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1.
本文利用2014年1月至2017年12月Ka毫米波雷达数据对北京地区云宏观特征进行统计分析。云出现率方面，4年平均值约36.3%；冬季最低，夏季最大；月出现率值9月最大，12月最小；出现率日变化有季节差异，春夏两季呈现中午（11:00，北京时间，下同）开始逐步升高至下午17:00后逐步下降的特点，增高幅度大于15%；冬、秋两季日变化特征不显著。高度方面，4年平均云底高约4.9 km，平均云顶高约7.2 km；云顶高和云底高的月变化特征明显，从年初1月开始逐步上升，在6月达到峰值，而后下降到12月达到低值；3～10月，高云（云底高>5 km)占约一半左右比例；厚度小于1 km的云在各月中所占比例最高；厚度1～4 km的云，厚度越大所占比例越低；特别地，厚度大于4 km的云所占比例在4～9月中仅次于厚度小于1 km云的比例。4年期间，北京地区单层云居多约占66.7%，两层云占比约25.2%，两层以上云占8.1%；冬季约80%的云为单层云，而6～9月云层分布变化最多，其中9月单层云比例最低约为40%。本文基于4年高时空分辨率雷达数据对北京地区云分布特征，特别是云垂直分布特征在数值上准确刻画，该项工作在已有云气候研究中尚未见开展，所获得的知识将对了解地区气候特征、区域模式云参数化选择提供参考。 相似文献
2.
Mole fractions of atmospheric CO_2(XCO_2) have been continuously measured from October 2014 to March 2016 at the Guangzhou Panyu Atmospheric Composition Site(23.00°N,113.21°E;140 m MSL) in the Pearl River Delta(PRD)region using a cavity ring-down spectrometer.Approximately 66.63%,19.28%,and 14.09% of the observed values were filtered as background,pollutant source,and sink due to biospheric uptake,respectively,by applying a robust local regression procedure.Their corresponding mean values were 424.12±10.12 ppm(×10~(-6) mol mol~(-1)),447.83±13.63 ppm,and 408.83±7.75 ppm.The background XCO_2 levels were highest in spring and winter,moderate in autumn,and lowest in summer.The diurnal XCO_2 was at a minimum from 1400-1600 LST(Local Standard Time) and a maximum at 0500 LST the next day.The increase of XCO_2 in spring and summer was mainly associated with polluted air masses from south coastal Vietnam,the South China Sea,and the southeast Pearl River Estuary.With the exception of summer,airflow primarily from marine regions southeast of Taiwan that passed over the Pearl River Estuary had a greater impact on XCO_2,suggesting an important potential source region. 相似文献
3.
Simulated Impacts of Sulfate and Nitrate Aerosol Formation on Surface-Layer Ozone Concentrations in China 
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下载免费PDF全文 The authors quantify the impacts of sulfate and nitrate aerosol formation on surface-layer 03 concentrations over China using the one-way nested-grid capa- bility of the global three-dimensional Goddard Earth Ob- serving System chemical transport model （GEOS-Chem）. Chemical reactions associated with sulfate formation are simulated to generally increase 03 concentrations in China. Over the North China Plain （NCP） and the Si- chuan Basin （SCB）, where simulated sulfate concentra- tions are the largest, ozone concentrations show maximum increases in spring by 1.8 ppbv （3.2%） in the NCP and by 2.6 ppbv （3.7%） in the SCB. On the contrary, nitrate formation is simulated to reduce 03 concentrations by up to 1.0 ppbv in eastern China, with the largest reduc- tions of 1.0 ppbv （1.4%） in summer over the NCE Ac- counting for the formation of both sulfate and nitrate, the surface-layer O3 concentrations over a large fraction of eastern China are simulated to increase in winter, spring, and autumn, dominated by the impact of sulfate forma- tion, but to decrease in summer because of the dominant contribution from nitrate formation. 相似文献
4.
