products.
Assessment of groundwater quality for irrigation use and hydrochemical evolution of groundwater has been studied. Hydrochemical
analysis has been carried out based on concentrations of Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+, K+, Cl−, SO4
2−, CO3
2− and HCO3
−. Sodium adsorption ratio (SAR), percent sodium (%Na), permeability index (PI) and Trilinear diagram have been studied to
evaluate suitability of irrigation use. Hydrochemical evolution has been analyzed based on the Chebotarev sequence and expanded
Durov diagram. SAR, %Na and PI results indicate that the groundwater in the basin is suitable for irrigation use. Analysis
on Trilinear diagram reveals that hydrochemical facies are dominated by HCO3
−- Ca2+- Mg2+ facies indicating that the groundwater is associated with recharge waters percolating through sandstone and limestone rocks
which are exposed in the northern part of the basin. Studies based on Chebotarev anion sequence and expanded Durov diagram
indicate that the evolution of groundwater belongs to initial to intermediate stage indicating fresh water quality. Thus,
the present work reveals that groundwater in the Markanda basin is of good quality and is suitable for all uses including
interbasin water transfer in the region. 相似文献
8.
Surface and groundwater quality characterization of Deoria District,Ganga Plain,India 总被引:5,自引:5,他引:0
A water quality investigation was carried out in the Deoria district, Ganga plain, to assess the suitability of surface and
groundwaters for domestic, agricultural, and industrial purposes. As much as 50 representative samples from river and groundwater
were collected from various stations to monitor the water chemistry of various ions, comprising Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+, K+, HCO3
−, SO4
2−, NO3
−, Cl−, F−, and trace metals, such as Fe, Cu, Mn, Zn, Cd, and Pb. The results showed that electrical conductance (EC), total dissolved
solids (TDS), HCO3
−, Mg2+, Na+, and total hardness (TH) are above the maximum desirable limit, and apart from Fe and Mn all other trace metals are within
the maximum permissible limit for drinking water. The calculated values for sodium absorption ratio (SAR), salinity, residual
sodium carbonate (RSC), and permeability index (PI) indicate well to permissible use of water for irrigation. High values
of Na%, RSC, and Mg-hazard (MH) at some stations restrict its use for agricultural purpose. Anthropogenic activities affect
the spatial variation of water quality. Economic and social developments of the study area is closely associated with the
characteristics of the hydrological network. 相似文献
9.
10.
Groundwater depletion and quality deterioration due to environmental impacts in Maheshwaram watershed of R.R. district,AP (India) 总被引:3,自引:2,他引:1
Maheshwaram watershed is situated in Ranga Reddy district of Andhra Pradesh at a distance of about 30 km south of Hyderabad,
capital of Andhra Pradesh. The watershed has an area of 60 km2 and has hard rock aquifers with semi-arid climate. The study area has been expanding at a fast pace and now has the distinction
of being one of the fastest growing urban centers facing the problem of groundwater depletion and quality deterioration due
to the absence of perennial source of surface water and also due to over exploitation. Human activities involving industrial
and agricultural development and the inadequate management of land and water resources have, directly or indirectly resulted
in the degradation of environment viz. water and soil. In the present study chemical analysis of groundwater samples of the
study area, collected during pre- and post-monsoon seasons of 2007–2008 has been carried out. The analyzed data are utilized
to characterize the hydro chemical process dominant in the area. Various classification methods such as Piper, Back and Hanshaw,
Wilcox, USA. Salinity Laboratory are employed to critically study the geochemical characteristics of groundwater of the study
area. Finally, principal component analysis (PCA) is also employed to the chemical variables of groundwater to characterize
the hydro chemical process that is dominant in the area. In the analysis four principal components emerged as significant
contributors to the groundwater quality. The total contribution of these four components is about 85–87%. The contribution
of the first component is about 49–50% and has significant positive loadings of Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+, and Cl− ions. The second, third, and fourth principal components have significant positive loadings of F−, NO3
−, SO4
2+, and HCO3
− ions. 相似文献
11.
Hydrogeochemical processes in the groundwater environment of Heihe River Basin,northwest China 总被引:5,自引:0,他引:5
Zhu Gaofeng Su Yonghong Huang Chunlin Feng Qi Liu Zhiguang 《Environmental Earth Sciences》2010,60(1):139-153
The Heihe River Basin is a typical arid inland river basin for examining stress on groundwater resources in northwest China.
