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1.
Fossil fuels are finite and nonrenewable. In due course, they will become scarce and costly. Their role in powering modern economies is so vital as to warrant a review of ultimately recoverable reserves and of plausible future consumption patterns. Over the past 50 years, many oil companies, geologists, governments, and private corporations have performed scores of studies of Estimated Ultimately Recoverable (EUR) global oil. Taken together, the great majority of these studies reflect a consensus that EUR oil reserves lie within the range of 1800 to 2200 billion barrels. Given this range, a simple model is used to calculate that world oil production is likely to peak sometime between 2007 and 2019. The global transportation sector, almost totally dependent on oil, could be especially hard hit unless vehicles fueled by sources other than petroleum are developed and rapidly deployed. 相似文献
2.
The boehaviour and ultimate effect and fate of oil in the marine environment in the polar region depend on a large number of factors. From a chemical point of view the most important ones to consider are the intrinsic chemical properties of the oil, the consequences of oil/water interactions, the influence of ice on physical and chemical processes, and the interactions between oil and light when the influx of solar energy shows great seasonal changes. This paper reviews the main aspects of these issues. 相似文献
3.
石油天然气工业是我国的支柱能源产业 ,具有行业涉及专业多、建设投资大、研究主体是隐藏在地下巨大的流动矿资源、数据是第一财富等特点。石油天然气工业的信息化意义重大 ,该文结合作者的“数字油田”实践 ,给出了“数字油田”的理论技术、设计方法和实现路线 相似文献
4.
The giant oil fields of the world are only a small fraction of the total number of fields, but their importance is huge. Over
50% of the world’s oil production came from giants by 2005 and more than half of the world’s ultimate reserves are found in
giants. Based on this, it is reasonable to assume that the future development of the giant oil fields will have a significant
impact on the world oil supply. In order to better understand the giant fields and their future behavior, one must first understand
their history. This study has used a comprehensive database on giant oil fields in order to determine their typical parameters,
such as the average decline rate and life-times of giants. The evolution of giant oil field behavior has been investigated
to better understand future behavior. One conclusion is that new technology and production methods have generally led to high
depletion rates and rapid decline. The historical trend points towards high decline rates of fields currently on plateau production.
The peak production generally occurs before half the ultimate reserves have been produced in giant oil fields. A strong correlation
between depletion-at-peak and average decline rate is also found, verifying that high depletion rate leads to rapid decline.
Our result also implies that depletion analysis can be used to rule out unrealistic production expectations from a known reserve,
or to connect an estimated production level to a needed reserve base. 相似文献
7.
This paper provides a new method to estimate recovery factors of oil resources. The China National Petroleum Assessment (2003–2007)
(CNPA 2007) evaluates in-place oil resources and applies the recovery factor (RF) to estimate recoverable oil resources. The
RF of oil resources plays an important role in the CNPA 2007. Based on the geological features, 24 types of oil assessment
units are defined, such as the Mesozoic rift unit, the Mesozoic and Cenozoic foreland unit, etc. Through the recovery factor
statistics of oil reserves (discovered) in different accumulations, as well as the potential analyses of enhanced petroleum
recovery, appropriate RF valuing standards of oil resources (discovered and undiscovered) in different assessment units are
developed. Calculation methods of oil resource RFs are established, including the appraisal standards, scoring, and calculation
steps of oil resource RFs. Through the case studies, the valuing and appraisal standards of oil resource RFs are verified.
Robust appraisal standards allow the RF method to be a valuable tool to effective assessment of China’s recoverable oil resources. 相似文献
8.
This paper identifies the drivers of the phenomenal growth in productivity in hydraulically fractured horizontal oil wells producing from the middle member of the Bakken Formation in North Dakota. The data show a strong underlying spatial component and somewhat weaker temporal component. Drivers of the spatial component are favorable reservoir conditions. The temporal component of well productivity growth is driven by increasing the number of fracture treatments and by increasing the volume of proppant and injection fluids used on a per fracture treatment basis. Random Forest, a nonparametric modeling procedure often applied in the context of machine learning, is used to identify the relative importance of geologic and well completion factors that have driven the growth in Bakken well productivity. The findings of this study suggest that a significant part of the well productivity increases during the period from 2010 to 2015 has been the result of improved well site selection. For the more recent period, that is, from 2015 through 2017, part of the improved well productivity has resulted from substantial increases in the proppant and injection fluids used per stage and per well. 相似文献
9.
