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1.
Abrahamson and Dinniss [2000. Ball lightning caused by oxidation of nanoparticle networks from normal lightning strikes on soil. Nature 403, 519–521] proposed a theory of ball lighting in which silicon nanoparticles undergo slow oxidation and emit light. Paiva et al. [2007. Production of ball-lightning-like luminous balls by electrical discharges in silicon. Physical Review Letters 98, 048501] reported that an electric arc to silicon produced long-lasting luminous white spheres showing many characteristics of ball lightning. We show experimentally that these consist of burning molten silicon spheres with diameters in the 0.1–1 mm range. The evidence of our experiments leads us to propose that a subset of ball lightning events may consist of macro-scale molten spheres of burning metallic materials likely to be ejected from a conventional lightning strike to earth. 相似文献
2.
Peter Francis Coleman 《Journal of Atmospheric and Solar》2009,71(8-9):1001-1002
Comments are made on the ball lightning paper of Stephan and Massey [Stefan, K.D., Massey, N., 2008. Burning molten metallic sphere: One class of ball lightning? Journal of Atmospheric and Solar–Terrestrial Physics 70, 1589–1596] that describes their ‘welding drop’ theory. An alternative theory is offered based on combustion inside an atmospheric vortex. The ‘vortex fireball’ hypothesis has good explanatory capability in regard to published ball lightning properties. 相似文献
3.
Jonathan D. Hill Martin A. Uman Michael Stapleton Douglas M. Jordan Alexander M. Chebaro Christopher J. Biagi 《Journal of Atmospheric and Solar》2010,72(13):913-925
We describe attempts to create ball lightning by directing lightning, triggered from natural thunderclouds using the rocket-and-wire technique, through a variety of materials. Some of the observed phenomena have features in common with natural ball lightning or with laboratory attempts to create it: flame-like luminosity for up to 0.5 s above salt water; constant-luminosity silicon fragments falling for about 1 s under the influence of gravity; a 0.7 m region of stationary luminosity whose bottom was 0.3 m above a stainless steel surface to which arcing had occurred; and a glow for about 0.5 s above pine tree sections. 相似文献
4.
《Journal of Atmospheric and Solar》1999,61(10):745-750
ELF magnetic field measurements from 10 to 135 Hz at Arrival Heights, Antarctica, are used as a proxy measure of global cloud-to-ground lightning activity. Simultaneous hourly recordings of the atmospheric electric field on the surface of the Earth at South Pole during December 1992 make possible a detailed comparison between global cloud-to-ground lightning activity and the atmospheric electric field. Although the mean diurnal variation of the ELF magnetic field and the atmospheric electric field exhibit a remarkable similarity in shape and phase, the hourly departures from their mean diurnal variations are poorly correlated. We quantify the variability of the atmospheric electric field which can be explained by global cloud-to-ground lightning activity through linear regression analysis. To estimate an accuracy of this method, it is applied to simultaneous measurements of the ELF magnetic field at Søndrestrømfjord, Greenland, for comparison. The resulting hourly contribution of global cloud-to-ground lightning activity to the atmospheric electric field in the Antarctic during December 1992 is ∼40±10%, and the contribution of global cloud-to-ground lightning activity to hourly departures from the mean diurnal variation of the atmospheric electric field is ∼25±10%. 相似文献
5.
On the basis of the two-component measurements of the atmospheric noise electromagnetic field on the Kola Peninsula, a change
in the first Schumann resonance (SR-1) as an indicator of global lightning formation is studied depending on the level of
galactic cosmic rays (GCRs). It is found that the effect of GCRs is most evident during five months: in January and from September
to December; in this case the SR-1 intensity in 2001 was higher than the level of 2007 by a factor of 1.5 and more. This effect
almost disappears when the regime of the Northern Hemisphere changes into the summer regime. It is assumed that an increase
in the GCR intensity results in an increase in the lightning occurrence frequency; however, the probability that the power
of each lightning stroke decreases owing to an early disruption of the charge separation and accumulation processes in a thundercloud
increases; on the contrary, a decrease in the GCR intensity decreases lightning stroke occurrence frequency and simultaneously
increases the probability of accumulating a higher energy by a thundercloud and increasing the lightning power to the maximum
possible values. 相似文献
6.
利用闪电电场变化仪对空中人工引发雷电引起的电场变化进行了两站同步观测，并结合高时间分辨率的光学观测资料的分析研究，揭示了一次空中引发雷电先导物理过程的特征. 当携带金属导线的火箭上升到几百米高度时，在金属导线的上端和下端激发产生了一个双向传输的先导，当向下的负先导接近地面时，一个向上的正连接先导由地面激发，正负先导的平均传播速度为0.86×105m/s，随着向下负先导的接地，将产生一个小回击过程，而由金属导线上端激发的向上正先导的传播速度为1.1×105m/s. 相似文献
7.
