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本文介绍实际地球介质（地球物理介质、地质介质）中的波的激发与传播问题的某些新的研究方向与进展。首先简要说明实际地球介质的一般特性。其次分别介绍随时间变化的三维非均匀地球介质中的地震波和非线性地球介质中的地震波的传播问题，也就是四维地震学和非线性地震学的研究进展。本文最后研究了三种类型（广义瑞利型、广义勒夫型和广义导波型）的构造活动波的激发与传播特性，并用它们来解释过去已发现的几种不同类型的地震活动波。 相似文献
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本文应用断裂力学和流变介质中波的传播理论来研究震前长周期形变波的波动源以及这类波传播的一些主要特征,在理论研究结果的基础上,对我国多次较大地震前观测到的短临地震前兆进行了剖析,并从中识别出一些可能与长周期形变波有关的短临地震前兆.首先,从粘滑与破裂这两类主要地震机制出发,提出了粘滑前的预滑与破裂前断裂的预扩展(亚稳态扩展)可能是产生震前长周期波的两类波动源的看法,并着重从理论上讨论了后一类波动源.其次,以地壳流变介质模型为基础,对长周期形变波的传播特性进行了理论研究.选用地壳的广义流变介质模型,求解了所述的两类波动源在这种流变地壳介质中引起的长周期形变波传播的动力学问题,从理论上得出了长周期形变波在地壳内传播的某些一般特征.然后,专门分析了我国多次大地震前实际观测到的短期和临震地震前兆资料,并着重讨论了唐山地震的短临前兆.在这些不同类型的短临地震前兆中,我们得出地下水位、地倾斜及潮位自动记录曲线等的某些振动式及阶跃式短临地震前兆与长周期形变波的理论探讨结果基本相符,因而可以认为它们属于由长周期形变波所反映的地震前兆.在理论研究与实际资料分析的基础上,本文归纳了由长周期形变波所引起的短临地震前兆的一些基本特征,包括传播速度、衰 相似文献
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陈国英 《地震地磁观测与研究》1982,(4)
地震面波理论是在十九世纪末二十世纪初发展起来的,而波的重要特征是存在着频散现象,即不同周期的波传播速度不同,这种频散关系是由介质的层状结构决定的。对于确定的周期而言,若瑞利波的波长为λ_R,则在0.4λ_R深处的横波速度对频散的影响最大。只要能在足够宽的频带内记录到面波波动,就能提取地球内部不同深度处的有用信息。用以研究地球内部不同深度的结构。另外由于频散对横波速度敏感,而低速层又主要视横波速度的降低,所以用面波来研究上地幔低速层也是很有意义的。 相似文献
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本文从整理贵州历史地震资料出发,利用多种统计方法,发现贵州地震活动有如下一些特征: 1.贵州每一地震活动区的各活动阶段,与全国强地震带(区)相应阶段的统计特点不同,反映了弱震区与强震区的蕴震机制可能是不同的。 2.贵州地震活动的总特点是频度低、强度小,地震平均复发周期较之全国强地震带(区)相应的周期要长得多。 3.贵州地震活动明显受滇东地震活动影响,滇东地震活动处于高潮时,贵州地震活动水平也相应增强,反映了康滇菱形块体对贵州地壳应力集中的影响。 4.贵州地震活动与地球自转存在着相关,其关系受贵州构造体系的制约,总的来说,贵州地震活动主要受地球自转长周期减速段的影响。 5.计算证明,贵州5级以上地震次序迁移的距离序列和迁移角序列均为平独立过程。这表明贵州中强地震的发生是随机的,也反映了从大范围来看贵州地壳结构是均匀的。 相似文献
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井水位长周期事件记录及其机理的讨论 总被引：13，自引：1，他引：12
选择了几口具有代表性的观测井, 并对这些井孔在强震前记录到长周期波现象的特征进行了分析。从理论上对地震前的长周期事件给出了较为合理的解释, 认为地震前一些敏感井水位长周期事件可能反映了断层蠕动、静地震与慢地震、断裂的预扩展和地震成核等。井— 含水层系统像一个长周期地震仪, 它为记录到有价值的前兆低频波提供了最佳的频率响应范围。 相似文献
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作者把地震活动性中的震中以定常速度迁移的现象,称为地震活动波。本文收集了几乎全部有关地震目录资料,并以此对中国大陆几条主要地震活动带上发生的强震,中国大陆特强震、全球特强震、以及欧亚带特强震的地震活动波进行了研究。所得主要结论是:中国大陆沿各地震活动带传播的地震活动波根据震级范围可分为A、B、C三种类型;每种类型的地震活动波以定常速度传播,不同地震带,不同类型传播的速度不同,但它们有一定的规律性,即按各地震带在中国大陆的地理位置,地震活动波的传播速度有从东到西逐渐加快的现象,同一条地震带上不同类型的地震活动波的传播速度有V_C>V_B>V_A的现象;中国大陆特强型、全球特强型、以及欧亚带特强型地震活动波只沿纬度变化的方向以定常的速度进行传播。最后,本文初步探讨了地震活动波的物理机制,以及在地震预报中的某些应用。 相似文献
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地震波是地球内部信息的主要来源。较大地震前,由于区域构造应力的增大,可能会导致震源及其周围地区介质特性发生变化,从而使得地震波速度发生变化。地震波速或波速比可以反映断层活动情况及地下介质流变性质等的改变（冯德益,1981;傅征祥等,1988;张学民等,2004）。我国的波速比研究已总结出波速比异常时间、幅度、形态与强震的关系, 相似文献