Cloud Base Height and Effective Cloud Emissivity Retrieval with Ground-Based Infrared Interferometer 下载免费PDF全文
下载免费PDF全文 Based on ground-based Atmospheric Emitted Radiance Interferometer (AERI) observations in Shouxian, Anhui province, China, the authors retrieve the cloud base height (CBH) and effective cloud emissivity by using the minimum root-mean-square difference method. This method was originally developed for satellite remote sensing. The high-temporal-resolution retrieval results can depict the trivial variations of the zenith clouds continu-ously. The retrieval results are evaluated by comparing them with observations by the cloud radar. The comparison shows that the retrieval bias is smaller for the middle and low cloud, especially for the opaque cloud. When two layers of clouds exist, the retrieval results reflect the weighting radiative contribution of the multi-layer cloud. The retrieval accuracy is affected by uncertainties of the AERI radiances and sounding profiles, in which the role of uncertainty in the temperature profile is dominant. 相似文献
5.
By using the data set of light rain days and low cloud cover at 51 stations in South
China (SC), and the method of linear regression and correlative analysis, we analyze the
spatiotemporal characteristics of the light rain days and low cloud cover including annual
variation and long-term seasonal change. The results are as follows: (1) The trends of light
rain days and low cloud cover over SC are opposite (light rain days tended to decrease and low
cloud cover tended to increase in the past 46 years). The value distributed in east is higher
than that in west, and coastal area higher than inland area. (2) The regression coefficients
of light rain days and low cloud cover during 1960–2005 are 4.88 d/10 years and 1.14%/10
years respectively, which had all passed the 0.001 significance level. (3) Variations of light
rain days are relatively small in spring and summer, but their contributions are larger for
annual value than that of autumn and winter. (4) There are two regions with large values of
aerosol optical depth (AOD), which distribute in central and southern Guangxi and Pearl River
Delta (PRD) of Guangdong, and the value of AOD in PRD is up to 0.7. The aerosol index
distributed in coastal area is higher than in the inland area, which is similar to the light
rain days and low cloud cover over SC. Aerosol indexes in SC kept increasing with fluctuation
during the past 27 years. The GDP of the three provinces in SC increased obviously during the
past 28 years, especially in Guangdong, which exhibited that there is simultaneous correlation
between light rain days with the variables of low cloud cover and release of aerosols over SC
during 1960 to 2005. 相似文献
6.
7.
霾和光化学污染已成为我国最严重的环境气象灾害,受到政府和公众广泛关注。针对我国的环境气象问题,国内外科研人员开展了大量研究工作,发表了一系列的研究成果。该文对近年来我国霾和光化学污染的观测、分析和影响研究方面的文献进行综述,为将来相关研究提供基础。在霾污染方面,主要回顾了霾的现象与判别、组成与来源、影响霾的气象因素、霾的长期趋势等方面的研究进展。在光化学污染方面,主要回顾了污染的特征与水平、污染的区域化、臭氧垂直分布、地面臭氧影响因素、臭氧污染发展趋势等方面的研究进展。此外,还概括了霾和光化学污染危害研究主要成果,在文献综述的基础上,提出了未来研究中值得关注的几方面问题,包括进一步加强霾和雾的科学判识方法、污染物相互作用、污染-气象-化学-生态间耦合效应研究,特别关注光化学污染发展态势,加强长期观测资料的积累、分析与应用等。 相似文献
8.
海表温度和地表温度与中国东部夏季异常降水 总被引：18，自引：2，他引：16
主要研究太平洋与印度洋海表温度和地表温度场与中国东部夏季降水的相关关系,以及异常大降水产生的下垫面条件.研究结果表明:(1)夏季黑潮区海温与同期长江流域的降水存在明显正相关,北方地区夏季降水与靠近非洲东岸的印度洋海域存在明显负相关.(2)夏季海温异常与同期中国降水异常场之间的相关分析(SVDI)表明,20世纪70年代后期当海温由La Nina多发期向El Nino多发期转变后,长江流域向异常多雨转变,而其北方和南方地区则向异常少雨方向发展.(3)中国东部区域降水与陆面温度的明显相关区有:(a)春,夏季热带非洲和夏季亚洲大陆部分地区地表温度与当年长江流域夏季降水存在显著正相关;(b)春季4、5月份部分亚洲大陆地表温度与当年华北地区夏季降水有明显负相关.(4)通过对比分析发现:长江(1954,1998和1999年)或江淮(1991年)流域几次特大异常降水的下垫面条件是黑潮区为海温正距平,同期欧亚大陆主要为正地表温度距平场. 相似文献
9.
