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1.
The knowledge of past catastrophic events can improve flood risk mitigation policy, with a better awareness against risk. As such historical information is usually available in Europe for the past five centuries, historians are able to understand how past society dealt with flood risk, and hydrologists can include information on past floods into an adapted probabilistic framework. In France, Flood Risk Mitigation Maps are based either on the largest historical known flood event or on the 100-year flood event if it is greater. Two actions can be suggested in terms of promoting the use of historical information for flood risk management: (1) the development of a regional flood data base, with both historical and current data, in order to get a good feedback on recent events and to improve the flood risk education and awareness; (2) the commitment to keep a persistent/perennial management of a reference network of hydrometeorological observations for climate change studies. 相似文献
2.
This paper reports exploratory research conducted in a flood-impacted rural Australian town to identify the factors which residents perceived as supporting community resilience to disaster. There is a gap in this research area centred in the Australian disaster context. Since Australia is predicted to be highly impacted by the effects of climate change in the form of an increased incidence of flooding, an urgent need exists to examine the factors that confer resilience to disaster-impacted localities to inform suitable disaster mitigation and adaptation policies for the future. Because of the complexity of community resilience and its interrelationship with individual resilience, a multi-method approach was used: a demographic study to assess community stability and functioning before and after the flood disaster, focus group interviews to obtain from community members their views on what supported them and their community resilience and a survey to generalise the interview findings. Our operating hypothesis was that individuals remaining in the town post-flood were likely to be resilient to the flood disaster. The demographic study results pointed to a resilient community after the floods as they reflected stability in population numbers and socio-economic indicators. The interviews and survey showed that individual resilience was promoted by social connectedness and a sense of place, a factor that was also negatively linked to the desire to relocate from the community. The use of structural equation modelling of our results provided verification of prior research findings about the role of sense of place in supporting individuals’ resilience. Results are discussed in the context of future climate change adaptation policy. 相似文献
3.
Culture provides an important perspective to understand society. It is one of the key factors that impact how people behave themselves, interact with one another, view the world; what they believe and value. Therefore, a good understanding of public disaster awareness and disaster coping is impossible without taking their culture context into consideration. Since the 1960s, cultural dimension in disaster issues and/or disaster reduction practices has been attracting increasingly attention; many empirical or theoretical explorations have been reported. This review aims to give an overview of research progresses on how culture impacts public awareness and coping of disasters, and analyze the corresponding implications for disaster research and disaster reduction practice. This review summarizes that: ①There is unanimous consensus on public awareness and coping of disaster, which are affected by their culture context. While the knowledge about the ways and degree of impact is still limited, further research is warranted. In addition, more systematic and in-depth studies conducted from cross-cultural perspectives are needed to design to further explore the origins of variance in public disaster awareness and coping, and to what extent from cultural differences. ②Research on public awareness of disaster, emergency response and recovery indicated that culture might have double-side impacts on disaster management—sometimes cultural factors such as value, norm, custom and belief might lead to people more vulnerable than the others, even could be the root causes, but they could also be the source of people’s resilience to disaster in some cases. How to identify those positive and negative impacts, then develop cultural-oriented disaster management policy is a challenge issue, which need special attention. ③There is an increasing acknowledgement that local knowledge and disaster subculture could play an important role in public disaster coping, while the lacking of the awareness of the value of local knowledge, the change of lifestyle, and the impact from external culture pose a threat to the inheritance of some local, traditional disaster coping strategies. So exploring how to conserve, protect, identify, document them, then combine them with modern science and technology should and will be the focus of relevant studies. On the bases of these summarizations, in terms of cultural dimension of natural disaster research in China, systematic and in-depth studies are needed to explore how Chinese culture affects public disaster awareness and coping, what cultural resources can be used in disaster (risk) reduction and for building and enhancing disaster resilience, and how to use them. 相似文献
4.
