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1.
Geochemistry and petrology of selected coal samples from Sumatra, Kalimantan, Sulawesi, and Papua, Indonesia 总被引：4，自引：1，他引：3
Harvey E. Belkin Susan J. Tewalt James C. Hower J.D. Stucker J.M.K. O'Keefe 《International Journal of Coal Geology》2009,77(3-4):260-268
Indonesia has become the world's largest exporter of thermal coal and is a major supplier to the Asian coal market, particularly as the People's Republic of China is now (2007) and perhaps may remain a net importer of coal. Indonesia has had a long history of coal production, mainly in Sumatra and Kalimantan, but only in the last two decades have government and commercial forces resulted in a remarkable coal boom. A recent assessment of Indonesian coal-bed methane (CBM) potential has motivated active CBM exploration. Most of the coal is Paleogene and Neogene, low to moderate rank and has low ash yield and sulfur (generally < 10 and < 1 wt.%, respectively). Active tectonic and igneous activity has resulted in significant rank increase in some coal basins. Eight coal samples are described that represent the major export and/or resource potential of Sumatra, Kalimantan, Sulawesi, and Papua. Detailed geochemistry, including proximate and ultimate analysis, sulfur forms, and major, minor, and trace element determinations are presented. Organic petrology and vitrinite reflectance data reflect various precursor flora assemblages and rank variations, including sample composites from active igneous and tectonic areas. A comparison of Hazardous Air Pollutants (HAPs) elements abundance with world and US averages show that the Indonesian coals have low combustion pollution potential. 相似文献
2.
Bat-Orshikh Erdenetsogt Insung Lee Delegiin Bat-Erdene Luvsanchultem Jargal 《International Journal of Coal Geology》2009,80(2):87-104
This paper presents geological settings, stratigraphy, coal quality, petrography, reserves and the tectonic history of the Mongolian coal-bearing basins. This is based on a synthesis of the data from nearly 50 coal deposits. The results of ultimate and proximate analyses, and calorific value, maceral composition and vitrinite reflectance data is given.The coal deposits of Mongolia tend to become younger from west to east and can be subdivided into two provinces, twelve basins, and three areas. Main controlling factor of coal rank is the age of the coal bearing sequences. Western Mongolian coal-bearing province contains mostly high rank bituminous coal in strata from Late Carboniferous. The basins in southern Mongolia and the western part of central Mongolia have low rank bituminous coal in strata from the Permian. The northern and central Mongolian basins contain mainly Jurassic subbituminous coal, whereas the Eastern Mongolian province has Lower Cretaceous lignite. The Carboniferous, Permian and Jurassic coal-bearing sequences were mainly deposited in foreland basins by compressional tectonic event, whereas Cretaceous coal measures were deposited in rift valleys caused by extensional tectonic event. Petrographically, Mongolian coals are classified as humic type. Vitrinite/huminite groups of Carboniferous, Permian, and Cretaceous coal range from 44.9% to 82.9%. Inertinite group varies between 15.0% and 53.3%, but liptinite group does not exceed more than 7%. Jurassic coals are characterized by high percentages of vitrinite (87.3% to 96.6%) and liptinite groups (up to 11.7%). This might be explained by paleoclimatic conditions. Mongolian coal reserves have been estimated to be 10.2 billion tons, of which a predominant portion is lignite in the Eastern Mongolian province and coking coal in the South Gobi basin. 相似文献
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湖南鲁塘矿区为我国著名的煤系石墨矿区,煤系石墨的形成受岩浆热作用和构造作用的双重控制,其成矿和赋存都与构造格局密切相关。为深入研究构造作用对煤系石墨成矿的影响,通过野外地质调查和光学显微镜下观察、X射线衍射和拉曼光谱等测试分析方法,分析研究区构造特征和煤系石墨特征。研究结果表明,受区域构造活动的影响,鲁塘矿区构造格局呈现出分区分带性特征,东西方向可划分为东部、中部和西部3个条带;南北方向可划分为北部、中部和南部3个分区。自西向东,随着与岩体距离逐渐减小,煤层受岩浆热作用的影响逐渐增大,煤的石墨化程度也逐渐增高。由南向北,构造变形强度逐渐增强,导致北部分区形成以封闭式高温-高压的成矿环境为主,同时,应力作用促进了煤的石墨化,导致煤的石墨化程度较高;中部分区内构造情况复杂,形成不同温度压力条件的成矿环境,煤的石墨化程度差异性明显;南部分区构造情况简单,主要构成开放式环境,煤的石墨化程度较低,仅在近岩体附近可形成煤系半石墨。研究成果为煤系石墨资源勘探提供了有力依据。 相似文献
4.