The basin is composed of large volumes of unconsolidated Quaternary sediments of widely differing grain size, and during the
past half century, rapid socio-economic development has created an increased demand for groundwater resources. Understanding
the hydrogeochemical processes of groundwater and water quality is important for sustainable development and effective management
of groundwater resources in the Heihe River basin. To this end, a total of 30 representative groundwater samples were collected
from different wells to monitor the water chemistry of various ions and its quality for irrigation. Chemical analysis shows
that water presents a large spatial variability of chemical facies (SO4
2−–HCO3−, SO4
2−–Cl−, and Cl−–SO4
2−) as groundwater flow from recharge area to discharge area. The ionic ratio indicates positive correlation between the flowing
pairs of parameters: Cl− and Na+(r = 0.95), SO4
2− and Na+ (r = 0.84), HCO3
− and Mg2+(r = 0.86), and SO4
2− and Ca2+ (r = 0.91). Dissolution of minerals, such as halite, gypsum, dolomite, silicate, and Mirabilite (Na2SO4·10H2O) in the sediments results in the Cl−, SO4
2−, HCO3
−, Na+, Ca2+ and Mg2+ content in the groundwater. Other reactions, such as evaporation, ion exchange, and deposition also influence the water composition.
The suitability of the groundwater for irrigation was assessed based on the US Salinity Laboratory salinity classification
and the Wilcox diagram. The results show that most of the groundwater samples are suitable for irrigation uses barring a few
locations in the dessert region in the northern sub-basin. 相似文献
12.
Environmental geochemistry and quality assessment of mine water of Jharia coalfield,India 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Abhay Kumar Singh M. K. Mahato B. Neogi B. K. Tewary A. Sinha 《Environmental Earth Sciences》2012,65(1):49-65
A long mining history and unscientific exploitation of Jharia coalfield caused many environmental problems including water
resource depletion and contamination. A geochemical study of mine water in the Jharia coalfield has been undertaken to assess
its quality and suitability for domestic, industrial and irrigation uses. For this purpose, 92 mine water samples collected
from different mining areas of Jharia coalfield were analysed for pH, electrical conductivity (EC), major cations (Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+, K+), anions (F−, Cl−, HCO3
−, SO4
2−, NO3
−), dissolved silica (H4SiO4) and trace metals. The pH of the analysed mine water samples varied from 6.2 to 8.6, indicating mildly acidic to alkaline
nature. Concentration of TDS varied from 437 to 1,593 mg L−1 and spatial differences in TDS values reflect the variation in lithology, surface activities and hydrological regime prevailing
in the region. SO4
2− and HCO3
− are dominant in the anion and Mg2+ and Ca2+ in the cation chemistry of mine water. High concentrations of SO4
2− in the mine water of the area are attributed to the oxidative weathering of pyrites. Ca–Mg–SO4 and Ca–Mg–HCO3 are the dominant hydrochemical facies. The drinking water quality assessment indicates that number of mine water samples
have high TDS, total hardness and SO4
2− concentrations and needs treatment before its utilization. Concentrations of some trace metals (Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb) were also
found to be above the desirable levels recommended for drinking water. The mine water is good to permissible quality and suitable
for irrigation in most cases. However, higher salinity, residual sodium carbonate and Mg-ratio restrict its suitability for
irrigation at some sites. 相似文献
13.
N. Janardhana Raju 《Environmental Geology》2007,52(6):1067-1074
In the management of water resources, quality of water is just as important as its quantity. In order to know the quality
and/or suitability of groundwater for domestic and irrigation in upper Gunjanaeru River basin, 51 water samples in post-monsoon
and 46 in pre-monsoon seasons were collected and analyzed for various parameters. Geological units are alluvium, shale and
quartzite. Based on the analytical results, chemical indices like percent sodium, sodium adsorption ratio, residual sodium
carbonate, permeability index (PI) and chloroalkaline indices were calculated. The pre-monsoon waters have low sodium hazard
as compared to post-monsoon season. Residual sodium carbonate values revealed that one sample is not suitable in both the
seasons for irrigation purposes due the occurrence of alkaline white patches and low permeability of the soil. PI values of
both seasons revealed that the ground waters are generally suitable for irrigation. The positive values of Chloroalkaline
indices in post-monsoon (80%) and in pre-monsoon (59%) water samples indicate absence of base-exchange reaction (chloroalkaline
disequilibrium), and remaining samples of negative values of the ratios indicate base-exchange reaction (chloroalkaline equilibrium).
Chadha rectangular diagram for geochemical classification and hydrochemical processes of groundwater for both seasons indicates
that most of waters are Ca–Mg–HCO3 type. Assessment of water samples from various methods indicated that majority of the water samples in both seasons are suitable
for different purposes except at Yanadipalle (sample no. 8) that requires precautionary measures. The overall quality of groundwater
in post-monsoon season in all chemical constituents is on the higher side due to dissolution of surface pollutants during
the infiltration and percolation of rainwater and at few places due to agricultural and domestic activities. 相似文献
14.