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目前人们利用4种基本的地震波现象研究地震各向异性,如横波双折射、面波散射、与传播方向有关的走时异常和PS转换波震相.本文利用面波散射产生的Quasi-Love（QL）波研究青藏高原上地幔顶部的各向异性结构特征.首先利用中国地震台网昌都（CAD）台记录的地震波形资料识别出产生QL波的路径,并利用合成地震记录和垂直偏振极性分析证实所观测到的为QL波,而不是高阶振型的Rayleigh波或其他体波震相;然后由Rayleigh波、Love波和QL波的群速度估算了各向异性结构横向变化的转换点;不同周期时,转换点的位置不同,这种频率依赖性还需要进一步的模拟研究.Love波向Rayleigh波耦合（产生QL波）的转换点位置揭示了青藏高原面波方位各向异性变化特征,并以南北向构造带的东西分段性、上地幔流引起的地球内力诱导岩石形变解释了青藏高原各向异性的东西向差异性. 相似文献
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对太原台长周期与中长周期地震仪记录的79个地震、180张典型震例进行了对比。发现同一地区地震的体波与面波震相(包括长、短周期面波)不同仪器的记录形态有很大差异,长周期仪对各类长、短周期震相均不明显记录。而中长周期仪有时记录不清极远震的初至波Pdif,而对可以明显反映地球分层特征的地核穿透波PKHKP,长周期面波G,两种仪器均有不同记录。实践表明,对有不同频率特征的仪器所记录的地震波形进行综合分析,有利于提高测震分析的质量及提高测定震源时空参数的准确性。 相似文献
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实际的地球介质十分复杂,远非当今人们所采用的理想模型可以概括,因为其属性和结构的变异是非均匀、非线性和各向异性的.在研究地球内部壳幔介质与结构、构造与属性差异、金属矿产资源和油、气、煤能源的勘查中,无论是区域构造格局、岩相和结构特征(如裂缝、破碎带、不同尺度的洞穴以及一些不规则几何体)均十分复杂.近年来基于成山、成盆、成矿、成岩和成灾研究的不断深化,对地下介质各向异性的研究受到广泛的关注.地震波动传播理论和介质与结构的物理属性研究结果表明:地震各向异性在成因上主要是由岩石、矿物和晶体的晶格优势取向、应力场异常变异和构造裂缝与深部物质运移造成的.为此,本文对14次地震各向异性会议的主体内涵进行分析,在此基础上,指出了在各向异性研究的发展进程中、特别是在应用中尚存在着的一些问题.在深化认识地球内部物质物理属性的基础上,探讨了S波分裂和偏振效应与地震各向异性与介质结构分区、构造活动,油气田勘探与岩相特征,裂隙与构造精细刻划和地震活动区(带)深部介质与构造环境的深层过程和动力学响应的关系.最后提出了地震各向异性在地球物理学发展中的作用和今后的任务. 相似文献
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MIGRATION OF LARGE EARTHQUAKES IN TIBETAN BLOCK AREA AND DISSCUSSION ON MAJOR ACTIVE REGION IN THE FUTURE 
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下载免费PDF全文 YUAN Dao-yang FENG Jian-gang ZHENG Wen-jun LIU Xing-wang GE Wei-peng WANG Wei-tong 《地震地质》1979,42(2):297-315
On the basis of summarizing the circulation characteristics and mechanism of earthquakes with magnitude 7 or above in continental China, the spatial-temporal migration characteristics, mechanism and future development trend of earthquakes with magnitude above 7 in Tibetan block area are analyzed comprehensively. The results show that there are temporal clustering and spatial zoning of regional strong earthquakes and large earthquakes in continental China, and they show the characteristics of migration and circulation in time and space. In the past 100a, there are four major earthquake cluster areas that have migrated from west to east and from south to north, i.e. 1)Himalayan seismic belt and Tianshan-Baikal seismic belt; 2)Mid-north to north-south seismic belt in Tibetan block area; 3)North-south seismic belt-periphery of Assam cape; and 4)North China and Sichuan-Yunnan