煤体性质对煤吸附容量的控制作用探讨 总被引：6，自引：2，他引：4
煤体性质是影响煤吸附容量的重要因素之一。通过对中国华北和西北两个重要煤层气富集区煤的煤岩学、煤化学和等温吸附实验分析,从煤级、显微组分、煤体变形三个方面对煤的吸附容量及其控制因素进行了, 分析探讨。结果表明,水分平衡条件下煤的吸附容量与煤阶的关系为倒U字型,吸附容量随煤阶的变化为跃变式, 基本与四次煤化作用跃变阶段相对应,主要受控于煤化作用过程中煤的亲甲烷能力和孔隙度的变化;煤体中惰质组含量较高时,其对煤体的吸附容量的影响较为明显,主要与惰质组中丝质体的高吸附能力有关;在构造应力作用下,煤体表面物化发生的变化使构造煤吸附容量比同一矿区同一煤层原生结构煤高。 相似文献
5.
Sepiolite phase-transformation has been successfully imitated in laboratory for many years, but no natural example has been reported yet. In this paper the authors intend to provide a good natural example in southern China, especially in the Pingle depression, where the Permian sepiolite has been generally converted to talc and minor stevensite (magnesium montmorillonite) due to anadiagenesis during post-sedimentation. In our opinion, the degree of transformation can be indicated by the degree of metamorphism of coal (rank of coal). In order to study the relationship between clay transformation and coal rank, the authors have proposed some parameters of coalification correlated with sepiolite conversion. It happens that volatile matter in the Permian coal comprises 30–52% and a vitrinite reflectance of approximately 0.4–0.8% (R°) is reliable to indicate the existence of sepiolite. The consideration that sepiolite phase-transformation has a linear relationship with the rank of coal can be justified on the trend surface analysis diagrams which show that the areas of lower coal rank are obviously consistent with the sepiolite-distributed areas. Therefore, there is such a possibility as to predict new occurrences of sepiolite on the basis of the distribution of the lower coal ranks. 相似文献
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煤是一种对温度、压力等地质环境因素特别敏感的有机岩。煤化作用实质上是煤与外界进行能量和物质交换的一个开放系统。地质历史演化过程中的各种构造 热事件必然导致煤发生一系列物理、化学、结构和构造变化,煤中有机组分和无机组分在各种地质营力作用下迁移、分异和改造,从而影响煤层现今赋存状况、煤化程度和煤质特征,在一定程度上记录了沉积盆地动力学过程的地质信息。文中介绍了国内外在煤化作用与构造 热事件的耦合效应方面的研究进展,讨论了存在的问题,提出了重点研究课题。 相似文献
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煤是对温度和压力等地质因素十分敏感的有机岩,各种构造-热事件控制下的物理化学条件,是促进煤岩演化的根本动力。本文对煤变质作用过程的研究现状进行了综述,着重讨论了煤岩在高煤阶-石墨演化阶段的控制因素、演化过程和演化机制。煤变质作用包括煤化作用阶段和石墨化作用阶段,共同构成一个连续的有机质演化过程,总体趋势是分子结构有序化、化学成分单一化,最终演变为以碳元素为主、三维有序结构的石墨。温度和压力(应力)是控制煤变质作用两大因素,在不同的演化阶段,这两大因素所起的作用和演变机理都有所差异。在低、中煤阶演化阶段,温度是煤化学结构演化的主要控制因素,为化学键断裂提供活化能,应力缩聚和应力降解则对煤化学结构演化具有催化作用。高煤阶-石墨化阶段的主要机制是导致基本结构单元BSUs之间相互联结使短程有序化范围增大的拼叠作用,构造应力在其中起到关键作用,BSUs定向和面网间距不断减小,促进大分子物理结构演化。加强煤变质作用的高级阶段-石墨演化过程的研究,将丰富和深化对煤-石墨物理化学结构完整演化序列的认识。煤系石墨成矿机制的高温高压模拟实验,则为煤变质作用构造物理化学条件研究提供了可行的技术手段。 相似文献
9.