This paper details the author’s experiments with accessing the visceral realm in research on the food-based social movement, Slow Food (SF). “Visceral” is defined as the bodily realm where feelings, sensations, moods and so on are experienced. Fieldwork methods aimed at participatory co-creation of data through verbal communications in the form of in-depth conversations and group discussions, as well as non-verbal communications in the form of “intentionally designed experiences” and other forms of sensory involvement. Communications centered on understanding how foods and food-based settings elicit feelings and sensations that move and power bodies differently, and specifically how SF guides bodies to be affected by specific foods and environments. The paper details how data were created and recorded, specifically exploring how sensory-based research events were translated to data through the creation of imagined bodily empathies. The paper also discusses the emergence of change-oriented communications that pushed for transformation in SF’s (in)attention to visceral differences, thus demonstrating how visceral research can challenge researchers and participants to critically reflect upon, and perhaps transform, how their own bodies feel (and respond to) the world. 相似文献
5.
Flood management decision-makers face significant challenges as the climate changes. The perceptions of those affected by floods are critical to the successful implementation of adaptation responses; risk perceptions are affected by how information is communicated and, in turn, perceptions influence expectations on flood risk managers to respond. The links between flood experience, risk perception, and responses by individual households were examined in the Hutt Valley, New Zealand, through a household survey, a workshop and interviews with local government practitioners. Two propositions were tested: (1) that flood experience can influence flood risk perceptions; and (2) that flood experience can stimulate increased risk reduction and adaptation actions where changing climate risk is likely. Perceptions of responsibility for flood management were also examined. The study found that previous flood experience contributes to heightened perception of risk, increased preparedness of households, greater willingness to make household-level changes, greater communication with councils, and more advocacy for spatial planning to complement existing structural protection. Flood-affected households had a stronger preference for central government and communities having flood risk responsibilities, in addition to local government. Those who lacked experience were more likely to be normalised to their prior benign experiences and thus optimistic about flood consequences. These results suggest that harnessing positive aspects of experience and communication of changing risk through engagement strategies could help shift the focus from citizens’ expectation that governments will always provide protection, to a citizen–local government–central government dialogue about the changing character of flood risk and its implications, and build a ‘risk conscious’ society in which ‘sharing and bearing’ is considered desirable. 相似文献
6.
对地观测卫星遥感能够提供广泛可靠的空间信息,是洪水风险识别与动态模拟的重要支撑技术之一。为阐明卫星遥感技术对洪水研究的推动作用,回顾了洪水风险识别与动态模拟研究的发展历程及技术需求,以对地观测卫星遥感三大阶段的发展轨迹为主线,分析了遥感空间信息在洪水研究中的历史性贡献和阶段性效用,讨论总结了危险分区法、水文模型和微波遥感监测等3种洪水研究典型方法的应用进展。提出未来洪水风险识别与动态模拟研究的重点:遥感空间信息与模型算法的深度结合,遥感反演算法与系统的开发及应用,典型洪水研究方法集成系统的开发与应用,大数据方法与手段的应用。以期为提升洪水应急响应能力与灾害风险管理水平提供有效参考。 相似文献
7.
The priority of flood management planning is physical victimization and focuses on taking structural measures. Although this approach is an accurate approach, more information is needed in implementing efficient precautionary and planning decisions. It is an indisputable fact that the existence of nothing that is not sustainable in nature cannot continue. Hence, it is necessary to implement a planning decision suitable for the structure of the population living in the region so that the continuity of the policies to be carried out against natural hazards of hydrometeorological origin such as a flood is ensured. How the socio-demographic structures affect the flood risk perception of 245 people living in the city center of Bayburt is examined in this study. It is the first research conducted for the province of Bayburt for this perspective. The participants were asked to fill a questionnaire containing 24 items and consisting of 2 sections. T test and one-way ANOVA (one-way analysis of variance) statistical methods were used to ascertain the difference between the responses of the participants to the questionnaire, based on their demographic structure. As the result of the study, significant differences were observed between the expressions depicting flood risk perception and the participant's age, income levels and educational background. In addition, it has been noted that there is a positive relationship between education and income levels and flood risk perception.
相似文献
8.