area. The cluster time of each area is about 20a, and a complete cycle time is about 80a. The temporal and spatial images of the migration and circulation of strong earthquakes are consistent with the motion velocity field images obtained through GPS observations in continental China. The mechanism is related to the latest tectonic activity in continental China, which is mainly affected by the continuous compression of the Indian plate to the north on the Eurasian plate, the rotation of the Tibetan plateau around the eastern Himalayan syntaxis, and the additional stress field caused by the change of the earth's rotation speed.
Since 1900AD, the Tibetan block area has experienced three periods of high tides of earthquake activity clusters(also known as earthquake series), among which the Haiyuan-Gulang earthquake series from 1920 to 1937 mainly occurred around the active block boundary structural belt on the periphery of the Tibetan block region, with the largest earthquake occurring on the large active fault zone in the northeastern boundary belt. The Chayu-Dangxiong earthquake series from 1947 to 1976 mainly occurred around the large-scale boundary active faults of Qiangtang block, Bayankala block and eastern Himalayan syntaxis within the Tibetan block area. In the 1995-present Kunlun-Wenchuan earthquake series, 8 earthquakes with MS7.0 or above have occurred on the boundary fault zones of the Bayankala block. Therefore, the Bayankala block has become the main area of large earthquake activity on the Tibetan plateau in the past 20a. The clustering characteristic of this kind of seismic activity shows that in a certain period of time, strong earthquake activity can occur on the boundary fault zone of the same block or closely related blocks driven by a unified dynamic mechanism, reflecting the overall movement characteristics of the block. The migration images of the main active areas of the three earthquake series reflect the current tectonic deformation process of the Tibetan block region, where the tectonic activity is gradually converging inward from the boundary tectonic belt around the block, and the compression uplift and extrusion to the south and east occurs in the plateau. This mechanism of gradual migration and repeated activities from the periphery to the middle can be explained by coupled block movement and continuous deformation model, which conforms to the dynamic model of the active tectonic block hypothesis.