The degradation of groundwater quality, which has been noted in the recent years, is closely connected to the intensification
of agriculture, the unreasonable use of chemical fertilizers and the excess consumption of large volumes of irrigation water.
In the hilly region of central Thessaly in Greece, which suffers the consequences of intense agricultural use, a hydrogeological
study is carried out, taking groundwater samples from springs and boreholes in the Neogene aquifers. The aim of this study
is the investigation of irrigation management, water quality and suitability for various uses (water supply, irrigation),
the degradation degree and the spatial distribution of pollutants using GIS. The following hydrochemical types prevail in
the groundwater of the study area: Ca–Mg–HCO3, Mg–Ca–Na–HCO3 and Na–HCO3. In the above shallow aquifers, especially high values of NO3
− (31.7–299.0), NH4
+ (0.12–1.11), NO2
− (0.018–0.109), PO4
3− (0.07–0.55), SO4
2− (47.5–146.5) and Cl− (24.8–146.5) are found, particularly near inhabited areas (values are in mg L−1). The water of shallow aquifers is considered unsuitable for human use due to their high polluting load, while the water
of the deeper aquifers is suitable for human consumption. Regarding water suitability for irrigation, the evaluation of SAR
(0.153–7.397) and EC (481–1,680 μS cm−1) resulted in classification category ‘C3S1’, indicating high salinity and low sodium water which can be used for irrigation
in most soils and crops with little to medium danger of development of exchangeable sodium and salinity. The statistical data
analysis, the factor analysis and the GIS application have brought out the vulnerable-problematic zones in chemical compounds
of nitrogen and phosphates. The groundwater quality degradation is localized and related exclusively to human activities.
Based on 2005 and 2008 estimates, the annual safe yield of the region’s aquifers were nearly 41.95 MCM. However, the existing
situation is that 6.37 MCM of water is over extracted from these aquifers. 相似文献
15.
An integrated approach to assess the quality of groundwater in a coastal aquifer of Andhra Pradesh, India 总被引:3,自引:1,他引:2
The Narava basin in Visakhapatnam district situated on the east coast is a productive agricultural area, and is also one of the fastest growing urban areas in India. The agricultural and urban-industrialization activities have a lot of impact on this coastal aquifer water quality. The hydrochemistry of the groundwater was analyzed in the basin area with reference to drinking and agricultural purposes. The area is underlain by Precambrian rocks like khondalites, charnockites and migmatites. The water samples were collected from shallow wells for the year 2008. Physical and chemical parameters of groundwater such as pH, total alkalinity (TA), electrical conductivity (EC), total dissolved solids (TDS), total hardness (TH), Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+, K+, HCO3 ?, Cl?, SO4 2?, NO3 ?, F? were determined. The analytical results revealed that the most of the groundwater found to be in polluted category. Geographical information system (GIS) was utilized to generate different spatial distribution maps of various chemical constituents in the study area. The analytical data were used to compute certain parameters such as salinity hazard, percent sodium (Na%), sodium adsorption ratio (SAR), residual sodium carbonate (RSC), permeability index (PI), Kelley??s ratio (KR) and corrosivity ratio (CR) to determine the quality of water for agricultural purposes. The abundance of the major ions in the basin area was found to be in the following sequence: Na+?>?Ca2+?>?Mg2+?>?K+:Cl??>?HCO3 ??>?SO4 2??>?NO3 ??>?F?. According to Gibbs?? diagram most of the samples fall under rock dominance. As per Wilcox and USSL classification most of the groundwater samples are suitable for irrigation except few samples which are unsuitable due to the presence of high salinity and high sodium hazard. From the obtained data, it can be concluded that the water quality profile was good and useful for normal irrigation agriculture. 相似文献
16.