珲春盆地煤层气取得工业突破对我国低煤阶含煤盆地的煤层气勘探具有重要意义。通过对珲春盆地低煤阶煤层气成藏条件的深入剖析,探讨了低煤阶煤层气富集的主控因素及其成藏模式。结果表明,珲春盆地具有煤阶低、煤层多、煤层薄的特点,构造作用、沉积特征和岩浆岩侵入是其富集成藏的主控因素。盆地西部的褶皱和断层伴生带不仅为生物气创造有利环境,而且为煤层气二次成藏提供场所,形成"连续褶皱"富气模式;沼泽和天然堤微相的垂向叠置,使得作为煤层直接顶底板的泥岩和致密砂岩对煤层气起到更好的封闭作用;局部辉绿岩侵入体促使煤层再次生气,同时大大改善了煤岩的物性。因此,珲春盆地西部是煤层气高产富集区,具有巨大勘探开发潜力。 相似文献
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为探讨煤层瓦斯含量和瓦斯压力的对应关系,应用Langmuir方程,分析总结了吸附常数测值的影响因素,初步阐述了瓦斯含量和瓦斯压力的内在联系,并进行了不同变质程度煤的相关实验研究和理论计算。研究结果表明:Langmuir吸附常数测试受吸附时间、压力点设置、温度和水分含量等多种因素影响;利用修正的Langmuir方程换算的瓦斯含量或瓦斯压力与煤的变质程度有关,在低煤级阶段表现为高压低含量特点,而高煤级阶段正好相反,瓦斯压力0.74 MPa和瓦斯含量8 m3/t只有在贫煤阶段才近似一致。建议综合考虑地质构造和构造煤发育情况,以实测瓦斯压力为主要依据,针对不同变质程度煤的矿井制定合理的突出预测指标。 相似文献
12.
本文从固体力学、构造物理化学的角度分析了煤岩所受应力的来源、性质以及应力在煤变质过程中的影响方式。作者在前人研究基础上,阐述了构造动力影响过程中煤岩能量的转换形式,分析了应力在烟煤分子团聚过程中的影响。研究认为,煤岩所受的各种应力(压应力、拉应力、剪应力)为地层压力与构造动力所造成的附加内力。这种附加内力可以分解为构造附加静水压力与偏应力两部分。构造附加静水压力主要影响煤岩的物理性质,如孔隙度、颗粒性质与瓦斯吸附特征,并对煤的化学煤化过程有缓慢促进作用。偏应力主要使煤岩发生变形和位移。煤化过程中,由构造运动所产生的动能转化为各种形式的热能、表面能、弹性变形能以及声、光、电、磁等形态能量。 相似文献
13.
Yunxing Cao Gareth D. Mitchell Alan Davis Daming Wang 《International Journal of Coal Geology》2000,43(1-4)
Tectonic displacement of coal seams in China has resulted in faulting parallel to coal bedding. Displacement along these faults caused significant comminution of the coal on the footwall contributing to various mining problems, the worst of which is catastrophic failure, or “outbursting” of the working face during mining. The granular texture and mostly unconsolidated nature of the coal suggests that faulting occurred relatively late in the coalification sequence, at a time of maximum tectonic stress. Coal samples taken on either side of the fault plane (normal and deformed coal layers) were obtained in an effort to establish what influence these tectonic stresses might have had on coal properties as well as what they might reveal about the influence of tectonic pressure on organic maturity. Sample sets were collected within coal beds from undisturbed and adjacent deformed layers, including 21 bituminous samples from the Pingdingshan coal field and nine anthracite samples from the Jiaozuo coal field, the Tieshenggou coal mine of the Yuxi coal field in Henan province, the Beijing Xishan coal field, the Baijiao mine of the Furong coal field in Sichuang province and the Baisha coal field in Hunan province, China. Results from vitrinite reflectance, proximate and ultimate analyses show some differences in reflectance, hydrogen content and nitrogen content of anthracite coal. No significant difference was found between volatile matter yields of normal and deformed coal specimens. GC measurements of the saturated hydrocarbon fraction of chloroform extracts from bituminous coals showed that lower molecular weight carbon fragments were concentrated in the deformed samples. Therefore, although changes in the gross chemical properties of the deformed coal were insignificant, some modification of the chemical structure is seen to have occurred as a result of exposure to tectonic pressure. 相似文献
14.