对地观测卫星遥感能够提供广泛可靠的空间信息，是洪水风险识别与动态模拟的重要支撑技术之一。为阐明卫星遥感技术对洪水研究的推动作用，回顾了洪水风险识别与动态模拟研究的发展历程及技术需求，以对地观测卫星遥感三大阶段的发展轨迹为主线，分析了遥感空间信息在洪水研究中的历史性贡献和阶段性效用，讨论总结了危险分区法、水文模型和微波遥感监测等3种洪水研究典型方法的应用进展。提出未来洪水风险识别与动态模拟研究的重点：遥感空间信息与模型算法的深度结合，遥感反演算法与系统的开发及应用，典型洪水研究方法集成系统的开发与应用，大数据方法与手段的应用。以期为提升洪水应急响应能力与灾害风险管理水平提供有效参考。 相似文献
9.
为配合中国水利部组织编制全国主要江河防洪规划工作,对与编制防洪规划有关的若干重大问题进行了研究。提出用20世纪发生过的大洪水淹没范围作为界定防洪区的基础;风险管理最重要的是规避风险和应对风险,而规避风险的核心是约束人类不合理的经济社会活动,降低洪水灾害造成的风险;当防洪区受到两种洪水风险威胁时,应当采用二维概率分布核查防洪区的标准;合理提高城市防洪标准,是城市防洪的首要任务;要协调城市防洪与城市建设的关系,充分发挥城市拦蓄雨洪的作用(如保留必要的水面率、雨水利用等),蓄排兼顾,而不宜过分强调城市排水;建议根据淹没水深、淹没历时和洪水频率组成的洪水风险度因子划分蓄滞洪区风险区,并结合蓄滞洪区自然地理条件比选安全建设模式。 相似文献
10.
This paper presents an outline methodology and an operational framework for assessing and mapping the risk of death or serious harm to people from flooding, covering death and physical injuries as a direct and immediate consequence of deep and/or fast flowing floodwaters (usually by drowning), and deaths and physical injuries associated with the flood event (but occurring in the immediate aftermath). The main factors that affect death or injury to people during floods include flow velocity, flow depth, and the degree to which people are exposed to the flood. The exposure potential is related to such factors as the “suddenness” of flooding (and amount of flood warning), the extent of the floodplain, people’s location on the floodplain, and the character of their accommodation. In addition, risks to people are affected by social factors including their vulnerability and behaviour. A methodology is described for estimating the likely annual number of deaths/injuries. This is based on defining zones of different flood hazard and, for each zone, estimating the total number of people located there, the proportion that are likely to be exposed to a flood, and the proportion of those exposed who are likely to be injured or killed during a flood event. The results for each zone are combined to give an overall risk for each flood cell and/or community. The objective of the research reported here is to develop a method which could be applied using a map-based approach in which flood risks to people are calculated and displayed spatially for selected areas or communities. The information needed for each part of the process is described in the paper, and the further research to provide the required information is identified. 相似文献
11.
Australia is currently experiencing climate change effects in the form of higher temperatures and more frequent extreme events,
such as floods. Floods are its costliest form of natural disaster accounting for losses estimated at over $300 million per
annum. This article presents an historical case study of climate adaptation of an Australian town that is subject to frequent
flooding. Charleville is a small, inland rural town in Queensland situated on an extensive flood plain, with no significant
elevated areas available for relocation. The study aimed to gain an understanding of the vulnerability, resilience and adaptive
capacity of this community by studying the 2008 flood event. Structured questionnaires were administered in personal interviews
in February 2010 to householders and businesses affected by the 2008 flood, and to institutional personnel servicing the region
( n = 91). Data were analysed using appropriate quantitative and qualitative techniques. Charleville was found to be staunchly
resilient, with high levels of organisation and cooperation, and well-developed and functioning social and institutional networks.
The community is committed to remaining in the town despite the prospect of continued future flooding. Its main vulnerabilities
included low levels of insurance cover (32% residents, 43% businesses had cover) and limited monitoring data to warn of impending
flooding. Detailed flood modelling and additional river height gauging stations are needed to enable more targeted evacuations.