Hydrochemical characteristics of groundwater in the Zhangye Basin, Northwestern China 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
The Zhangye Basin, located in arid northwest China, is an important agricultural and industrial center. In recent years rapid
development has created an increased demand for water, which is increasingly being fulfilled by groundwater abstraction. Detailed
knowledge of the geochemical evolution of groundwater and water quality can enhance understanding of the hydrochemical system,
promoting sustainable development and effective management of groundwater resources. To this end, a hydrochemical investigation
was conducted in the Zhangye Basin. Types of shallow groundwater in the Zhangye Basin were found to be HCO3
−, HCO3
−–SO4
2−, SO4
2−–HCO3
−, SO4
2−–Cl−, Cl−–SO4
2− and Cl− . The deep aquifer groundwater type was found to be HCO3−–SO42− throughout the entire area. Ionic ratio and saturation index calculations suggest that silicate rock weathering and evaporation
deposition are the main processes that determine the ionic composition in the study area. The suitability of the groundwater
for irrigation was assessed based on the US Salinity Laboratory salinity classification and the Wilcox diagram. In the study
area, the compositions of the stable isotopes δ18O and δD in groundwater samples were found to range from −4.00 to −9.28‰ and from −34.0 to −65.0‰, respectively. These values
indicate that precipitation is the main recharge source for the groundwater system; some local values indicate high levels
of evaporation. Tritium analysis was used to estimate the ages of the different groundwaters; the tritium values of the groundwater
samples varied from 3.13 to 36.62 TU. The age of the groundwater at depths of less than 30 m is about 5–10 years. The age
of the groundwater at depths of 30–50 m is about 10–23 years. The age of the groundwater at depths of 50–100 m is about 12–29 years.
For groundwater samples at depths of greater than 100 m, the renewal time is about 40 years. 相似文献
17.
Influence of hydrogeochemical processes on temporal changes in groundwater quality in a part of Nalgonda district, Andhra Pradesh, India 总被引:4,自引:3,他引:1
Geochemical processes that take place in the aquifer have played a major role in spatial and temporal variations of groundwater
quality. This study was carried out with an objective of identifying the hydrogeochemical processes that controls the groundwater
quality in a weathered hard rock aquifer in a part of Nalgonda district, Andhra Pradesh, India. Groundwater samples were collected
from 45 wells once every 2 months from March 2008 to September 2009. Chemical parameters of groundwater such as groundwater
level, EC and pH were measured insitu. The major ion concentrations such as Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+, K+, Cl−, and SO4
2− were analyzed using ion chromatograph. CO3
− and HCO3
− concentration was determined by acid–base titration. The abundance of major cation concentration in groundwater is as Na+ > Ca2+ > Mg2+ > K+ while that of anions is HCO3
− > SO4
2− > Cl− > CO3
−. Ca–HCO3, Na–Cl, Ca–Na–HCO3 and Ca–Mg–Cl are the dominant groundwater types in this area. Relation between temporal variation in groundwater level and
saturation index of minerals reveals the evaporation process. The ion-exchange process controls the concentration of ions
such as calcium, magnesium and sodium. The ionic ratio of Ca/Mg explains the contribution of calcite and dolomite to groundwater.
In general, the geochemical processes and temporal variation of groundwater in this area are influenced by evaporation processes,
ion exchange and dissolution of minerals. 相似文献
18.
Spatio-temporal characterization of the Pliocene aquifer conditions in Wadi El-Natrun area,Egypt 总被引:3,自引:1,他引:2
Wadi El-Natrun area has recently undergone extensive urban and agricultural expansion. Due to the absence of natural surface
irrigation supplies, the only source of water in the area is the Pliocene groundwater aquifer. As a result, secondary salinization
from increased abstractions is the major threat to the groundwater aquifer. There is a dire need for efficient strategies
to ensure long-term sustainability of the area’s productive agriculture. These strategies should be based on scientific spatio-temporal
monitoring and analysis of the groundwater conditions that is also lacking. To capture the spatio-temporal variability in
groundwater conditions, field measurements of total dissolved solids, electrical conductivity, pH, temperature, and water
level as well as lab-based ionic composition were performed on 47 groundwater samples collected during 2006 and 2007. Determinations
of the hydrochemical characteristics, water types, salt assemblages, and the sodium adsorption ratio were carried out on the
samples. Reference data sets recorded in 1973 and 1997 were available for the area and were used to monitor the changes occurred
in these periods. Geographic information system (GIS) was appraised for mapping and for integrated analysis of the different
layers. Remotely sensed change detection techniques were applied to the Landsat TM and the ETM + imageries and used to highlight
the extensive reclamation and urbanization and to find key trends for the alterations in the groundwater conditions and their
spatial association with land covers. Results revealed a topographic depression-induced flow pattern, predominance of leaching
and dissolution processes, the presence of saline lakes, over-pumping from the Pliocene aquifer, and temporal changes in land
uses are the main factors combined to control the spatio-temporal variability in the groundwater. Results also clarified the
presence of two: northwestern and southeastern zones that varied distinctively in their hydrodynamic and hydrochemical characteristics.
