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安超 《中国科学:地球科学》2021,(1)
海啸是重要的海洋灾害之一,经常与地震灾害伴生,可以跨洋传播而不明显损失能量,登岸时波高骤升,对沿岸造成巨大的生命财产损失.21世纪以来,海啸灾害频发,引起世界各国对海啸成因机制及预警研究的重视.海啸数据对解析俯冲带大地震的破裂模型也有重要作用.文章对近年来有关海啸生成、传播、反演和预警的研究进展进行综述,分析现已取得的研究成果及存在的问题,讨论海啸预警策略的研究思路,并展望未来的海啸研究热点. 相似文献
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海啸灾害及其预警系统 总被引：13，自引：0，他引：13
地震海啸是最严重的自然灾害之一。2004年底印度洋大海啸更是震撼了全世界。本文对海啸的定义、性质、特征,历史上和近代的中国和世界的严重海啸灾害作了简单介绍。指出建立和完善海啸预警系统,可以在一旦海啸发生后,争取几十分钟甚至几小时时间,提前发出海啸警报信息,这就能极大地减轻海啸灾害。本文简单地介绍了海啸预警系统的主要内容。 相似文献
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海啸及风暴潮灾害简介 总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5
地震海啸和风暴潮是严重的海洋灾害，2004年底印度洋大海啸更是震撼了全世界。本文对海啸和风暴潮的定义、性质、特征、历史上和近代的严重海啸及风暴潮灾害作了简单介绍。指出建立和完善海啸和风暴潮预警系统，可以在一旦海啸和风暴潮发生后，提前发出警报信息，争取到几十分钟甚至几十小时时间，从而极大地减轻海啸和风暴潮灾害。 相似文献
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地震海啸监测预警现状与进展 总被引：3，自引：2，他引：1
2004年12月26日印度洋地震大海啸引起了全世界公众的关注和政府的重视,如何预防地震海啸造成的灾害,建立有效的预警机制,成为政府和社会关注的话题。介绍了国内外地震海啸监测预警的历史、现状与当前的发展方向。 相似文献
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南海东南边缘的马尼拉海沟是国际上公认具有发生破坏性地震海啸条件的危险地区,由于南海没有大面积的岛屿阻隔海啸传播,如果在马尼拉海沟发生大地震引发海啸,那么将对广东省漫长的海岸线造成严重破坏。广东省南海地震海啸监测预警系统建设在广东省地震速报系统和国家地震自动速报备份系统的基础上,由地震速报、震源机制快速计算、海啸数值模拟计算等模块组成,对南海地震海啸进行实时监测,提供海啸波浪到达海岸线的估计时刻和最大海浪高度,提供预警信息等社会公共服务。 相似文献
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Rick I. Wilson Lori A. Dengler James D. Goltz Mark R. Legg Kevin M. Miller John G. Parrish 蒋伟 《国际地震动态》2010,(9):3-9
加州海啸地球科学家与联邦、州和地方政府应急管理人员密切合作来帮助沿海社区防范海啸发生前、海啸过程中、海啸发生后产生的潜在影响。对于远程海啸,来自美国国家海洋和大气管理局(National Oceanic and At mospheric Administration,简称NOAA)西海岸和阿拉斯加海啸预警中心的科学信息(预测模型、浪高、首波到达时间等)是可以利用的。加州应急管理人员必须以简洁明了的方式将海啸信息传达给最终安排在他们的管辖区采取适当应急措施的地方官员。在2009年9月29日萨摩亚海啸预警中,来自加州地质调查局和洪堡州立大学(Humboldt State University)的地球科学家在海啸来临之前为加州应急管理处在与美国国家海洋和大气管理局与其他州和地方应急管理人员进行的远程会议的信息传输方面提供了技术支持。加州地球科学家收集了一些附加的背景资料用于预测美国国家海洋和大气管理局预测模型所没有覆盖到的地区的潮汐条件和浪高。在应急响应过程中,加州地球科学家的参与明确了哪些地区处于危险中,哪些地区遭受海啸袭击的风险低。加州地球科学家参与未来海啸应急响应的行动包括以下方面:与美国国家海洋和大气管理局密切合作来简化其海啸警报信息的传递流程并扩展其预测模型的覆盖面;②为地方应急管理人员制作包括已经存在的海啸的情景资料,作为每次海啸事件的参考;③建立一个州级信息共享中心和一支海啸前应急响应队,以协助地方官员一起观测和报道海啸的影响。 相似文献
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基于强震台网的我国沿海海啸走时预警 总被引：5，自引：1，他引：4
经济快速发展的中国沿海地区,面临着潜在海啸袭击危险。海啸传播走时分析是海啸预警系统的重要组成部分。本文基于强震台网提供的地震要素,从理论上讨论海啸预警时间计算方法。在球坐标系下,建立了远洋海啸传播模型,采用差分技术,实现远洋海啸传播数值模拟,首次针对我国主要城市进行了海啸走时计算,分析了我国沿海走时特点,指出了未来发生在太平洋的远洋海啸对我国的长江三角洲会有较大影响。本文计算海啸走时方法可以为我国建设的新一代基于数值海啸预警系统提供技术支持。 相似文献
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日本气象厅在根据日本沿岸发生的地震预测海啸发生方面,是以地震发生后3min为目标,努力发布迅速准确的海啸警报和预警提示。将东北地方太平洋近海地震时发生的特大海啸灾害作为一次沉痛的教训,2013年3月,日本开始使用验证改进后的新的海啸警报。本文将介绍这次改进的内容。 相似文献
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香港海啸监测及警报系统的发展 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
地震监测、海啸数值模拟和海平面监测是监测和预报海啸的主要工具。为了有效监测南海北部可能发生的地震海啸,香港天文台（HKO）正在香港筹建一个宽频地震站,同时通过太平洋海啸警报及减灾系统（PTWS）的框架取得美国加州综合地震网（CISN）显示系统的实时地震信息,并通过世界气象组织（WM0）的全球通信系统（GTS）接收南海和西北太平洋的验潮站和海啸浮标数据以监测海面的波动情况。香港天文台通过联合国教科文组织（UNESCO）政府间海洋学委员会（IOC）取得海啸漫滩模式交换计划（TIME）下的海啸数值模式,把香港本地的高分辨率水深和地形数据融合在模式之内,并利用这个模式计算南海多处地区在不同地震情景下的海啸传播,为海啸预报提供重要的参考数据。 相似文献
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The 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami caused an estimated 230,000 casualties, the worst tsunami disaster in history. A similar-sized
tsunami in the Pacific Ocean, generated by the 1960 Chilean earthquake, commenced international collaborations on tsunami
warning systems, and in the tsunami research community through the Tsunami Commission of International Union of Geodesy and
Geophysics. The IUGG Tsunami Commission, established in 1960, has been holding the biannual International Tsunami Symposium
(ITS). This volume contains selected papers mostly presented at the 22nd ITS, held in the summer of 2005. This introduction