Hui XU Jianping GUO Jian LI Lin LIU Tianmeng CHEN Xiaoran GUO Yanmin LYU Ding WANG Yi HAN Qi CHEN Yong ZHANG 《大气科学进展》2021,38(9):1552-1565
The satellite-based quantification of cloud radiative forcing remains poorly understood, due largely to the limitation or uncertainties in characterizing cloud-base height (CBH). Here, we use the CBH data from radiosonde measurements over China in combination with the collocated cloud-top height (CTH) and cloud properties from MODIS/Aqua to quantify the impact of CBH on shortwave cloud radiative forcing (SWCRF). The climatological mean SWCRF at the surface (SWCRFSUR), at the top of the atmosphere (SWCRFTOA), and in the atmosphere (SWCRFATM) are estimated to be ?97.14, ?84.35, and 12.79 W m?2, respectively for the summers spanning 2010 to 2018 over China. To illustrate the role of the cloud base, we assume four scenarios according to vertical profile patterns of cloud optical depth (COD). Using the CTH and cloud properties from MODIS alone results in large uncertainties for the estimation of SWCRFATM, compared with those under scenarios that consider the CBH. Furthermore, the biases of the CERES estimation of SWCRFATM tend to increase in the presence of thick clouds with low CBH. Additionally, the discrepancy of SWCRFATM relative to that calculated without consideration of CBH varies according to the vertical profile of COD. When a uniform COD vertical profile is assumed, the largest SWCRF discrepancies occur during the early morning or late afternoon. By comparison, the two-point COD vertical distribution assumption has the largest uncertainties occurring at noon when the solar irradiation peaks. These findings justify the urgent need to consider the cloud vertical structures when calculating the SWCRF which is otherwise neglected. 相似文献
10.
利用2006—2016年夏季中分辨率成像光谱仪（Moderate-resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer,MODIS）气溶胶和云资料以及热带降水测量计划（Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission,TRMM）降水数据,分析了中国8个典型地区气溶胶、云和降水的时空分布特征,探讨了气溶胶与云和降水的相互关系。结果表明：中国8个典型地区夏季平均气溶胶光学厚度（Aerosol Optical Depth,AOD）、云光学厚度（Cloud Optical Depth,COD）、云水路径（Cloud Water Path,CWP）、水云云滴有效粒子半径（Cloud Effective Radius Water,CERW）、冰云云滴有效粒子半径（Cloud Effective Radius Ice,CERI）和降水强度变化范围分别为0.21—1.05、15.01—24.02、151.98—219.20 g·m-2、12.93—15.37 μm、28.85—39.14 μm和0.44—8.54 mm·d-1;黄土高原和四川盆地AOD有显著降低趋势,年倾向分别为-2.30%和-3.20%,长江三角洲COD年增幅为29.11%,华北平原、长江三角洲和珠江三角洲CERI及塔克拉玛干沙漠CERW变化趋势分别为-21.60%、-15.77%、-18.94%和-10.31%;AOD与COD和CWP呈正相关,与云滴有效粒子半径（Cloud Effective Radius,CER）关系较为复杂,受水汽影响较大,在云层含水量较低的情况下,CERI（CERW）与AOD呈负（正）相关,而在云层含水量较高的情况下,二者呈正（负）相关;气溶胶和降水关系复杂,整体来看,气溶胶促进了中国地区的夏季降水。 相似文献
11.