The northwestern zone showed an average water level decline of 15 m, the water of which is brackish (av. 2,037 mg/l) with dominant Na+, Cl− and SO4
2− ions. The groundwater of this zone is characterized by high to very high salinity hazard and high to very high alkali hazard
and is not recommended for irrigation on soils with poor drainage and without proper management for salinity control. The
southeastern zone showed water level decline less than 2 m, the water of which is fresh (av. 424 mg/l) with major Na+, HCO3
−, Cl−, and SO4
2− ions, and quality suitable for irrigation with medium to high salinity and low to medium alkali hazards. The article represents
the first step towards an integrated management of Wadi El-Natrun groundwater resources within a GIS framework. 相似文献
19.
Kuldip-singh Dhanwinder-singh H. S. Hundal M P. S. Khurana 《Environmental Earth Sciences》2013,70(4):1841-1851
Groundwater is being used for drinking and irrigation purposes in the agricultural dominated Indian state of Punjab. Fifty-six groundwater samples were collected from Bathinda, a south-western district of Punjab, during the pre-monsoon (March 2010) and post-monsoon (October 2011) seasons. These samples were tested for major cations, anions and contaminants. Various classification systems were used to study the groundwater quality with respect to drinking as well as irrigation purposes. Total dissolved solids (TDS) and total hardness (TH) are generally used to determine the suitability of groundwater for drinking purpose. Considering TDS as a parameter, 54 and 57 % groundwater samples were found to be unsuitable for use during the pre- and post-monsoon seasons. A wide range of TH values were observed in the pre-monsoon and post-monsoon waters samples (mean 250 and 270 mgL?1). About 75 % of pre-monsoon and 79 % of post-monsoon samples exceeded the maximum permissible limit (MPL) of TH (150 mg L?1) proposed by WHO. In terms of contaminant ions, 40 % and 55 % of the pre- and post-monsoon water samples were unfit for drinking purposes w.r.t. fluoride (MPL 1.5 mg F L?1), 29 and 36 % were unfit w.r.t arsenic (MPL 10 μg L?1) and 33 and 45 % were unfit w.r.t nitrate (MPL 45 mg NO3 ? L?1), respectively. To determine the suitability of groundwater of Bathinda for irrigation purpose, three classification systems proposed by different research workers were used. The parameters electrical conductivity (EC), sodium adsorption ratio, and residual sodium carbonate (RSC) were calculated on the basis of chemical data. Considering EC and RSC together, 32 % samples collected during pre-monsoon season were fit, 19 % were marginal and 49 % were unfit for use. However, during post-monsoon, samples fit for irrigation decreased to 17 % and samples unfit for irrigation increased to 70 %. Increases in the percentage of unfit samples for irrigation after monsoon indicates addition of salts along with the rain water percolated into the groundwater. The other two classification systems, i.e. US Salinity diagram and Wilcox diagram also showed the similar results. 相似文献
20.
M. Vasanthavigar K. Srinivasamoorthy R. Rajiv Ganthi K. Vijayaraghavan V. S. Sarma 《Arabian Journal of Geosciences》2012,5(2):245-258
Thirumanimuttar sub-basin is of particular importance in the study of groundwater quality due to the release of effluents from industries, agricultural, sewage and urban runoff, brining considerable change in water quality. An investigation was carried out by collecting a total of 194 groundwater samples for two seasons to decipher hydrogeochemistry and groundwater quality for determining its suitability for agricultural purposes. The water is neutral to alkaline in nature with pH ranging from 6.78 to 9.22 with an average of 7.37. Higher electrical conductivity (EC) was noted in NW and mid-downstream parts of the study area. Higher NO 3 ? was observed during post-monsoon (POM) due to the action of leaching and anthropogenic process. The piper plot reveals the dominance of Na+?CCl? and Na+?CHCO 3 ? , mixed Ca2+?CNa+?CHCO 3 ? , mixed Ca2+?CMg2+?CHCO 3 ? and Ca2+?CSO 4 ? types of hydrogeochemical facies. Higher total hardness in the groundwater is due to the effect of dyeing and bleaching industries discharging effluents affects the quality of water. Residual Sodium Carbonate value indicates 56% of the samples are not suitable for irrigation purposes in both seasons. Higher sodium percentage is noted during PRM indicating the dominance of ion exchange and weathering. Higher sodium adsorption ratio was observed during POM indicating the effect of leaching and dissolution of salts into the aquifer matrix. USSL plot indicates 15% of samples record high salinity to medium sodicity. The Permeability Index indicates water is moderate to good for irrigation purposes. In general, groundwater in the study area is influenced by both natural and anthropogenic activities. 相似文献