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1.
西沙群岛宣德环礁的精细水下地貌组合特征及其成因机制 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
海底地形地貌及类型分布特征对指示区域地质构造影响、海平面升降、海洋水动力等有重要意义。本文通过侧扫声呐、单波束测深、表层沉积物取样等方法,分析了西沙群岛宣德环礁精细水下地貌组合特征,并探讨了其成因机制。结果表明:（1）宣德环礁为残缺型环礁类型,中部为潟湖沉积,礁盘之间形成西沙洲口门、“红草门”、环礁西缺口和环礁南缺口等4处水深超过60 m的深水口门,并首次识别了西沙洲口门;（2）宣德环礁水下地貌类型可划分为3级11类地貌类型。研究区的沙波及槽沟等动力地貌单元显示,宣德环礁浅水区海底特征地貌由盛行季风和波浪场所控制,深水口门形成的潮汐通道水体为塑造宣德环礁潟湖区动力地貌的主要因素。研究区东南部向海坡存在6级水下阶地,通过对比南海珊瑚礁阶地特征,宣德环礁向海坡阶地成因很可能是全球海平面变化和地壳沉降的共同作用。 相似文献
2.
弱动力浅海中的悬沙输运机制:以天津港附近海域为例 总被引：3，自引：1，他引：2
根据在天津港附近海域获取的水动力和浊度数据,分析了悬沙输运特征和输运机制,结果表明:天津港附近海域受不规则半日潮控制呈低流态往复流特征,但涨潮流强于落潮流;涨潮期间底部悬沙浓度与垂线平均流速呈显著线性相关,存在显著的再悬浮作用;潮周期内的悬沙输运呈典型的不对称特征,形成向岸的净输运趋势。输运机制分析结果显示:潮泵效应(尤其是潮汐捕捉效应)是天津港附近海域悬沙输运的主要贡献项,其次是拉格朗日平流输运项,前者比后者高一个量级;垂向剪切作用最小。涨落潮期间流速与悬沙浓度的显著不对称是造成潮汐捕捉效应占主导的基本条件。在潮下带这种悬沙输运格局可能和潮间带发生的细颗粒沉积物捕集(堆积)作用有关。 相似文献
3.
永暑礁西南礁镯生物地貌与沉积环境 总被引：4，自引：2，他引：4
在海上系统调查的基础上提出南沙群岛永暑礁西南部礁镯并非传统的开放型环礁,而是一个封闭型的小环礁,封闭的泻湖能够为高分辨率古环境重建提供原生生物沉积。该小环礁可分为礁前斜坡活珊瑚林带、外礁坪珊瑚生长带、礁突起珊瑚枝块胶结堆积带、内礁坪枝状珊瑚生长-砂质沉积交互带、泻湖坡枝状珊瑚生长-细砂沉积带和泻湖盆底粉砂质生物沉积带共6个生物地貌和沉积带。12个礁坪原生滨珊瑚和2个礁岩滨珊瑚的^14C和TIMS U-Th测年结果表明永暑礁礁坪面形成于近代,它们没有提供中全新世高海平面的证据,约950aBP的中世纪暖期南沙群岛可能有过非常强的风暴潮。此外,1000年以内的珊瑚常规^14C未校正年代与TIMS U-Th年代存在显著差异,在环境解释中需要特别小心。 相似文献
4.
风暴过程中潮滩悬沙浓度和悬沙输运的变化及其动力机制——以长江三角洲南汇潮滩为例 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
悬沙浓度是淤泥质海岸重要的环境指标。为探讨潮滩悬沙浓度和悬沙输运对风暴事件的响应过程及其动力机制,于2014年9月"凤凰"台风过境前、中、后在长江三角洲南汇潮滩进行了现场观测,获得同步高分辨率的水深、波高、近底流速和浊度剖面时间序列(9个潮周期)。结果表明,风暴中平均和最大波高、波-流联合底床剪切应力、悬沙浓度和悬沙输运率可比平静天气高数倍;风暴期间高潮位低流速阶段悬沙沉降导致近底发育数十厘米厚的浮泥层(悬沙浓度大于10 g/L)。研究认为风暴事件中淤泥质海岸悬沙浓度和悬沙输运的剧烈变化其根本动力机制是风暴把巨大能量传递给近岸水体,进而显著增大波-流联合底床剪切应力,导致细颗粒泥沙再悬浮。 相似文献
5.
