共查询到20条相似文献，搜索用时 31 毫秒
1.
Aerosol samples, collected daily were analyzed with electron microscopy for particle concentration and size distribution. The chemical compositions of individual particles were determined with X-ray energy spectrometry and specific morphological tests. The results demonstrated clear and significant dependencies of aerosol properties on air trajectories computed from a backtrack model. Air parcels, such as American air pollution and Sahara dust, were identified. Their physical mixing and chemical reactions with marine aerosols as well as aerosol wet deposition are discussed. 相似文献
2.
T. Anttila A. Kiendler-Scharr Th. F. Mentel R. Tillmann 《Journal of Atmospheric Chemistry》2007,57(3):215-237
Organic aerosol formation resulting from the ozonolysis of α-pinene, myrcene and sabinene was investigated in a large aerosol
chamber in the presence of aqueous seed aerosols. The chemical composition of the particles was monitored by an aerosol mass
spectrometer (Aerodyne Research Inc.) as a function of time and the particle size. Smaller particles were found to contain
more organics relative to sulfate than the larger ones. In contrast, the water to sulfate mass ratio was not dependent on
the particle size. These experimental findings indicate the formation of organic layers on the particles. With the aid of
an aerosol dynamic model we demonstrate that the observations are consistent with the formation of multilayered organic films
having thicknesses of approximately 10 nm. The results also suggest that the films were formed through condensation of low-volatile
oxidation products that did not take up water considerably. Even though dissolution of oxidation products into the particle
aqueous phase cannot be conclusively ruled out, the most plausible interpretation of the results is that the monoterpene ozonolysis
lead to the formation of organic coatings on aqueous aerosols. Such films are likely to form in regions with monoterpene emissions. 相似文献
3.
Precipitation scavenging of aerosol particles is an important removal process in the atmosphere that can change aerosol physical and optical properties. This paper analyzes the changes in aerosol physical and optical properties before and after four rain events using in situ observations of mass concentration, number concentration, particle size distribution, scattering and absorption coefficients of aerosols in June and July 2013 at the Xianghe comprehensive atmospheric observation station in China. The results show the effect of rain scavenging is related to the rain intensity and duration, the wind speed and direction. During the rain events, the temporal variation of aerosol number concentration was consistent with the variation in mass concentration, but their size-resolved scavenging ratios were different. After the rain events, the increase in aerosol mass concentration began with an increase in particles with diameter 0.8 μm [measured using an aerodynamic particle sizer(APS)], and fine particles with diameter 0.1 μm [measured using a scanning mobility particle sizer(SMPS)]. Rainfall was most efficient at removing particles with diameter ～0.6 μm and greater than 3.5 μm. The changes in peak values of the particle number distribution(measured using the SMPS) before and after the rain events reflect the strong scavenging effect on particles within the 100–120 nm size range. The variation patterns of aerosol scattering and absorption coefficients before and after the rain events were similar, but their scavenging ratios differed, which may have been related to the aerosol particle size distribution and chemical composition. 相似文献
4.
Randolph D. Borys Edward E. Hindman Paul J. DeMott 《Journal of Atmospheric Chemistry》1988,7(3):213-239
The relationships between the physical and chemical properties of mixed-phase clouds were investigated at Storm Peak Laboratory (3220m MSL) located near the continental divide in northwestern Colorado. Interstitial aerosol particles, cloud droplets and snow crystals were concurrently collected when the laboratory was enveloped by a precipitating cloud. All samples were analyzed for trace elements, soluble anions, electrical conductivity and acidity.The results show average trace constituent concentration ratios of cloud water to snow water range from 0.4 to 26. All but six of the 32 elements and ions measured had ratios greater than one. This result suggests a chemical species dependency of in-cloud aerosol particle scavenging processes. Evidence of a decrease of in-cloud aerosol particle scavenging efficiency by snow due to increases in aerosol concentration is also presented.Differences between the chemical composition of cloud water and snow water are manifested most strongly when snow crystals grow by vapor deposition. In-cloud scavenging efficiencies by snow crystals for most aerosol particle chemical species are dependent on the growth of the snow crystals by accretion of cloud droplets. This chemical fractionation of the atmospheric aerosol by snow crystal formation and growth should be most active where narrow, continental cloud droplet size distributions and low liquid water contents are prevalent, enhancing the probability of snow crystal growth by diffusion. 相似文献
5.