briefly summarizes the progress of tsunami and earthquake research as well as international cooperation on tsunami warning
systems and the impact of the 2004 tsunami. Brief summaries of each paper are also presented. 相似文献
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The Alaska Tsunami Warning Center has the responsibility of providing timely tsunami warning services for Alaska and the west coasts of Canada and the United States. Recently, the ATWC implemented a new microcomputer system which is used for both automatic and interactive earthquake processing, and for disseminating critical information to the Tsunami Warning System recipients.Real-time seismic wave form data from 23 short-period and 9 long-period sites in Alaska, the lower 48 States, and Hawaii, are continually computer-monitored for the occurrence of an earthquake. Once detected from the short-period wave form data, pre- and post-earthquake data are displayed on a graphics terminal along with an indicator to identify the time of the onset of theP waves (P-picks). TheP-picks can easily be changed during or after data collection via a mouse. Magnitudes (M
b
,M
l
,M
B
,M
S
) are automatically computed from appropriate short- and long-period wave form data concurrently with the above processing. A second graphics terminal displays cycle-by-cycle long-period wave form data that was used to compute an earthquake'sM
B
andM
S
magnitudes.An earthquake's parametric data and other information are available and printed within tens of seconds after theP wave arrivals are recorded at the first 5 sites, then 7 sites, 9 sites, and a final parametric computation using all collected data. Three video display monitors are used for displaying the parameters, procedural aids, and a map showing the epicenter. Additionally, selected event parameters are immediately transmitted by VHF radio to alphanumeric beepers which are carried by standby duty personnel during those times that the Center is not manned.Using a dedicated video display terminal and printer, the interactive system can use data and parameters resulting from the automatic processes for concurrent parameter recomputations; perform additional computations; disseminate critical information; and generate procedural aids for duty geophysicists to facilitate an earthquake/tsunami investigation. 相似文献
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Paula K. Dunbar Kelly J. Stroker Vanita R. Brocko Jesse D. Varner Susan J. McLean Lisa A. Taylor Barry W. Eakins Kelly S. Carignan Robin R. Warnken 《Pure and Applied Geophysics》2008,165(11-12):2275-2291
In response to the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami, the United States began a careful review and strengthening of its programs aimed at reducing the consequences of tsunamis. Several reports and calls to action were drafted, including the Tsunami Warning and Education Act (Public Law 109–424) signed into law by the President in December 2006. NOAA’s National Geophysical Data Center (NGDC) and co-located World Data Center for Geophysics and Marine Geology (WDC-GMG) maintain a national and international tsunami data archive that fulfills part of the P.L. 109-424. The NGDC/WDC-GMG long-term tsunami data archive has expanded from the original global historical event databases and damage photo collection, to include tsunami deposits, coastal water-level data, DART? buoy data, and high-resolution coastal DEMs. These data are used to validate models, provide guidance to warning centers, develop tsunami hazard assessments, and educate the public about the risks from tsunamis. In this paper we discuss current steps and future actions to be taken by NGDC/WDC-GMG to support tsunami hazard mitigation research, to ultimately help save lives and improve the resiliency of coastal communities. 相似文献