《海洋地质前沿》2016,(3)
从生物礁碳酸盐岩的沉积特征、孤立台地生物礁沉积模式2个方面对巴哈马滩与西沙群岛进行对比分析:巴哈马滩礁区主要沉积粒状灰岩、泥质灰岩、斜坡发育生物碎屑灰岩,海底文石和镁方解石胶结作用强烈,致大部分原始孔隙度阻塞,孔隙度降低;西沙礁滩海滩岩以生物碎屑灰岩为主,地层主要发育生物碎屑灰岩和白云岩,各种藻类格架的杂乱分布增大岩石的孔隙度。巴哈马滩以孤立碳酸盐岩台地生物礁为主,发育台地边缘斜坡及滩礁型孤立台地,西沙孤立台礁区主要发育永乐、宣德2类环礁沉积系统,以及台地边缘礁、塔礁、马趾礁、环礁、点礁等多种生物礁类型。大巴哈马滩具有侧向生长的潜力和周期性进积作用的特征,西沙陡坡高能带发育进积型与侵蚀型2种沉积类型,风暴潮与盛行风作用成为灰沙岛的主要成因机制。 相似文献
6.
夏季浙江沿岸陆架区泥沙输运机制 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
基于2014年夏季浙江沿岸陆架区的水文、泥沙、底质沉积物等实测资料,运用物质通量分析方法和Gao-Collins粒径趋势分析法,探讨了泥沙的输运通量、输运方向、动力机制及净输运趋势。夏季,近岸含沙量规律性较强,由西至东逐渐降低,由南至北逐渐升高,且与潮流有非常好的对应关系,呈现出明显的潮周期变化特征。研究区净悬沙通量自岸向外海迅速变小,悬沙输运中平流输运占主导地位,其次是垂向净环流对悬沙输运的影响,近岸海域表现为向海输沙,30 m以深海域表现为东北向输沙,同时台湾暖流的屏障作用也影响了悬沙向海扩散。粒径趋势分析显示浙江沿岸陆架表层沉积物的长期输运机制为由东北向西南输运,在流系以及海底地形的影响下,中部海域出现粒径趋势较弱的沉积中心。而在夏季,悬浮泥沙主要为平行岸线向东北输运,估算每天进入研究海域的净悬浮泥沙约为1.9×106 t。 相似文献
7.
江苏南部海岸牡蛎礁演化的几何模型 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
牡蛎礁是具有重要生态功能的海岸带生境,并且记录了丰富的环境演化信息。根据碳酸盐沉积层序模拟的方法,提出了一个牡蛎礁演化模型,由海平面波动过程、碎屑沉积物顶面高程、牡蛎礁垂直生长率、牡蛎礁顶部高程等四个模块所构成。垂向生长率函数的输入参数通过牡蛎礁沉积环境分析和古今地貌对比方法而确定。应用该模型探讨了江苏海岸小庙洪牡蛎礁的定殖、生长和最终被埋藏的演化历程。模拟结果显示,牡蛎礁顶部水深和河口湾环境参数是牡蛎礁演化的两大限制因素,小庙洪牡蛎礁的最大垂向生长率约为12mm/a,礁体发育初期以垂向增生为主,大约910年前礁体出露于平均低潮面后,转向以侧向扩张为主。该礁体的出露规模在330年前达到最大,目前牡蛎礁的生长几乎停滞,并将在250年后被埋藏,其时牡蛎礁的最大可能厚度达12m。牡蛎礁演化模型显示牡蛎礁建造过程具有复杂性,是海平面变化、地面沉降速率、碎屑沉积速率、盐度、悬沙浓度等诸多因素共同作用的结果。牡蛎礁顶板应看成是低于当时海平面的标志,并不代表海平面高度。 相似文献
8.