A comprehensive analysis shows that the Kunlun-Wenchuan earthquake series, which has lasted for more than 20a, is likely to come to an end. In the next 20a, the main active area of the major earthquakes with magnitude 7 on the continental China may migrate to the peripheral boundary zone of the Tibetan block. The focus is on the eastern boundary structural zone, i.e. the generalized north-south seismic belt. At the same time, attention should be paid to the earthquake-prone favorable regions such as the seismic empty sections of the major active faults in the northern Qaidam block boundary zone and other regions. For the northern region of the Tibetan block, the areas where the earthquakes of magnitude 7 or above are most likely to occur in the future will be the boundary structural zones of Qaidam active tectonic block, including Qilian-Haiyuan fault zone, the northern margin fault zone of western Qinling, the eastern Kunlun fault zone and the Altyn Tagh fault zone, etc., as well as the empty zones or empty fault segments with long elapse time of paleo-earthquake or no large historical earthquake rupture in their structural transformation zones. In future work, in-depth research on the seismogenic tectonic environment in the above areas should be strengthened, including fracture geometry, physical properties of media, fracture activity behavior, earthquake recurrence rule, strain accumulation degree, etc., and then targeted strengthening tracking monitoring and earthquake disaster prevention should be carried out. 相似文献
Since 1900AD, the Tibetan block area has experienced three periods of high tides of earthquake activity clusters(also known as earthquake series), among which the Haiyuan-Gulang earthquake series from 1920 to 1937 mainly occurred around the active block boundary structural belt on the periphery of the Tibetan block region, with the largest earthquake occurring on the large active fault zone in the northeastern boundary belt. The Chayu-Dangxiong earthquake series from 1947 to 1976 mainly occurred around the large-scale boundary active faults of Qiangtang block, Bayankala block and eastern Himalayan syntaxis within the Tibetan block area. In the 1995-present Kunlun-Wenchuan earthquake series, 8 earthquakes with MS7.0 or above have occurred on the boundary fault zones of the Bayankala block. Therefore, the Bayankala block has become the main area of large earthquake activity on the Tibetan plateau in the past 20a. The clustering characteristic of this kind of seismic activity shows that in a certain period of time, strong earthquake activity can occur on the boundary fault zone of the same block or closely related blocks driven by a unified dynamic mechanism, reflecting the overall movement characteristics of the block. The migration images of the main active areas of the three earthquake series reflect the current tectonic deformation process of the Tibetan block region, where the tectonic activity is gradually converging inward from the boundary tectonic belt around the block, and the compression uplift and extrusion to the south and east occurs in the plateau. This mechanism of gradual migration and repeated activities from the periphery to the middle can be explained by coupled block movement and continuous deformation model, which conforms to the dynamic model of the active tectonic block hypothesis.
A comprehensive analysis shows that the Kunlun-Wenchuan earthquake series, which has lasted for more than 20a, is likely to come to an end. In the next 20a, the main active area of the major earthquakes with magnitude 7 on the continental China may migrate to the peripheral boundary zone of the Tibetan block. The focus is on the eastern boundary structural zone, i.e. the generalized north-south seismic belt. At the same time, attention should be paid to the earthquake-prone favorable regions such as the seismic empty sections of the major active faults in the northern Qaidam block boundary zone and other regions. For the northern region of the Tibetan block, the areas where the earthquakes of magnitude 7 or above are most likely to occur in the future will be the boundary structural zones of Qaidam active tectonic block, including Qilian-Haiyuan fault zone, the northern margin fault zone of western Qinling, the eastern Kunlun fault zone and the Altyn Tagh fault zone, etc., as well as the empty zones or empty fault segments with long elapse time of paleo-earthquake or no large historical earthquake rupture in their structural transformation zones. In future work, in-depth research on the seismogenic tectonic environment in the above areas should be strengthened, including fracture geometry, physical properties of media, fracture activity behavior, earthquake recurrence rule, strain accumulation degree, etc., and then targeted strengthening tracking monitoring and earthquake disaster prevention should be carried out. 相似文献