We study the dynamics of sea-spray particles in the coastal region of La Reunion Island on the basis of numerical simulations using the transport aerosol model MACMod (Marine Aerosol Concentration Model) and a survey of the aerosol size distributions measured at four locations at two different heights in the north-west part of the island. This allows evaluation of the performance of our model in case of pure marine air masses with implementation of accurate boundary conditions. First of all, an estimate of the aerosol concentration at 10-m height at the upwind boundary of the calculation domain is obtained using a revisited version of the MEDEX (Mediterranean Extinction) model. Estimates of the vertical profile of aerosol concentrations are then provided using aerosol data obtained at two different heights at the upwind boundary of the calculation domain. A parametrization of the vertical profiles of aerosol concentrations for maritime environment is proposed. The results are then compared to the vertical profiles of 0.532 \(\upmu \)m aerosol particle extinction coefficient obtained from lidar data provided by the Cloud-Aerosol LIdar with Orthogonal Polarization (CALIOP) and also to the data provided by the Aerosol Robotic Network (AERONET). This allows validation of the complete vertical profiles in the mixed layer and shows the validity of satellite data for determination of the vertical profiles. Two kinds of simulation were made: one without a particle advection flux at the upwind boundary of the numerical domain, whereas the second simulation was made with a particle advection flux. In the first case, the influence of the distance to the shoreline on the local sea-spray dynamics is investigated. In the second set of simulation, the particles issued from the local production in the surf zone near the shoreline are mixed with aerosols advected from the remote ocean. A good agreement between the model calculations using our boundary conditions and the data was found. The present results then attest the ability of this kind of model, as a first approach to predicting the local transport of sea-spray particles in a pure marine environment. 相似文献
6.
2016年11月13日在北京地区上空存在持续稳定的层状云天气背景下,利用飞机开展气溶胶粒径谱、化学组成、云滴谱等参量的垂直观测,研究该个例云底气溶胶的活化能力。结果表明:探测期间北京地区为轻度污染天气,地面气溶胶浓度(0.11~3 μm)达到4600 cm-3。云层高度为800~1200 m,云底气溶胶数浓度相对于近地面大幅度降低,有效粒径显著增大(0.3~0.6 μm)。同时,近地面气溶胶中疏水性的一次有机气溶胶贡献显著,而云底气溶胶中一次有机气溶胶的贡献大幅降低,无机组分和二次有机气溶胶的贡献明显增大,造成吸湿性参数κ由0.25(地面)增大至0.32(云底)。云中气溶胶和云滴的谱分布衔接较好,且两者的数浓度之和与云底气溶胶浓度一致,可分别代表未活化和已活化的粒子。基于云底气溶胶粒径谱和吸湿性参数计算得到不同过饱和比下云凝结核的活化率,通过与云中观测结果对比,反推得到云底过饱和度约为0.048%。 相似文献
7.
Nucleation scavenging and the formation of a cloud interstitial aerosol (CIA) were theoretically studied in terms of the chemical composition of atmospheric aerosol particles. For this study, we used our air-parcel cloud model, which includes the entrainment of air and detailed microphysics, for determining the growth and interaction of aerosol particles and drops. Maritime and remote continental aerosol particle spectrums were used whose size distributions were superpositions of three log-normal distributions, each of a prescribed chemical composition. Our results show (1) that the CIA exhibits a size distribution with a distinctive cut-off at a specific radius of the dry as well as of the wet particle size distribution. All particles above this limiting size become activated to cloud drops and, thus, are not present in the CIA spectrum. This limiting size was found to be independent of the chemical composition of the particles and only dependent on the prevailing supersaturation. Below this specific size, the CIA spectrum becomes depleted of dry aerosol particles in a manner which does depend on their chemical composition and on the supersaturation in the air. (2) The number of aerosol particles nucleated to cloud drops depends critically on the chemical composition of the particles and on the prevailing supersaturation. 相似文献
8.
9.