Further mitigation works (e.g., investigate desilting Bradley’s Gully and carry out an engineering assessment) and more affordable
insurance products are needed. Regular information on how residents can prepare for floods and the roles different organisations
play are suggested. A key finding was that residents believe they have a personal responsibility for preparation and personal
mitigation activities, and these activities contribute substantially to Charleville’s ability to respond to and cope with
flood events. More research into the psychological impacts of floods is recommended. Charleville is a valuable representation
of climate change adaptation and how communities facing natural disasters should organise and operate. 相似文献
12.
The coastal regions, deltas, and estuaries are severely affected by the sea level rise and cyclonic activities and climate changes. Sundarban delta is one of the most mysterious landscapes in the world, which has successively evolved due to sediment accumulation by the great Ganga and Brahmaputra river system. The area is characterized by low-lying islands and a flat topography coupled with macro-tidal activities, powerful surges, and seasonal cyclonic events. All these conditions put together this landscape defenseless to frequent flood and erosion. Since the last hundred years, the face of Sundarban has been changed remarkably from wildest to human-occupied territory by protecting this low-lying flat plain from tidal inundation through artificial embankment. In this background, the current study attempts to highlight the spatial extent and magnitudes of internal risk factors of the region using the composite vulnerability index. Coastal vulnerability defines a system’s openness to flood and erosion risk due to hydrogeomorphic exposures and socio-economic susceptibility in conjunction with its capacity/incapacity to be resilient and to cope, recover, or adapt to an extent. Coastal vulnerability assesses the potential risk from erosion and flooding of any low-lying coastal region due to its physiographical and hydrological exposures, socio-economic and political susceptibility, and resilience capacity. A natural system affects the socio-economic scenario of any region. Hence, multidimensional databases can be more effective to understand the extent of exposure, susceptibility, and resilience of any system. To throw some light on the situation of vulnerability of western estuarine Sundarban, between Muriganga and Saptamukhi interfluve, the composite vulnerability index has been carried out to delineate the magnitude and spatial extent of vulnerability with the help of quantitative techniques and geospatial tools. The estuarine tracts and coastal parts of the Ganga delta are two of the most densely populated areas in the world. The study highlights the critical situation of the population under different potential risk classes residing in the study area with the intention of suggesting some proper course of action of planning and management to conserve coastal communities in their original habitat. 相似文献
13.
Flooding is one of the major natural hazards in Taiwan, and most of the low-lying areas in Taiwan are flood-prone areas. In
order to minimize loss of life and economic losses, a detailed and comprehensive decision-making tool is necessary for both
flood control planning and emergency service operations. The objectives of this research were (i) to develop a hierarchical
structure through the analytic hierarchy process (AHP) to provide preferred options for flood risk analysis, (ii) to map the
relative flood risk using the geographic information system (GIS), and (iii) to integrate these two methodologies and apply
them to one urban and one semi-rural area in central Taiwan. Fushin Township and the floodplain of Fazih River (1 km on either
side of the channel) in Taichung City were selected for this study. In this paper, the flood risk is defined as the relative
flood risk due to broken dikes or the failure of stormwater drainage systems. Seven factors were considered in relation to
the failure of stormwater drainage, and five to that of broken dikes. Following well-defined procedures, flood maps were drawn
based on the data collected from expert responses to a questionnaire, the field survey, satellite images, and documents from
flood management agencies. The relative values of flood risk are presented using a 200-m grid for the two study areas. It
is concluded that integration of AHP and GIS in flood risk assessment can provide useful detailed information for flood risk
management, and the method can be easily applied to most areas in Taiwan where required data sets are readily available. 相似文献
14.