Vernon Cooray Mahbubur Rahman Vladimir Rakov 《Journal of Atmospheric and Solar》2009,71(17-18):1877-1889
Different approaches are used in estimating the global production of NOx by lightning flashes, including field measurements carried out during thunderstorm conditions, theoretical studies combining the physics and chemistry of the electrical discharges, and measurements of NOx yield in laboratory sparks with subsequent extrapolation to lightning. In the latter procedure, laboratory data are extrapolated to lightning using the energy as the scaling quantity. Further, in these studies only the return strokes are considered assuming that contributions from other processes such as leaders, continuing currents, M components, and K processes are negligible. In this paper, we argue that the use of energy as the scaling quantity and omission of all lightning processes other than return strokes are not justified. First, a theory which can be used to evaluate the NOx production by electrical discharges, if the current flowing in the discharge is known, is presented. The results obtained from theory are compared with the available experimental data and a reasonable agreement is found. Numerical experiments suggest that the NOx production efficiency of electrical discharges depends not only on the energy dissipated in the discharge, but also on the shape of current waveform. Thus, the current signature, can influence extrapolation of laboratory data to lightning flashes. Second, an estimation of the NOx yield per lightning flash is made by treating the lightning flash as a composite event consisting of several discharge processes. We show that the NOx production takes place mainly in slow discharge processes such as leaders, M components, and continuing currents, with return strokes contributing only a small fraction of the total NOx. The results also show that cloud flashes are as efficient as ground flashes in NOx generation. In estimating the global NOx production by lightning flashes the most influencing parameter is the length of the lightning discharge channel inside the cloud. For the total length of channels inside the cloud of a typical ground flash of about 45 km, we estimate that the global annual production of NOx is about 4 Tg(N). 相似文献
8.
《Journal of Atmospheric and Solar》2007,69(12):1431-1446
Sprites are newly discovered optical emissions in the mesosphere over large thunderstorms. This paper is the observational summary of winter sprites in the Hokuriku area of Japan and their parent lightning in the winter of 2004/2005, by using the coordinated optical and electromagnetic (VHF and ELF) measurements in Japan. As the results of optical observations at two stations, we have found that this campaign has yielded a variety of sprite shapes; V-angle shaped structures have been often observed (25%) in addition to columnar structures familiar for us. All of the sprite events are found to be associated with CG lightning, as seen from the macroscopic information by ELF data at Moshiri. However, examining the microscopic properties of parent lightning as seen from the VHF SAFIR lightning detection network, has suggested very complicated characteristics of parent lightning discharges inducing sprites, as compared with the ELF data. One half of the sprite events are also found to be associated with CG by the SAFIR observation, but another half has yielded rather new results as compared with earlier results. Four events are definitely associated with CG and the remaining three events, inter-cloud flashes. The overall picture for Japanese winter sprites and their parent lightning discharges, is significantly different from that for the summer-time, continental sprites. This is indicative of complexity of winter lightning in the Hokuriku area of Japan and this would provide new information on the sprite generation mechanism. 相似文献
9.
A. V. Frank-Kamenetsky O. A. Troshichev V. N. Morozov G. Burns R. Corney 《Geomagnetism and Aeronomy》2006,46(3):382-388
Since 1998, the gradient of the near-Earth atmospheric electric field potential (|Ez|) has been continuously registered at Vostok Antarctic station within the scope of the joint Russian-Australian project. The data of the continuous 10-day period of fine weather in April 1998 have been selected for the following analysis. The field |Ez| behavior at Vostok station was compared with a number of lightning strokes obtained from data of the ground-based network of electromagnetic measurements. It has been found out that the average hourly values of |Ez| evidently negatively correlate with the number of intense lightning strokes. The causes of these relations are discussed. The obtained results are interpreted based on a theory of global electric circuit. 相似文献
10.
利用闪电作为辐射源来探测电离层D层是近年来国外学者研究的热点.本文基于江淮流域六站同步闪电观测站网,实现了一种利用闪电双极性窄脉冲事件（Narrow Bipolar Events,NBE）来探测电离层D层等效高度的方法.基于此方法,对两次分别发生在日出和日落阶段的雷暴分析结果显示,上述两个阶段D层反射高度变化特征呈现显著的不对称性：日出期间D层反射高度随时间线性降低速率为5.9 km/h;而日落期间D层反射高度随时间线性递增速率为8.6 km/h.综合日间太阳耀斑期间D层反射高度剧烈波动的观测事实,与日出、日落期间D层特征变化,结果表明太阳辐射电离中性大气分子的电子生成机制在日间D层电子密度变化中占主导地位.本文结果展现了利用NBE事件监测电离层D层变化特征的可行性,这一方法与基于地闪回击波形的D层探测方法结合在一起,有望把现有具有闪电事件定位和电磁波波形记录能力的闪电观测站网扩展为实时对电离层D层时空变化监测的网络. 相似文献
11.