The diffusion aerosol spectrometer for the measurements of particle size spectra and concentration levels is described. It includes three principal parts: (i) a block of diffusion batteries for measuring the particles, whose size does not exceed 0.15 μm, (ii) the particle amplifier for growing the particles passing through the diffusion batteries up to optically distinguishable sizes and (iii) the laser aerosol spectrometer, which counts the amplified particles and may also serve for independent measurements of particle size spectra within submicron size range. The tandem including: diffusion batteries+laser aerosol spectrometer allows for detecting particles of radius >3 nm at maximal concentration up to 2×104 particles/cm3. The tandem is managed either by PC or manually. The instrument is designed for studying aerosols in the atmosphere and for ecological measurements. 相似文献
10.
通过实验收集大气颗粒物，对南京地区大气气溶胶谱分布进行了描述，对气溶胶分布与相对湿度的相关性进行了探讨。建立了南京地区7—11月气溶胶化学组分的月平均模型，得出气溶胶等效复折射率的预测方法。结果表明：南京地区的大气气溶胶颗粒物，峰值粒径在80~100 nm范围，属于典型的城市型气溶胶。数浓度与相对湿度的相关性与季节和粒径大小有关，在6—9月，相对湿度与细粒子数浓度呈负相关，与粗粒子呈正相关，在10—11月相反，且易受极端天气影响。建立的干气溶胶等效复折射率月平均模型，结合湿度修正模型得到某一日的复折射率，与AERONET站点数据进行了对比，结果较为一致，误差范围在0~0.03。 相似文献
11.
Light extinction by atmospheric particles is strongly dependent on their chemical composition and water content. Since light extinction directly impacts climate, optical measurements of atmospherically relevant aerosols at varying relative humidities (RH) are needed. Recent studies have highlighted the possibility that some atmospheric aerosols are glassy under ambient conditions. Here, the particle optical growth factor, fRHext, was measured for liquid and glassy particles using cavity ring-down aerosol extinction spectroscopy. The particles were composed of ammonium sulfate (AS), 1,2,6-hexanetriol, sucrose, raffinose, and mixed particles containing AS and either sucrose or raffinose. Both sucrose and raffinose can be glassy at room temperature. For the pure organics, the highly viscous sucrose and raffinose particles have similar optical growth curves to the liquid 1,2,6 hexanetriol particles. However, for particles composed of sucrose or raffinose mixed with AS, optical growth depends on the AS weight-percent, which in turn controls the phase state of the AS and ultimately the water uptake. 相似文献
12.
Consideration of sources and growth dynamics of aerosols has led to the conclusion that there may be a distribution or variation of chemical composition and physical structure among atmospheric aerosol particles as a function of size, and within a narrow size range as well. A mathematical representation of these particle properties in terms of an additional dimension to the number size distribution is described. Examples of the relevance of this aspect of aerosol characterization for physical and chemical processes in the atmosphere are discussed. A review of the available techniques shows that several methods are available which can and have provided quantitative results on the distribution of particle properties. Examples of data from the literature have been selected and are presented as three-dimensional distributions illustrating the wide range of particle properties which may exist in narrow size intervals. An evaluation of these results reiterates the value of taking the distribution of particle properties in the atmosphere into account for sampling and modeling purposes. 相似文献
13.
Karine Sellegri Paolo Villani David Picard Regis Dupuy Colin O'Dowd Paolo Laj 《Atmospheric Research》2008,90(2-4):272-ICNAA07
The hygroscopic growth factor (HGF) of 85 nm and 20 nm marine aerosol particles was measured during January 2006 for a three-week period within the frame of the EU FP6 project MAP (Marine Aerosol Production) winter campaign at the coastal site of Mace Head, using the TDMA technique. The results are compared to aerosol particles produced in a simulation tank by bubbling air through sea water sampled near the station, and through synthetic sea water (inorganic salts). This simulation is assimilated to primary production. Aitken and mode particles (20 nm) and accumulation mode particles (85 nm) both show HGF of 1.92 and 2.01 for particles generated through bubbling in natural and artificial sea water respectively. In the Aitken mode, the marine particles sampled in the atmosphere shows a monomodal HGF slightly lower than the one measured for sea salt particles artificially produced by bubble bursting in natural sea water (HGF = 1.83). This is also the case for the more hygroscopic mode of accumulation mode particles. In addition, the HGF of 85 nm particles observed in the atmosphere during clean marine sectors exhibits half of its population with a 1.4 HGF. An external mixture of the accumulation mode marine particles indicates a secondary source of this size of particles, a partial processing during transport, or an inhomogeneity of the sea water composition. A gentle 90 °C thermo-desorption results in a significant decrease of the number fraction of moderately hygroscopic (HGF = 1.4) particles in the accumulation mode to the benefit of the seasalt mode, pointing to the presence of semi-volatile compounds with pronounced hydrophobic properties. The thermo-desorption has no effect on the HGF of bubble generated aerosols, neither for synthetic or natural sea water, nor on the atmospheric Aitken mode, indicating that these hydrophobic compounds are secondarily integrated in the particulate phase. No difference between night and day samples is observed on the natural marine aerosols regarding hygroscopicity, but a more pronounced sensitivity to volatilization of the 1.4 HGF mode in the accumulation mode is observed during the day. 相似文献
14.