Communities everywhere are being subjected to a variety of natural hazard events that can result in significant disruption to critical functions. As a result, community resilience assessment in these locations is gaining popularity as a means to help better prepare for, respond to, and recover from potentially disruptive events. The objective of this study was to identify key vulnerabilities relevant to addressing rural community resilience through conducting an initial flood impact analysis, with a specific focus on emergency response and transportation network accessibility. It included a use case involving the flooding of a rural community along the US inland waterway system. Special consideration was given to impacts experienced by at-risk populations (e.g., low economic status, youth, and elderly), given their unique vulnerabilities. An important backdrop to this work is recognition that Federal Emergency Management Agency’s Hazus, a free, publicly available tool, is commonly recommended by the agency for counties, particularly those with limited resources (i.e., rural areas), to use in developing their hazard mitigation plans. The case study results, however, demonstrate that Hazus, as currently utilized, has some serious deficiencies in that it: (1) likely underestimates the flood extent boundaries for study regions in a Level 1 analysis (which solely relies upon filling digital elevation models with precipitation), (2) may be incorrectly predicting the number and location of damaged buildings due to its reliance on out-of-date census data and the assumption that buildings are evenly distributed within a census block, and (3) is incomplete in its reporting of the accessibility of socially vulnerable populations and response capabilities of essential facilities. Therefore, if counties base their flood emergency response plans solely on Hazus results, they are likely to be underprepared for future flood events of significant magnitude. An approach in which Hazus results can be augmented with additional data and analyses is proposed to provide a more risk-informed assessment of community-level flood resilience. 相似文献
15.
Although the risk of flooding poses a serious threat to the Dutch public, citizens are not very inclined to engage in self-protective
behaviors. Current risk communication tries to enhance these self-protective behaviors among citizens, but is nonetheless
not very successful. The level of citizens engaging in self-protective actions remains rather low. Therefore, this research
strives to determine the factors that might enhance or lessen the intention to engage in self-protection among citizens. The
study was a 2 (flood risk: high vs low) × 2 (efficacy beliefs: high vs low) between subject experiment. It was conducted to
test how varying levels of flood risk and efficacy beliefs influence two different self-protective behaviors, namely information
seeking and the intention to engage in risk mitigating or preventive behaviors. Furthermore, the relationship between information
seeking and the intention to take self-protective actions was discussed. Results showed that high levels of flood risk lead
to higher levels of both information seeking and the intention to engage in self-protective behaviors than low levels of flood
risk. For efficacy beliefs, the same trend occurred. Also, results showed that information seeking seems to coincide with
the intention to take preventive actions and acted as a mediator between the levels of perceived risk and efficacy and the
intention to take self-protective actions. 相似文献
16.
Natural Hazards - The flood risk assessment study is an important factor in order to identify the critical or high-risk zone areas. This research intends to develop a flood risk index map of... 相似文献
17.
Blackouts aggravate the situation during an extreme river-flood event by affecting residents and visitors of an urban area. But also rescue services, fire brigades and basic urban infrastructure such as hospitals have to operate under suboptimal conditions. This paper aims to demonstrate how affected people, critical infrastructure, such as electricity, roads and civil protection infrastructure are intertwined during a flood event, and how this can be analysed in a spatially explicit way. The city of Cologne (Germany) is used as a case study since it is river-flood prone and thousands of people had been affected in the floods in 1993 and 1995. Components of vulnerability and resilience assessments are selected with a focus of analysing exposure to floods, and five steps of analysis are demonstrated using a geographic information system. Data derived by airborne and spaceborne earth observation to capture flood extent and demographic data are combined with place-based information about location and distance of objects. The results illustrate that even fire brigade stations, hospitals and refugee shelters are within the flood scenario area. Methodologically, the paper shows how criticality of infrastructure can be analysed and how static vulnerability assessments can be improved by adding routing calculations. Fire brigades can use this information to improve planning on how to access hospitals and shelters under flooded road conditions. 相似文献
18.