冲绳海槽西部陆坡碎屑沉积物的搬运方式:滑塌和重力流 总被引：9，自引：3，他引：6
通过对冲绳海槽2000多公里的实测单道地震资料(95和99航次)和沉积物柱状样(92航次)分析,认为滑塌和重力流是冲绳海槽西部陆坡(东海陆坡)碎屑沉积物向海槽搬运的重要方式;分析结果表明,西部陆坡这两种作用是广泛存在的。陆坡沉积物堆积速率、地形坡度和构造活动、地震、海啸等因素造成了陆坡南、北和中段之间的滑塌和重力流发育程度存在差异。海底滑塌和重力流这两种作用可以同时发生,也可以单独发生,但柱状样揭示重力流发生得更频繁。从空间分布上看,海底滑塌主要分布于上陆坡的断裂带附近,平行海槽呈带状延伸;而重力流沉积主要分布于断裂带向下一直到槽底的部位。重力流沉积主要有4种表现形式：1)沉积物重力蠕动;2)浊积平原;3)透镜状浊积体;4)沿斜坡的碎屑流沉积。上述研究表明,滑塌和重力流不仅是陆架向海槽输送物质的重要方式,也对陆坡沉积结构的塑造起了重要的作用。 相似文献
9.
生物礁沉积是南海乃至西北太平洋重要的沉积类型之一。本文利用新近钻进取芯的南海西沙西科1井生物礁沉积,开展了详细的磁性地层学研究。结果显示,早中新世三亚组记录了跨度为C5Dn~C6An正极性时的生物礁沉积。在综合全孔年代学结果的基础上,划分出新近纪西沙地区生物礁生长、发育的3个阶段:约16.5 Ma和约13.5 Ma两个稳定堆积时期,以及16.5~13.5 Ma快速堆积的"中中新世跃迁事件"。此外,本文推测西沙地区生物礁初始发育的时间显著早于过去认为的约20 Ma,同时三阶段的演化模式可能与南海扩张-结束的构造环境密切关联。 相似文献
10.
根据南黄海辐射沙脊群定点站位的流速和浊度数据,利用通量分解方法,分析了潮汐水道的悬沙输运特征和输运机制。结果表明,辐射沙脊群海域潮汐水道中潮流为往复流,悬沙浓度较高,属于强潮流控制的悬沙浓度相对较高的陆架浅海环境;悬沙输运主要受欧拉余流和潮汐捕捉效应控制,再悬浮的沉积物通过平流作用进行输运。其中,陈家坞槽和西洋水道的悬沙输运以潮汐捕捉效应占优,沉积物向潮汐水道外输运,处于冲刷状态;苦水洋水道以欧拉余流输运为主,水道内的再悬浮的沉积物在强潮流作用下向陆输运,主要堆积在蒋家沙和西洋西侧岸滩等浅滩和潮间带上。由此可见,在陆源物质供应减少背景下,南黄海辐射沙脊群内部的物质充当了新的物源,短期内能够维持近岸潮滩和沙脊的持续增长。 相似文献
11.
南沙群岛的珊瑚礁以环礁形式存在, 拥有各具特色的地貌形态。九章环礁中的牛轭礁和西门礁是两座发育有新生沙洲的环礁, 代表灰沙岛形成前一个重要的过渡性地貌演化阶段。这两处新生沙洲表层沉积物样品的粒度分析表明: 沉积物主要组分为珊瑚碎屑, 长轴中值粒径在14~45mm之间, 属于砾石级别; 样品分选系数在4.5~31之间, 分选性很差; 球度值为0.52~0.68, 球度差。粒度特征值中, 中值粒径具有随着到水边线距离的增大而升高的趋势, 而分选性和球度与距水边线距离关系不大。整体上中值粒径与分选系数呈正相关关系, 而与球度呈负相关关系。历史文献记载和卫星图像表明, 牛轭礁和西门礁上的新生沙洲都是近年来才形成的, 与风暴过程及冬季风有关。牛轭礁上沙洲向北迁移, 同时其长轴向东南方向延伸; 西门礁上沙洲整体向东南方向迁移, 并形成回弯形沙嘴形态。新生沙洲的出现与珊瑚碎屑物质供给变化或风暴浪作用变化的关系还需进一步探讨。 相似文献
12.