Stefaan Hoornaert Ricardo Henrique Moreton Godoi René Van Grieken 《Journal of Atmospheric Chemistry》2003,46(3):271-293
In the framework of the 2nd Aerosol Characterization Experiment (ACE-2), in June and July 1997, size segregated samples were collected for single particle analysis on the island of Tenerife, in both the marine boundary layer (MBL) and the free troposphere (FT), to study the characteristics of the North Atlantic aerosol. A systematic assessment was made of the aerosol under background conditions and when the environment was perturbed by European emissions and/or Saharan dust. The aerosol particles were analysed by automated and manual SEM-EDX, followed by cluster analysis to identify the different particle types and their abundance. Basing on back trajectory calculations, particle numbers and volume concentrations, different periods can be identified regarding the origin of the sampled air masses. In the FT, the air masses were classified as clean Atlantic, Saharan dust from Africa or pollution from Europe. In the MBL, air masses were classified as clean, polluted or perturbed by emissions from Europe. For both the FT and MBL samples, the main changes in chemical composition were observed between the fine and coarse mode aerosol. The FT fine mode aerosol is dominated by S-poor aluminosilicates (62%) in the event of the dust samples or sulphates, carbonaceous particles (20%) and S-rich aluminosilicates (46%) in the polluted samples. For the larger fractions, a strong decreasing trend was observed for the sulphates (less than 20%) and carbonaceous particles (10%) in the polluted samples. The MBL fine mode was completely dominated by S-rich particles (polluted 55% and perturbed 59%), and to a lesser extent, carbonaceous and aged sea salt particles. In the coarse mode, the polluted air mass is dominated by sea salt particles (62%). Contrary to the fine fraction, the polluted air mass in the coarse fraction contained 5.3% of S-rich particles. The combined interpretation of the data from the analysis of size-fractioned particles and the calculated backward trajectories for air masses coming from Europe, Africa and the Atlantic, results in better insights on aerosol chemistry, especially for the comparison of the particle composition in the FT and the MBL. 相似文献
15.
The change of the chemical composition of the near-ground level atmospheric aerosol was studied during two summer episodes by a Lagrangian type of experimental approach. Bulk and single-particle chemical analyses of ions and elements in the particulate phase were deployed. N(-III) and N(V) components were also measured in the gas-phase. The measurements were completed by particle size distributions.Secondary inorganic aerosols (SIA) and fine particles of ≈0.2–0.4 μm size were still elevated 50 km downwind of the city. The direct comparison of transport over the city in contrast to transport over the surrounding areas showed that SIA was formed from emission from the city within less than 3 h. Relative increases, i.e., enrichment during transport were observed for primary and secondary aerosol components. The degree of mixing on the individual particle level increased significantly during transport in the area. In particular, newly emitted carbonaceous particles became internally mixed within hours with pre-existing sulphate particles. Mostly due to secondary aerosol formation the average particle size (mass median diameter) of major constituents of the aerosol was significantly decreased while being transported over 13 h. Given recent insights which link fine particles number and mass concentrations with health risks, the results suggest that rural populations in areas which frequently are located within an urban plume might run an elevated health risk relative to populations in areas not affected by urban plumes. 相似文献
16.