Flood mapping, especially in urban areas, is a demanding task requiring substantial (and usually unavailable) data. However,
with the recent introduction of the EU Floods Directive (2007/60/EC), the need for reliable, but cost effective, risk mapping
at the regional scale is rising in the policy agenda. Methods are therefore required to allow for efficiently undertaking
what the Directive terms “preliminary flood risk assessment,” in other words a screening of areas that could potentially be
at risk of flooding and that consequently merit more detailed attention and analysis. Such methods cannot rely on modeling,
as this would require more data and effort that is reasonable for this high-level, screening phase. This is especially true
in urban areas, where modeling requires knowledge of the detailed urban terrain, the drainage networks, and their interactions.
A GIS-based multicriteria flood risk assessment methodology was therefore developed and applied for the mapping of flood risk
in urban areas. This approach quantifies the spatial distribution of flood risk and is able to deal with uncertainties in
criteria values and to examine their influence on the overall flood risk assessment. It can further assess the spatially variable
reliability of the resulting maps on the basis of the choice of method used to develop the maps. The approach is applied to
the Greater Athens area and validated for its central and most urban part. A GIS database of economic, social, and environmental
criteria contributing to flood risk was created. Three different multicriteria decision rules (Analytical Hierarchy Process,
Weighted Linear Combination and Ordered Weighting Averaging) were applied, to produce the overall flood risk map of the area.
To implement this methodology, the IDRISI Andes GIS software was customized and used. It is concluded that the results of
the analysis are a reasonable representation of actual flood risk, on the basis of their comparison with historical flood
events. 相似文献
19.
The occurrence of disasters such as extreme flooding in urban environments has severe consequences, not only on the human population but also on critical infrastructures such as the road networks, which are of vital importance for everyday living and particularly for emergency response. In this article, our main goal is to present-conceptually and in praxis-a model that could be used from the emergency responders for timely and efficient emergency management and response in an urban complex environment. For the city of Cologne in Germany, we aim to indicate possible ways to decrease the emergency response time during an extreme flood scenario through the development of an accessibility indicator, which consists of different components. Therefore, we will investigate the opportunities that occur, in a flood risk scenario, from the use of geographic information in different forms such as Volunteered Geographic Information (VGI) and open-source data in an ArcGIS environment, to increase urban resilience through the decreasing emergency response time. We will focus on network analysis for the fire brigades (first acting emergency responders) during a flood scenario to calculate their emergency response ranges and emergency response routes through flooded road networks, for the assistance of the possibly affected hospitals, refugee homes and fire brigades, which can be flooded. At the end of the paper, we suggest that the vulnerable community of the refugees could be taken into consideration as a new source of VGI, as an additional component that would lead to the decrease in the emergency response time. The geo-located information that could be provided by the refugee community can be very useful in emergency situations, such as those examined in this article where timely information can be forwarded to the proper authorities for a more focused and timely emergency response, increasing the resilience of the urban population and their community. 相似文献
20.
The occurrence of disasters such as extreme flooding in urban environments has severe consequences, not only on the human population but also on critical infrastructures such as the road networks, which are of vital importance for everyday living and particularly for emergency response. In this article, our main goal is to present-conceptually and in praxis-a model that could be used from the emergency responders for timely and efficient emergency management and response in an urban complex environment. For the city of Cologne in Germany, we aim to indicate possible ways to decrease the emergency response time during an extreme flood scenario through the development of an accessibility indicator, which consists of different components. Therefore, we will investigate the opportunities that occur, in a flood risk scenario, from the use of geographic information in different forms such as Volunteered Geographic Information (VGI) and open-source data in an ArcGIS environment, to increase urban resilience through the decreasing emergency response time. We will focus on network analysis for the fire brigades (first acting emergency responders) during a flood scenario to calculate their emergency response ranges and emergency response routes through flooded road networks, for the assistance of the possibly affected hospitals, refugee homes and fire brigades, which can be flooded. At the end of the paper, we suggest that the vulnerable community of the refugees could be taken into consideration as a new source of VGI, as an additional component that would lead to the decrease in the emergency response time. The geo-located information that could be provided by the refugee community can be very useful in emergency situations, such as those examined in this article where timely information can be forwarded to the proper authorities for a more focused and timely emergency response, increasing the resilience of the urban population and their community. 相似文献
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