The US Department of Energy's Energy Information Administration (EIA) recently predicted that world oil production could continue to increase for more than three decades, based on the recent US Geological Survey (USGS) evaluation of world oil resources and a simple, transparent model. However, it can be shown that this model is not consistent with actual oil production records in many different regions, particularly that of the US, from which it was derived. A more careful application of the EIA model, using the same resource estimates, indicates that at best non-OPEC oil production can increase for less than two decades, and should begin to decline at the latest sometime between 2015 and 2020. OPEC at this point will completely control the world oil market and will need to meet increased demand as well as compensate for declining production of non-OPEC producers. OPEC could control the market even sooner than this, given its larger share of proven oil reserves, probable difficulties in transforming non-OPEC undiscovered reserves into proven reserves, and the converging interests of all oil producers as reserves are depleted. This has significant implications for the world economy and for US national security. 相似文献
10.
This paper shows that there is a strict quantitative connection between three factors: reserves-to-production ratio ( w), rate of production growth ( a), and degree of reserve replenishment during 1 year ( i). The first of these factors shows how many years the current level of production can be supported by existing proved reserves (if both are invariable). The second factor shows how quickly the production increases. The third, characterizes the correlation between oil production and reserves discovery, which is the basis for potential oil production growth. For planning purposes it is important to know how many units of new reserves have to be proved during each year per one unit of production for the different reserves-to-production ratio and production growth. The results of calculating these factors are shown in the table and pictured on the graph. They can be used for regions where the replenishment of proven reserves (factor ( i)) exceeds 1 barrel of new reserves per 1 barrel of production. This paper also describes the interdependence and dynamics of these factors when the replenishment of proved reserves is incomplete. 相似文献
11.
The objective of this research is to simulate the impact of well operation conditions on wax precipitation in an oil sample, and to predict the wax-free well flowrate. Laboratory studies help producers to protect oil wells from potential problems. The maximum rise of simulated well operation conditions to in situ oil recovery leads to oilfield practice. The methods used for testing of oil sample were microscopy under high pressure with grain size analysis and light-scattering technique, which were conducted using laboratory equipment suited for investigations of reservoir fluids in conditions close to oilfield conditions. Experiments with modeling of temperature and pressure drop rates, flow velocity, and flow through time from downhole to wellhead were carried out. These experiments resulted in modeling of the relationship between functional pressure and wax appearance temperature (WAT), which is properly consistent with the Clapeyron–Clausius equation in a range of well operation conditions. Experimental simulation of well thermobaric operation conditions also resulted in definition of potential wax formation area in the tubing. Research data showed that WAT declines with increase in flow velocity and temperature, and pressure drop rates. Calculations demonstrated that an increase in flow velocity by 0.04 m/sec (equivalent to a well flowrate of 20 m 3 per day) leads to a decrease in wax formation depth of up to approximately 200 meters. Guidelines for slowdown of asphaltene–resin–paraffin particles formation in the well by chemical treatment are made. 相似文献
12.
This article examines the Hotelling model of optimal nonrenewable resource extraction in light of empirical evidence that
petroleum and minerals prices have been trendless despite resource scarcity. In particular, we examine how endogenous technology-induced
shifts in the cost function would have evolved over time if they were to maintain a constant market price for nonrenewable
resources. We calibrate our model using empirical data on world oil, and find that, depending on the estimate of the initial
stock of reserve, oil reserves will likely be depleted some time between the years 2040 and 2075. 相似文献
14.
The process of organic matter transformation into oil and gas is also a balance process of hydrocarbon transformation. This
article probes to distinguish the oil expulsion history from gas expulsion history based on the hydrocarbon generation, hydrocarbon
residual, and hydrocarbon expulsion processes of the source rocks. In this method, the first step is to study the hydrocarbon
expulsion rate by means of hydrocarbon generation potential method; the second step is to study the oil generation rate by
means of the heating–pressuring experiment method; the third step is to study the oil residual rate by means of the mathematical
method. The difference between the values of oil generation rate and oil residual rate is defined as the oil expulsion rate,
while that between the values of hydrocarbon expulsion rate and the gas expulsion rate is defined as the gas expulsion rate.
Then, combined with the geological parameters of source rocks, the oil and gas expulsion history can be obtained. This study
on Es 1 Source rocks, Nanpu Sag, Bohai Bay Basin, China shows that the primary expulsion period of Es 1 source rocks is Guantao–Minghuazhen period. 相似文献
15.
本文选取1994年1月到2011年12月的时间序列数据,从地缘政治视角研究国际石油供给的格局及石油价格波动主导权。首先通过ArcGIS分类来展现石油供给的地缘政治格局总体面貌;其次对国际石油价格波动主导权进行实证分析,结果显示石油存储量与石油价格之间并非简单的线性关系,且在金融危机时期呈现负相关关系,在地缘政治事件频发时期呈现正相关关系;进一步对主导权量化估算,结果表明,国际石油价格波动主导权更多的掌控在OECD需求方,即金融业主导国家。随着时间的推移,NonOECD需求方与石油供给方对国际石油价格主导权逐渐增加,同时,金融因素对国际油价波动的主导权不容忽视。 相似文献
16.