Statistical estimation of high-resolution surface air temperature from MODIS over the Yangtze River Delta,China 下载免费PDF全文
下载免费PDF全文 High-resolution surface air temperature data are critical to regional climate modeling in terms of energy balance, urban climate change, and so on. This study demonstrates the feasibility of using Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) land surface temperature (LST) to estimate air temperature at a high resolution over the Yangtze River Delta region, China. It is found that daytime LST is highly correlated with maximum air temperature, and the linear regression coefficients vary with the type of land surface. The air temperature at a resolution of 1 km is estimated from the MODIS LST with linear regression models. The estimated air temperature shows a clear spatial structure of urban heat islands. Spatial patterns of LST and air temperature differences are detected, indicating maximum differences over urban and forest regions during summer. Validations are performed with independent data samples, demonstrating that the mean absolute error of the estimated air temperature is approximately 2.5°C, and the uncertainty is about 3.1°C, if using all valid LST data. The error is reduced by 0.4°C (15%) if using best-quality LST with errors of less than 1 K. The estimated high-resolution air temperature data have great potential to be used in validating high-resolution climate models and other regional applications. 相似文献
12.
基于CloudSat/CALIPSO卫星资料的青藏高原云辐射及降水的研究进展 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
青藏高原上空的云及其相关联的降水和辐射影响了高原上空非绝热加热的空间结构。2006年卫星发射升空的CloudSat/CALIPSO卫星提供了定量的、完整的云垂直结构信息。本文回顾了国内外基于该资料进行的青藏高原上云宏观和微观结构特征,云与降水相关性,云辐射效应以及模式中的云-辐射问题方面的研究。指出抬升的青藏高原上水汽较少,限制了高原上云的垂直高度,对云层厚度和层数有显著压缩作用。在云量及其季节变化上,单层云的相对贡献大于亚洲季风区的其他区域;夏季对流云比较浅薄,积云发生频率最高,云内滴谱较宽;降水云以积云和卷云为主,云对总降水的贡献随着云层数增多而减小,降水增强时高层冰粒子的密集度趋于紧密;夏季青藏高原地区云的净辐射效应在8 km高度存在一个厚度仅1 km左右但较强的辐射冷却层,而在其下（4~7 km高度之间）为强的辐射加热层。最后展望了未来需要进一步开展的研究。 相似文献
13.
This paper presents the automated pixel-scale neural network classification methods beingdeveloped at National Satellite Meteorological Center(NSMC)of China to classify clouds by usingNOAA/AVHRR and GMS-5 satellite imageries.By using Terra satellite MODIS imageries,anautomated pixel-scale threshold technique has been developed to detect and classify clouds.Thestudy focuses on applications of these cloud classification techniques to the Huaihe River and theChangjiang(Yangtze)River drainage basin.The different types of clouds show more clearly onthis cloud classification image than single band image.The results of the cloud classifications arethe basis of studying cloud amount,cloud top height and cloud top pressure.Cloud mask methodsare widely used in SST,LST,and TPW retrieval schemes.Some case studies about cloud maskand cloud classification in satellite imageries,which are related with the study of Global Energyand Water Cycle Experiment(GEWEX)in the Huaihe River and the Changjiang River drainagebasin are illustrated. 相似文献
14.
In this study,cloud base height(CBH) and cloud top height(CTH) observed by the Ka-band(33.44 GHz) cloud radar at the Boseong National Center for Intensive Observation of Severe Weather during fall 2013(September-November) were verified and corrected.For comparative verification,CBH and CTH were obtained using a ceilometer(CL51) and the Communication,Ocean and Meteorological Satellite(COMS).During rainfall,the CBH and CTH observed by the cloud radar were lower than observed by the ceilometer and COMS because of signal attenuation due to raindrops,and this difference increased with rainfall intensity.During dry periods,however,the CBH and CTH observed by the cloud radar,ceilometer,and COMS were similar.Thin and low-density clouds were observed more effectively by the cloud radar compared with the ceilometer and COMS.In cases of rainfall or missing cloud radar data,the ceilometer and COMS data were proven effective in correcting or compensating the cloud radar data.These corrected cloud data were used to classify cloud types,which revealed that low clouds occurred most frequently. 相似文献
15.