《International Journal of Coal Geology》1988,9(3):287-304
A narrow belt of highly inclined coal-bearing Gondwana strata occurs in the extreme south-eastern part of Bhutan Himalaya. Recently, a systematic survey was undertaken along this coal belt and coals of three areas were analyzed in detail for the evaluation of their physico-chemical properties and petrographic characteristics.The entire region is in the midst of the Great Himalayan orogenic belt, and the whole stratigraphic sequence underwent several diastrophic movements in the geological past. The massive effects of these orogenies is more pronounced in the coal beds of Gondwana sequence, and due to severe crushing and tectonic shearing these coals became powdery and flaky in nature. Significantly, the coals retained their pre-deformational rank exhibiting typical high-volatile, low-rank, bituminous characters, with mild caking propensities. Also these coals are markedly low in sulphur, phosphorus, chlorine and carbonate content like that of Peninsular Gondwana coals.Petrographic studies of these Bhutan coals revealed a close similarity with the eastern Raniganj coals (Upper Permian) of Peninsular India. The tectonic shearing and crushing of the coals are exhibited by the frequent presence of microfolding, microfaulting, and other compressional structures. However, the coals of all the three areas have shown a consistently low order of reflectance values.This typical retention of pre-deformational low-rank bituminous character is a significant feature of Bhutan coals. It shows that massive orogenic movements were only able to physically crush these coals but could not generate the requisite thermal regime to raise the rank of these coals. 相似文献
15.
前人研究认为构造煤是煤与瓦斯突出的必要条件,构造煤的分类对煤与瓦斯突出的预测和防治有重要意义。(1)根据构造煤参与煤与瓦斯突出过程的突出属性对构造煤重新进行了定义,认为构造煤是构造作用下强度降低、瓦斯异常的煤气双重介质,据此将构造煤划分为01类瓦斯构造煤和01类强度构造煤以及强度和瓦斯都变异的02类构造煤。(2)参考地质构造成因环境下岩石破坏的脆韧性划分方式,将突出属性分类与脆韧性的构造成因特性结合起来,划分出3类脆性构造煤和3类韧性构造煤,分别命名为01类脆性瓦斯构造煤、02类脆性构造煤等。(3)分析了构造煤在煤与瓦斯突出中的作用,低强度构造煤在其周围形成应力集中,瓦斯通过孔隙压力和吸附作用降低煤体强度,而高压瓦斯则是突出发展过程中煤体破坏和抛掷的重要动力源之一。(4)结合成因属性构造煤分类对各种地质因素对构造煤空间分布、构造煤瓦斯的生成和保存条件进行了分析。 相似文献
16.
高、低煤阶煤层气富集主控因素的差异性分析 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
不同煤阶煤的物理化学性质存在着显著差别,这直接影响着不同煤阶煤储层的物性和煤层气的富集。结合煤层气富集控制因素,分析了包括煤层条件、构造、构造热事件和水动力条件对于不同煤阶煤层气富集控制的差异性,高煤阶煤层产气量大,吸附能力强,含气量高;构造影响着高、低煤阶煤的区域分布,构造抬升导致高煤阶煤层渗透率增大,利于煤层气的运聚或散失;构造热事件使得煤层气大量生成,并对煤储层进行改造;水文地质条件影响着不同煤阶煤层气的保存,并能促进低煤阶煤层气的生成。这些主控因素对不同煤阶煤层气富集控制的差异将影响其成藏的差异,从而导致针对不同煤阶煤层气的勘探过程需要采用不同的评价方法和开采技术。 相似文献
17.