Natural Resources Research - In this study, ZnO nanoparticles were modified with rice bran. Synthesis and production of ZnO nano-particles is highly important due to the use of rice bran. In... 相似文献
17.
In the first part of this paper, a portion of a sedimentary basin is subdivided conceptually into hexagons of equal area. The area of each hexagon is equal to the minimum area an oil field should have to be commercial. Hexagons can be full of oil, or empty. A field size 1 consists of a cell with oil surrounded by six empty cells; a field size 2 consists of two adjacent cells with oil surrounded by eight empty cells, etc. Principles of Percolation Theory are used to determine the probabilility distribution of the areas of the oil fields existing in this portion of the basin. The only piece of information necessary to determine this probability distribution is the Success Ratio (number of successful exploration wells/total number of exploration wells drilled in this portion of the basin). This approach has several practical applications.In the second part of this paper, a probabilistic model is introduced to predict to which extent potential oil traps are filled with oil. The model assumes that the probability that an oil unit will end up in a particular trap, is proportional to the surface area of the trap. The model predicts that independently of the distribution of the trap volumes, there will be a critical trap volume. All the traps having a volume less than this critical volume, will be filled to spill point. An equation is deduced to predict, for all traps having a volume greater than the critical, the volume of oil that can be encountered in the trap, provided the volume of the trap is known. 相似文献
18.
数字油田是解决当前油田智能化管理问题的最好途径。该文分析了当前油田建设中所面临的问题,结合油田在勘探开发中的实际需要,特别就当前数字油田建设中所面临的共性问题,在分析现有油田技术及发展需求的基础上,指出了基于中间件的分布式网格GIS技术是解决当前数字油田领域中所存在的问题的最佳方式,并讨论了其实现过程。 相似文献
19.
Oil from the Oligocene oil sands of the Lower Ganchaigou Formation in the Northern Qaidam Basin and the related asphaltenes was analyzed using bulk and organic geochemical methods to assess the organic matter source input, thermal maturity, paleo-environmental conditions, kerogen type, hydrocarbon quality, and the correlation between this oil and its potential source rock in the basin. The extracted oil samples are characterized by very high contents of saturated hydrocarbons (average 62.76%), low contents of aromatic hydrocarbons (average 16.11%), and moderate amounts of nitrogen–sulfur–oxygen or resin compounds (average 21.57%), suggesting that the fluid petroleum extracted from the Oligocene oil sands is of high quality. However, a variety of biomarker parameters obtained from the hydrocarbon fractions (saturated and aromatic) indicate that the extracted oil was generated from source rocks with a wide range of thermal maturity conditions, ranging from the early to peak oil window stages, which are generally consistent with the biomarker maturity parameters, vitrinite reflectance (approximately 0.6%), and Tmax values of the Middle Jurassic carbonaceous mudstones and organic-rich mudstone source rocks of the Dameigou Formation, as reported in the literature. These findings suggest that the studied oil is derived from Dameigou Formation source rocks. Furthermore, the source- and environment-related biomarker parameters of the studied oil are characterized by relatively high pristane/phytane ratios, the presence of tricyclic terpanes, low abundances of C27 regular steranes, low C27/C29 regular sterane ratios, and very low sterane/hopane ratios. These data suggest that the oil was generated from source rocks containing plankton/land plant matter that was mainly deposited in a lacustrine environment and preserved under sub-oxic to oxic conditions, and the data also indicate a potential relationship between the studied oil and the associated potential source rocks. The distribution of pristane, phytane, tricyclic terpanes, regular steranes and hopane shows an affinity with the studied Oligocene Lower Ganchaigou Formation oil to previously published Dameigou Formation source rocks. In support of this finding, the pyrolysis–gas chromatography results of the analyzed oil asphaltene indicate that the oil was primarily derived from type II organic matter, which is also consistent with the organic matter of the Middle Jurassic source rocks. Thus, the Middle Jurassic carbonaceous mudstones and organic rock mudstones of the Dameigou Formation could be significantly contributing source rocks to the Oligocene Lower Ganchaigou Formation oil sand and other oil reservoirs in the Northern Qaidam Basin. 相似文献
20.
Natural Resources Research - Ecosystems and their services are essential to human well-being, but mining activities often cause adverse impacts on these services. Although impact of mining... 相似文献
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