The relation of vegetation over the Tibetan Plateau to rainfall in China during the boreal summer 总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5
The relationship between vegetation on the Tibetan Plateau (TP) and summer (June–August) rainfall in China is investigated using the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) from the Earth Resources Observation System and observed rainfall data from surface 616 stations in China for the period 1982–2001. The leading mode of empirical orthogonal functions analysis for summer rainfall variability in China shows a negative anomaly in the area from the Yangtze River valley to the Yellow River valley (YYR) and most of western China, and positive anomalies in southern China and North China. This mode is significantly correlated with summer NDVI around the southern TP. This finding indicates that vegetation around the southern TP has a positive correlation with summer rainfall in southern China and North China, but a negative correlation with summer rainfall in YYR and western China. We investigate the physical process by which vegetation change affects summer rainfall in China. Increased vegetation around the southern TP is associated with a descending motion anomaly on the TP and the neighboring area to the east, resulting in reduced surface heating and a lower Bowen ratio, accompanied by weaker divergence in the upper troposphere and convergence in the lower troposphere on the TP. In turn, these changes result in the weakening of and a westward shift in the southern Asian High in the upper troposphere and thereby the weakening of and an eastward withdrawal in the western Pacific subtropical high. These features result in weak circulation in the East Asian summer monsoon. Consequently, enhanced summer rainfall occurs in southern China and North China, but reduced rainfall in YYR. 相似文献
16.
This paper presents the automated pixel-scale neural network classification methods being developed at National Satellite Meteorological Center(NSMC) of China to classify clouds by using NOAA/AVHRR and GMS-5 satellite imageries.By using Terra satellite MODIS imageries,an automated pixel-scale threshold technique has been developed to detect and classify clouds.The study focuses on applications of these cloud classification techniques to the Huaihe River and the Changjiang(Yangtze) River drainage basin.The different types of clouds show more clearly on this cloud classification image than single band image.The results of the cloud classifications are the basis of studying cloud amount,cloud top height and cloud top pressure.Cloud mask method sare widely used in SST,LST,and TPW retrieval schemes.Some case studies about cloud mask and cloud classification in satellite imageries,which are related with the study of Global Energy and Water Cycle Experiment(GEWEX) in the Huaihe River and the Changjiang River drainage basin are illustrated. 相似文献
17.
Emiola O. Gbobaniyi Babatunde J. Abiodun Mark A. Tadross Bruce C. Hewitson William J. Gutowski 《Theoretical and Applied Climatology》2011,106(1-2):189-210
This paper presents an evaluation of the simulated coupling between cloud base height (CBH) and surface fluxes over selected Coordinated Enhanced Observing Period (CEOP) reference stations by five regional climate models as part of a transferability intercomparison experiment. The model results are compared with station data obtained during the first phase of the CEOP measuring campaigns. The models gave a credible simulation of both diurnal and seasonal cycles of cloud base height and surface variables over the stations. However, the models exhibited some difficulty in reproducing the diurnal and seasonal temperatures over the tropical stations. The study used principal component analysis to show that three factors account for most of the variability in the observed and simulated data and to investigate the coupling between cloud base height and surface fluxes in the data. In the observations, CBH is well coupled with the surface fluxes over Cabauw, Bondville, Lamont, and Berms, but coupled only with temperature over Lindenberg and Tongyu. All models but GEMLAM simulate substantial coupling between CBH and surface fluxes at all stations; GEMLAM does not couple CBH with surface fluxes, but with surface temperature and specific humidity. 相似文献
18.