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区域构造应力场对于研究地震成因、地震预报和地球动力学都具有重要的意义。本文根据华北的主要发震构造、大地震时的地面破裂和地震断层、震源机制、断层弹性回跳模式以及潮汐力对地震的触发关系等方面的资料,综合论述了华北块断构造区的现代引张应力场。最后探讨了太平洋板块和印度板块向亚洲大陆俯冲对华北引张应力场的影响。指出深部作用对华北引张应力场的实际意义 相似文献
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地震电磁成因假说 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1
为了找到符合或接近自然真实的地震成因,结合地震学、电磁学、等离子体物理、空间物理等学科的一些研究成果,提出一个新的地震成因机制,对各种地震现象做出了合理解释。有证据表明,地震可能是一种电磁和化学效应。它可能是由于受太阳活动调制的电离层、磁层等离子体电场与地表之间的电磁感应以及地壳内部的电过程,导致大量荷电粒子（等离子体）因趋肤效应在地壳表层的某些区域积聚,积聚在数万至数百万平方千米地表中的巨量等离子体在诸如太阳活动的影响下达到了等离子体复合的条件时,就会发生猛烈的集体复合。由于等离子体复合是一种放能过程,因而会释放出巨大能量。同时由于存在辐射复合过程而产生地光,等离子体复合的爆炸效应导致类似打雷、放炮的地声,并释放出沿球面均匀地向四周传播的地震波,由此形成的强磁场中的洛伦兹力使地面产生强烈旋扭而使地面出现左旋或右旋的地裂缝。与地震密切相关的一些自然现象如干旱、台风、暴雨、热异常以及地震中的喷水冒沙、地震云等现象,都可以由此得到统一的解释。 相似文献
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利用在北京西北部地区穿过张家口——渤海地震带北西段地震测深剖面进行了综合解释和研究, 揭示了延庆——怀来、 张北——尚义地震活动区异常的深浅地壳结构特征. 结果表明: 研究区基底结构具有明显的起伏变化, 不同的地质构造单元基底埋深存在着较大差异. 基底埋深在局部地段呈现出的急剧变化可视其为基底断裂存在的一种标志, 基底断裂与地壳深断裂的存在为岩浆的上溢提供了条件, 从而导致了地壳结构强烈的非均匀性. 延怀地区壳内复杂反射波组序列和局部强弱不连续反射带现象的出现, 表明该地区地壳结构发生了强烈的挤压变形, 从而构成了该地区复杂的地壳结构, 为该地区地震的发生提供了动力来源; 张北——尚义地区壳内不同深度范围低速异常体和局部的C1界面的存在, 可以认为是岩浆多期活动的产物, 在区域构造活动的作用下脆性的上地壳内, 当局部应力积聚到一定的程度从而引发了地震的发生. 相似文献
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Mechanisms of seismic quiescences 总被引：7，自引：0，他引：7
Christopher H. Scholz 《Pure and Applied Geophysics》1988,126(2-4):701-718
In the past decade there have been major advances in understanding the seismic cycle in terms of the recognition of characteristic patterns of seismicity over the entire tectonic loading cycle. The most distinctive types of patterns are seismic quiescences, of which three types can be recognized:post-seismic quiescence, which occurs in the region of the rupture zone of an earthquake and persists for a substantial fraction of the recurrence time following the earthquake,intermediate-term quiescences, which appear over a similar region and persist for several years prior to large plate-rupturing earthquakes, andshort-term quiescences, which are pronounced lulls in premonitory swarms that occur in the hypocentral region hours or days before an earthquake. Although the frequency with which intermediate-term and short-term quiescences precede earthquakes is not known, and the statistical significance of some of the former has been challenged, there is a need, if this phenomena is to be considered a possibly real precursor, to consider physical mechanisms that may be responsible for them.The characteristic features of these quiescences are reviewed, and possible mechanisms for their cause are discussed. Post-seismic quiescence can be readily explained by any simple model of the tectonic loading cycle as due to the regional effect of the stress-drop of the previous principal earthquake. The other types of quiescence require significant modification to any such simple model. Of the possibilities considered, only two seem viable in predicting the observed phenomena, dilatancy hardening and slip weakening. Intermediate-term quiescences typically occur over a region equal to or several times the size of the rupture zone of the later earthquake and exhibit a relationship between the quiescence duration and size of the earthquake: they thus involve regional hardening or stress relaxation and agree with the predictions of the dilatancy-diffusion theory. Short-term quiescences, on the other hand, are more likely explained by fault zone dilatancy hardening and/or slip weakening within a small nucleation zone. Because seismicity is a locally relaxing process, seismicity should follow a behaviour known in rock mechanics as the Kaiser effect, in which only a very slight increase in strength, due to dilatancy hardening or decrease in stress due to slip weakening, is required to cause quiescence. This is in contrast to other precursory phenomena predicted by dilatancy, which require large dilatant strains and complete dilatancy hardening.Lamont-Doherty Geological Observatory 相似文献