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On 15 July 2009, a Mw 7.8 earthquake occurred off the New Zealand coast, which by serendipitous coincidence occurred while
the International Tsunami Symposium was in session in Novosibirsk, Russia. The earthquake generated a tsunami that propagated
across the Tasman Sea and was detected in New Zealand, Australia and as far away as the US West coast. Small boats close to
the epicenter were placed in jeopardy, but no significant damage was observed despite a measured run-up height of 2.3 m in
one of the Sounds in close proximity to the source (Wilson in GNS Science Report 46:62 2009). Peak-to-trough tsunami heights of 55 cm were measured at Southport, Tasmania and a height of 1 m was measured in Jackson
Bay, New Zealand. The International Tsunami Symposium provided an ideal venue for illustration of the value of immediate real-time
assessment and provided an opportunity to further validate the real time forecasting capabilities with the scientific community
in attendance. A number of agencies with responsibility for tsunami forecast and/or warning, such as the NOAA Center for Tsunami
Research, the Pacific Tsunami Warning Center, GNS Science in New Zealand, the Australian Bureau of Meteorology and the European
Commission Joint Research Centre were all represented at the meeting and were able to demonstrate the use of state of the
art numerical models to assess the tsunami potential and provide warning as appropriate. 相似文献
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The records of the Tohoku tsunami of March 11, 2011, obtained at the nearest Deep-Ocean Assessment and Reporting of Tsunamis
(DART) stations and the coastal telemetric recorders of the Russian Tsunami Warning System, are analyzed. Such parameters
as tsunami arrival times, heights of the first and maximal waves, and predominant periods are presented. The eyewitness accounts
and photographs of tsunami effects are presented. The tsunami height distribution along the coast of Kuril Islands is discussed. 相似文献
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Observations and Impacts from the 2010 Chilean and 2011 Japanese Tsunamis in California (USA) 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
Rick I. Wilson Amanda R. Admire Jose C. Borrero Lori A. Dengler Mark R. Legg Patrick Lynett Timothy P. McCrink Kevin M. Miller Andy Ritchie Kara Sterling Paul M. Whitmore 《Pure and Applied Geophysics》2013,170(6-8):1127-1147
The coast of California was significantly impacted by two recent teletsunami events, one originating off the coast of Chile on February 27, 2010 and the other off Japan on March 11, 2011. These tsunamis caused extensive inundation and damage along the coast of their respective source regions. For the 2010 tsunami, the NOAA West Coast/Alaska Tsunami Warning Center issued a state-wide Tsunami Advisory based on forecasted tsunami amplitudes ranging from 0.18 to 1.43 m with the highest amplitudes predicted for central and southern California. For the 2011 tsunami, a Tsunami Warning was issued north of Point Conception and a Tsunami Advisory south of that location, with forecasted amplitudes ranging from 0.3 to 2.5 m, the highest expected for Crescent City. Because both teletsunamis arrived during low tide, the potential for significant inundation of dry land was greatly reduced during both events. However, both events created rapid water-level fluctuations and strong currents within harbors and along beaches, causing extensive damage in a number of harbors and challenging emergency managers in coastal jurisdictions. Field personnel were deployed prior to each tsunami to observe and measure physical effects at the coast. Post-event