A.J.F. Hoitink 《Marine Geology》2004,208(1):13-31
The Bay of Banten, West Java, Indonesia represents a shallow coastal embayment harboring coral reefs subject to extremely turbid conditions. The sedimentary regime and flow structure of two contrasting coral reef islands in the embayment were investigated to identify the mechanisms responsible for mean and peak levels of suspended sediment concentration (SSC) around the reefs. Arrays of in situ calibrated optical backscatter (OBS) sensors were deployed across the reef slopes. Far field conditions were simultaneously monitored using an acoustic Doppler current profiler (ADCP) and a conductivity temperature and depth (CTD) probe, equipped with an OBS sensor. In addition, hydrographic surveys were conducted using the ADCP attached to a small fishing boat, navigating transects perpendicular to the reef islands. The direct influence of river plumes was found to be insignificant. Waves act only in the uppermost few meters of the reef slopes, where coral growth is most abundant and little sediment is available for resuspension. Tidal currents are the primary cause of high turbidity, which was inferred from peaks in the diurnal and semidiurnal frequency bands of SSC spectra, and the large depths where the turbidity variation sometimes initiates. The entrained sediment disperses upward across the reef slopes, which is likely due to a secondary current associated with bending of the flow along the curved, hydraulically rough reef slopes, in weakly stratified ambient waters. Changes in sediment availability, variable critical shear stresses for erosion and deposition, and the formation and evanescence of island wakes may explain the high variability of SSC at the reef slopes. 相似文献
13.
南沙群岛永暑礁泻湖岩心的氨基酸与沉积环境 总被引：8，自引：0，他引：8
南沙群岛永暑礁小泻湖南永3井的高分辨率岩心系统揭示了环礁泻湖近1682aBP来的沉积柱样的氨基酸组成和含量，其垂直变化同该岩心的有机孔虫丰度、微型腹足类丰度和δ^18O含量的垂直变化基本一致，反映了沉积环境及其变化。南沙群岛珊瑚礁区与中国及全球的历史气候变迁是同步的。 相似文献
14.
选用1996年9月5—6日黄河口新口门水文泥沙同步观测资料,采用距离倒数加权插值法(IDW)生成河口泥沙异重流的含沙海水密度、流速和含沙量随时间变化的等值线图。基于此,分析了黄河口泥沙异重流发育形成的时空变化特征,并结合遥感影像和水下地形图进一步探讨了泥沙异重流对河口沉积的影响。研究结果表明,黄河口(新口门)泥沙异重流发育频繁,且其形成时的含沙海水密度与老河口相似;泥沙异重流的空间分布与水下三角洲泥沙堆积体及河口沙嘴的形态存在明显相关,泥沙异重流的存在直接影响河口前缘泥沙的沉积,但对侧缘的影响不大;泥沙异重流形成初期,在低高潮涨潮阶段中的一次较小的涨落潮周期内其形成和消亡过程与潮流的涨落潮周期呈正向对应关系,且在这一时段的涨憩时泥沙异重流的泥沙含量达到最大;流速垂向分布为泥沙异重流形成初期流速小于上层海水流速,且层次分明,随其进一步向深海运动流速呈增大再减小的趋势,至三角洲前缘陡坡段其底层流速大干中上层海水流速。 相似文献
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16.