青藏高原南、北积雪异常与中国东部夏季降水关系的数值试验研究 总被引：6，自引：2，他引：4
青藏高原冬、春积雪有着显著的南、北空间差异,本文利用通用地球系统模式（CESM）设计了增加高原南、北冬、春积雪的敏感性试验,结果表明:当高原南部冬、春积雪异常偏多,长江及其以北地区夏季降水偏多,华南大部分地区夏季降水偏少;而当高原北部冬、春积雪异常偏多,华北及东北地区夏季降水偏多,长江下游南部地区夏季降水偏少,雨带更偏北。青藏高原南、北部冬、春积雪异常影响中国东部夏季降水的物理机制的分析结果表明,高原不同区域（南部和北部）冬、春积雪异常引起的非绝热加热异常效应都可持续到夏季,且北部积雪异常持续时间更长。高原南部和北部积雪异常偏多均会减弱高原北侧上空大气的水平温度梯度,进而减弱高原北侧西风急流的位置及强度,进而影响下游出口区处急流的强度和位置,且高原北部积雪异常偏多的影响更大。当高原南部积雪异常偏多,急流出口区的西风急流加强且偏南;而高原北部积雪异常偏多,出口区的西风急流减弱且偏北。相应地,对流层中层500 hPa西太平洋副热带高压减弱,低层850 hPa异常反气旋环流,影响中国东部地区水汽输送,从而影响了中国东部地区夏季雨带的变化。当高原南部积雪异常偏多,异常反气旋性环流位于东海附近,有利于更多水汽输送至长江流域,华南水汽输送减少;当高原北部积雪异常偏多,异常反气旋性环流相对偏北,更有利于华北及东北水汽输送,雨带偏北。 相似文献
19.
The impacts of urban surface expansion on the summer precipitations over three city clusters [Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei (BTH), the Yangtze River Delta (YRD), and the Pearl River Delta (PRD)] in eastern China under different monsoonal circulation backgrounds were explored using the nested fifth-generation Penn State/NCAR Mesoscale Model version 3.7 (MM5 V3.7), including the urban-related thermal and dynamical parameters. Ten-year integrations were performed using satellite image data from 2000 and 2010 to represent the urban surface distributions and expansions in China. Changes in the precipitation revealed obvious subregional characteristics, which could be explained by the influences of the vertical wind velocity and moisture flux. With urban-related warming, vertical wind motion generally intensified over urban surface-expanded areas. Meanwhile, the increase in impervious surface areas induced rapid rainwater runoff into drains, and the Bowen ratio increased over urban areas, which further contributed to changes in the local moisture fluxes in these regions. The intensities of the changes in precipitation were inconsistent over the three city clusters, although the changes in vertical motion and local evaporation were similar, which indicates that the changes in precipitation cannot be solely explained by the changes in the local evaporation-related moisture flux. The changes in precipitation were also influenced by the changes in the East Asian summer monsoon (EASM) circulation and the corresponding moisture flux, which are expressed in marked subregional characteristics. Therefore, the influence of urban-related precipitation over the three city clusters in China, for which changes in moisture flux from both the impacted local evaporation and EASM circulation should be considered, varied based on the precipitation changes of only a single city. 相似文献
20.
基于多模式集合方案的中国东部夏季降水概率季度预测 总被引：4，自引：3，他引：1
借助ENSEMBLES计划提供的5个海-气耦合模式(CGCM)的多初值后报降水资料,采用常用的4种多模式集合方案,即等权集合(EE)、对单个集合成员先订正再等权集合(Cali-EE)、基于多元线性回归的集合方案(MLR)、基于贝叶斯统计学的集合方案(Bayes),制作1960—2005年中国东部夏季降水概率密度函数(PDF)季度预测。在此基础上,比较最优(技巧最高)集合方案与气候学预测(衡量概率密度函数预测是否有技巧的基准)的技巧,初步评估目前基于多模式集合方案的、中国东部夏季降水的概率密度函数季度预测能力。结果表明,Bayes方案在华南最优,Cali-EE在长江流域、江淮流域以及中国北方的中部最优,MLR在中国北方的东部最优;基于这些最优集合方案的概率密度函数预测产品均具有高校准度,且其锐度高于或接近气候学预测;并且,对于所有区域,最优集合方案的预测技巧总是高于气候学预测,这暗示即使不提取模式其他变量中所包含的预测信息,对于中国东部夏季降水季度预测,常用的多模式集合方案也已具备制作有技巧的概率密度函数预测产品的能力。 相似文献