survey teams and questionnaires were used to gather information from both a physical effects and emergency response perspective. During the 2010 tsunami, a maximum tsunami amplitude of 1.2 m was observed at Pismo Beach, and over $3-million worth of damage to boats and docks occurred in nearly a dozen harbors, most significantly in Santa Cruz, Ventura, Mission Bay, and northern Shelter Island in San Diego Bay. During the 2011 tsunami, the maximum amplitude was measured at 2.47 m in Crescent City Harbor with over $50-million in damage to two dozen harbors. Those most significantly affected were Crescent City, Noyo River, Santa Cruz, Moss Landing, and southern Shelter Island. During both events, people on docks and near the ocean became at risk to injury with one fatality occurring during the 2011 tsunami at the mouth of the Klamath River. Evaluations of maximum forecasted tsunami amplitudes indicate that the average percent error was 38 and 28 % for the 2010 and 2011 events, respectively. Due to these recent events, the California tsunami program is developing products that will help: (1) the maritime community better understand tsunami hazards within their harbors, as well as if and where boats should go offshore to be safe, and (2) emergency managers develop evacuation plans for relatively small “Warning” level events where extensive evacuation is not required. Because tsunami-induced currents were responsible for most of the damage in these two events, modeled current velocity estimates should be incorporated into future forecast products from the warning centers. 相似文献
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The destructive Pacific Ocean tsunami generated off the east coast of Honshu, Japan, on 11 March 2011 prompted the West Coast and Alaska Tsunami Warning Center (WCATWC) to issue a tsunami warning and advisory for the coastal regions of Alaska, British Columbia, Washington, Oregon, and California. Estimating the length of time the warning or advisory would remain in effect proved difficult. To address this problem, the WCATWC developed a technique to estimate the amplitude decay of a tsunami recorded at tide stations within the Warning Center’s Area of Responsibly (AOR). At many sites along the West Coast of North America, the tsunami wave amplitudes will decay exponentially following the arrival of the maximum wave (Mofjeld et al., Nat Hazards 22:71–89, 2000). To estimate the time it will take before wave amplitudes drop to safe levels, the real-time tide gauge data are filtered to remove the effects of tidal variations. The analytic envelope is computed and a 2 h sequence of amplitude values following the tsunami peak is used to obtain a least squares fit to an exponential function. This yields a decay curve which is then combined with an average West Coast decay function to provide an initial tsunami amplitude-duration forecast. This information may then be provided to emergency managers to assist with response planning. 相似文献
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Diana J. M. Greenslade Stewart C. R. Allen M. Arthur Simanjuntak 《Pure and Applied Geophysics》2011,168(6-7):1137-1151
A tsunami scenario database (T2) has recently been developed for use within the Joint Australian Tsunami Warning Centre (JATWC). This scenario database has proven to be a very useful tool for forecast guidance, issuing of tsunami warnings and general event analysis. In this paper, the T2 scenarios are described, and evaluated by comparing them with observations of sea level from tsunameters for a number of recent tsunami events. In general, the T2 scenario database performs very well in terms of predicting the arrival time of the tsunami and the wave amplitudes at tsunameter locations. 相似文献