Sand island or cay is the dominant type of coral reef islands in the South China Sea. This paper gives in detail the sand islands composed of loose accumulational materials on the atoll reef flats in the Xisha Islands, their types, characteristics of morphological structure and evolutional pattern and dynamics. 相似文献
17.
Oyster reefs and their spatial patterns are deemed to change the local hydrodynamic condition and exert profound impacts on the grain size, concentration and transportation of suspended sediments. Meanwhile, high suspended sediment concentration often results in excess mortality among oysters. Oyster reefs are rare and vital ecosystem in Liyashan national marine park, Jiangsu Coast, China. However, urgent conservation efforts should be made on account of the drastic reduction in reef areas. To investigate the sediment dynamics and the geomorphology, two tripod observation systems were deployed and UAV aerial surveys with elevation measurement using Real Time Kinematic (RTK) were also carried out. High mud content (60%) was found in the bed sediment at the reef ridge, causing much lower drag coefficient than other recorded values of living oyster reefs, indicating the death of oysters and the degradation of reefs in Liyashan. Ridgelines of the string reefs at 45° to the current direction and high suspended sediment concentration in the water body (50–370 mg/L) that exceeds the threshold (200 mg/L), which would affect nutrient uptake efficiency and further result in gill saturation, decrease of clearance rate and associated deposition, were probably crucial causes of the death of oysters. The findings are useful for restoring natural oyster reefs and designing artificial reefs for nature-based coastal defense. 相似文献
18.
《Marine Geology》2007,236(1-2):61-77
Cabo Pulmo, Mexico, is often cited as the eastern Pacific's northernmost coral reef. We investigated sedimentary dynamics to verify whether the system functions sedimentologically as a reef, which would mean that it retained internal sediment in a framework and exported peri-reefal sediment creating clearly identifiable facies dominated by reefal fauna. We mapped distribution of sediments using grab samples, the acoustic ground-discrimination systems QTC View and Echoplus at 50 kHz signal frequency and an IKONOS satellite image. Morphologically, the bay of Cabo Pulmo can be divided into intrusive dikes and rocky hardgrounds in less than 10 m depth and a sandy interior with rocky outcrops sloping to over 40 m. Reefal fauna without lasting framework-building but with production of typically reef-associated carbonate sediments, as well as a patch-reef facies were found on the dikes and hardgrounds. Sediments in the bay were a mixture of carbonates and siliciclastics and were influenced by a seasonal river near the bay's center that imported siliciclastic material. To the north and south sediments had a higher carbonate content, although overall the bay was characterized by > 50% siliciclastics. The shallower subtidal sands were dominated by mollusk fragments, whereas in depths > 30 m planktonic foraminiferal sand was found. Acoustically and optically remote-sensed maps were used to differentiate between the rocky and sandy areas and to identify the presumed off-shelf transport pathway of reef-derived carbonates. Overall, the sedimentary system is characterized by carbonate production, but the coarser reef derived carbonates (coral and reef-dwelling mollusks) are transported off-shelf along a steep depth gradient and little typical peri-reef sediment remains. This transport is likely aided by storms. Since no sediment retaining frameworks are formed, the dikes cannot retain internal sediment, and the reefal fauna was not dominant in sediments throughout the bay, we conclude that Cabo Pulmo sedimentologically functions only in a limited way like a coral reef. 相似文献
19.
The remote sensing composite information entropyand types of Nansha coral reef atolls 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
INTRODUCTIONTherearemorethan60atollsintheNanshaIslandsofChina.AInongtheemergedatollsofthem,thelargestreeftopareaisabout620kmZ,thesmallestisaboutIkmZ.TheresearchontheirgrowthisimPOrtantfromthescientificandrealisticperspectives.Duringthegeologicalhistory,undertheconditionthatthesealevelisrelativelysteady,theatoll'sformationisatypeofmarinetranSgression.Onthebasisoftheatollreef-ring'sopen-degree,theemergedatollsareclassifiedintofourtypes:opentype,half-opentype,quasi-closedtypeandclosedtyp… 相似文献