煤储层应力敏感降低储层渗透率,进而影响煤层气井产能,如何降低排采中的应力敏感性影响值得深入研究。为了弄清不同煤阶煤储层的应力敏感性特征及差异性,分别采集樊庄高煤阶煤、保德中煤阶煤和二连低煤阶褐煤的样品,系统开展加载和卸载过程中不同煤阶煤的应力敏感性实验,并对应力敏感的产生机理进行分析。结果表明,随煤阶的升高,煤样的应力敏感性逐渐增强,含明显裂缝的样品敏感性更强。加载有效应力10 MPa条件下,相比初始渗透率,二连低煤阶褐煤样品渗透率下降79.26%,卸载后不可逆渗透率损害率平均33.4%;保德中煤阶煤样渗透率下降79.4%,卸载后不可逆渗透率损害率平均51.4%;樊庄高煤阶煤样加载后渗透率下降92.33%,卸载后渗透率只能恢复30%左右。产生这种差异的机理主要是由于不同煤阶煤的物质组成、孔裂隙结构以及渗流通道不同造成的。低煤阶煤变质程度低,主要发育大、中孔隙,割理–裂隙不发育,为基质孔隙–喉道渗流,渗透率主要受连通喉道控制,应力加载时主要是大、中孔压缩变形严重,而尺度较小的喉道受压缩变形小,因而其应力敏感性相对弱;而高煤阶煤孔隙以微、小孔为主,镜质组含量高,割理–裂隙发育,控制其渗透性,应力加载时微、小孔难以被压缩,而裂隙抗变形能力弱,易发生韧性变形破坏或闭合,卸载后也难以恢复,表现出强应力敏感特征。考虑到高煤阶煤储层埋深更大、应力更高,因此其应力敏感性对产能伤害大,排采初期宜以较小强度进行,降低不可逆渗透率伤害,扩大压降范围;而低煤阶煤储层本身应力低、渗透率较高,应力敏感对产能影响相对较小,排水期可适当加快速度,提高排水效率。 相似文献
18.
构造煤甲烷吸附表面能研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
煤的表面能是致使煤具有吸附性差异的根本原因。通过分析动力变质作用对构造煤结构和组分的影响,借助甲烷等温吸附实验,计算了不同温度下随着压力增大,原生结构煤和构造煤吸附甲烷的煤表面能的变化情况,并从构造煤动力变质角度分析了其表面能变化的原因。结果表明:动力变质作用对构造煤结构和组分改造作用明显,构造煤比共生的原生结构煤微孔隙更发育,吸附能力更强;计算结果也表明,随着温度的升高和压力的增大,构造煤吸附甲烷的表面能降低值均大于共生的原生结构煤,构造煤吸附甲烷的能力更强。 相似文献
19.
氮是煤中的常见元素之一,煤中氮的赋存形态多样且随煤阶发生变化。以邯郸-峰峰矿区为例,利用X射线光电子能谱（XPS）实验,研究不同变质程度煤（Rran=1.08%~3.67%）中有机氮的赋存形态,探讨煤中各形态有机氮相对含量随煤阶的变化规律。结果表明:按N 1s XPS谱图分峰峰值的结合能可将煤中氮的形态归为N-6、N-5、N-Q和N-X四种;研究区煤中N-5的相对含量最高,且随着煤阶的增高而降低;N-Q的相对含量随着煤阶的增高而增高;煤中N-6的相对含量随煤阶呈“增-减-稳”的变化规律;N-X的相对含量为9.1%~35.1%,其与煤阶关系不明显;在煤阶Rran=1.08%~1.47%的范围内,煤的N 1s XPS谱图中缺失N-Q分峰,表明褐煤中相对含量最高的质子化吡啶氮在此阶段已几乎全部去质子化而转化为吡啶氮。不同变质阶段氮的赋存形态变化特征对燃煤发电及煤化工领域煤化学参数选取提供参考。 相似文献
20.
煤层气盆地在地史演化过程中几乎都经历了多次抬升作用,构造抬升作用对煤储层吸附能力有着直接的影响。文中通过物理模拟实验和数值模拟对构造抬升过程中煤储层吸附能力的耦合效应和控制因素进行探讨。研究选取高、低煤阶煤储层样品进行等温吸附实验,并假定地温梯度分别为2、4和6 ℃/hm,压力梯度分别为0.3、0.5和1.0 MPa/hm模拟抬升过程中吸附量的变化。研究结果表明,煤储层在构造抬升过程中的吸附能力的变化主要受温压综合作用、煤储层热演化程度和构造抬升强度的控制。构造抬升时,温度作用效果占主导地位,煤储层吸附量增加;反之,压力作用效果占主导地位,煤储层吸附量减少。高煤阶煤层吸附量的变化量大于低煤阶变化量。抬升强度较大时煤层吸附量持续降低,较小时会使吸附量增加。煤层气在抬升过程中可能会出现吸附或解吸,与以往只是解吸的认识不同。当温度作用效果大于压力作用效果,即煤储层吸附量增加时,抬升作用易导致煤储层的含气欠饱和。 相似文献