Primary biological aerosol particles including pollen, spores, plant debris, epithelial cells, bacteria, algae, protozoa and viruses, are an ubiquitous component of the atmospheric aerosol, they are most probably present in all size ranges. Besides their effects on air hygiene and health, biological particles play an important role in cloud physics, for example some bacteria are able to accumulate water and act as ice nuclei. To sample aerosols a two-stage-slit-impactor and a wing-impactor are used to collect particles for a following single particle analysis. The coarse particles are sampled on dyed glycerine jelly. The biological particles become stained and can be distinguished in contrast to the non-dyed particles using a light microscope.The small particles are examined in a scanning-electron-microscope equipped with an energy dispersive X-ray spectrometer after sampling on graphitic foils. Three criteria were used to characterize the particles: the morphology, the elemental composition and the behaviour during the microanalysis.With this method the size distributions of the primary biological aerosol particles were determined in an urban/rural influenced region. Considering all measurements we calculated a mean number concentration of 1.9 cm−3 of biological aerosol particles ≈30% of the total aerosol particles. The mean volume concentration was about 15% of the total volume. A model size distribution for primary biological aerosol particles was obtained by performing a non-linear fitting procedure. 相似文献
17.
2004年北京秋季大气颗粒物的化学组分和来源特征 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
2004年9月在北京城区进行了大气颗粒物采样,样品用PIXE方法进行了分析,得到了20种元素的浓度及其谱分布。并对北京颗粒物的谱分布、富集因子和来源进行了分析研究。发现K元素浓度分布呈细粒态单峰谱分布,细粒态K富集因子较高,表明了生物质燃烧的主要贡献。因子分析结果还表明,土壤尘、生物质燃烧、煤烟尘、工业源和汽车尾气排放源对秋季北京局地排放源有明显贡献。 相似文献
18.
19.
为深入认识当前人工影响天气作业中广泛使用的AgI焰剂的成冰特性, 利用电子显微镜对含AgI焰剂产生的人工冰核粒子尺度特征进行分析研究。利用环境场扫描电镜对焰剂颗粒的尺度分布和形态学特征进行研究, 利用场发射高分辨透射电镜纳米区域的X射线成分分析 (EDS) 对实验样品的颗粒结构特点和主要组成成分进行研究。实验结果表明:不同配方焰剂燃烧产生的颗粒谱分布特征有明显差异, 所取5种焰剂产生的颗粒平均谱分布, 其直径在0.02~0.50 μm之间的粒子数占98.96%, 即产生粒子绝大部分都可直接参加云内的成冰核化过程, 但其谱宽、峰值直径, 分布特征都不相同。透射电镜结果表明:焰剂颗粒的主要组成是KCl, 其表面附着AgI小颗粒, 该结构特征可能更有利于焰剂颗粒的成冰核化。利用中国气象科学研究院1 m3等温冷云室对AgI焰剂阈温对比实验表明:5种焰剂的成冰阈温在-3.5~-4.4 ℃范围内, 不同焰剂配方的阈温不同, 最大相差1 ℃。焰剂成冰核化速率主要由颗粒的大小 (均立方根直径) 决定, 同时受到谱宽、主峰位置等多种分布特征量影响, 改进配方时应综合考虑。同时, 由于高于-4.4 ℃时, 焰剂产生颗粒接触过冷水滴缺少活性, 即含AgI焰剂不适于云中较暖区的催化。 相似文献
20.
气溶胶对环境、气象和人体健康都有较大影响,这些影响与气溶胶理化特性(粒子尺度谱、化学组分、混合状态等)密切相关。为了深入研究气溶胶的环境和气候效应,发展了一套气溶胶在线综合观测系统。本文介绍了利用该系统在北京、上海、广州三个超大城市开展的综合观测实验结果。通过对比分析发现,广州气溶胶数浓度最高,其粒子尺度谱分布特征与北京特征相似,均以核模态为主,上海气溶胶数浓度则整体较低。对比三个超大城市的新粒子生成(New Particle Formation,NPF)特征发现,北京NPF的发生频率低于广州,主要由于北京地区大气中大粒径气溶胶更多,较高的碰并汇抑制了NPF的发生和发展。研究发现,观测期间北京和上海站点气溶胶的吸湿性强于广州,人为一次性排放气溶胶吸湿性较弱。气溶胶吸湿性日变化特征与人为活动、气溶胶老化程度密切相关。此外,三个超大城市中气溶胶光吸收系数的日变化特征存在明显差别,北京站点的气溶胶吸收系数呈现白天高、夜间低的特点,而广州站点气溶胶的吸收系数呈现相反的日变化趋势,这可能是由观测站周边的环境差异及大气边界层的变化特征差异造成的。 相似文献