《Journal of Atmospheric and Solar》2008,70(1):156-168
We demonstrate that narrowband measurements can be used for rudimentary ranging of cloud-to-ground lightning flashes. The system at present responds to both intra-cloud and cloud-to-ground lightning; ranging is demonstrated for a subset of flashes known to be cloud-to-ground lightning. The system uses a ferrite-core antenna with a length of about 4 cm and diameter 4 mm, and operates on a narrow band at about 1 MHz, close to the HF band (3–30 MHz). It downmixes the signal to audio frequencies and operates in a manner which is very similar to an AM radio. The system triggers on all impulses which exceed a given adjustable threshold above the ambient noise level, and records 1 s of data. Such a system was used to collect lightning-caused electromagnetic disturbances during summer 2006 in Finland. The output is compared to two scientifically verified references: a flat-plate broadband antenna measuring the vertical electric field and a commercial lightning location network giving flash location. A key aim of the system is to reduce the information to as few parameters as possible. Peak intensity and full-flash energy were used as simple parameters. It is shown that accurate flash-by-flash ranging is not possible with this method; however, it is shown that the method can be used to track clusters of ground flashes within a range of about 50–100 km with an accuracy of about 10 km. 相似文献
12.
本文为客观地评述高塔对临近区域的建筑物在防雷方面的现实影响,以某移动基站的通讯塔对其临近的养鸽场造成的雷电影响分析为例,从引雷效应、落雷几率两方面的分析论述了高塔的存在对雷击环境的改变;从空间电磁辐射、静电感应、电磁感应和瞬间电位的抬高四个方面分析了高塔对二次雷击干扰的影响;并就如何消解通信高塔对临近建筑物带来的雷电威胁,提出了在雷电防护手段上应加强的几个关键方面,得出通信高塔影响临近建筑物的防雷安全,但可以采取措施消解这种安全影响的结论。 相似文献
13.
相对已经在轨运行的极轨卫星,搭载在静止卫星上的闪电成像仪能够提供全天候、无间断的闪电探测,是目前全球卫星闪电探测的方向.本文分析云不同特性对云顶闪电信号的影响,以及云高对静止卫星闪电定位的订正分析,将对静止卫星闪电成像仪的研发及其业务化运行提供技术支撑.研究中,通过建立云中闪电传输模型,模拟云中闪电传输.由于云粒子散射,云的体积、光学厚度和形状,以及闪电在云中发生的深度,都影响云中或云间闪电信号传输到云顶的能量衰减和持续时间,其持续时间可能超过已知静止卫星闪电成像仪假设的2 ms成像积分时间间隔,这样不能保证所有的闪电信号在一帧图像内探测到.但是,云粒子散射对云顶闪电的水平位置影响不大,闪电成像仪定位的云顶闪电可代表云中或云间的闪电位置.同时,在传统静止卫星图像定位模型的基础上,建立了闪电定位的云高订正模型.根据该模型,当云顶高度为10 km,云高所引起的闪电定位最大误差达到经向0.5379°、纬向0.2273°,超过已知静止卫星闪电成像仪假设的地面探测单元大小,有必要进行订正. 相似文献
14.
Spatiotemporal characteristics of positive cloud-to-ground lightning discharges and bidirectional leader of the lightning 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
Krehbiel Paul 《中国科学D辑(英文版)》2006,49(2):212-224
The negative CG lightning discharges neutralizing negative charges in cloud usually dominate for most of thunderstorms. However, a lot of positive CG light-ning discharges often occur in the disappearing stage of thunderstorms, in the stratiform region of mesoscale convective systems and some supercells producing hail and tornado. Because the positive CG lightning discharges produce larger current of the return stroke and neutralize more charges due to the continuing currents with longer las… 相似文献
15.
本文根据重庆市地震局综合防雷改造项目的实践经验,设计适用于地震台站的防雷效能评估标准。该标准收集了重庆市21个防雷改造台站的基础资料,并对改造前后台站的观测系统运行状态、防雷关键参数、雷击情况、运维记录等数据进行分析。通过不断优化评估模型,最终利用约束条件最小二乘法获得了一套较为准确的评估公式,以正确评价台站的防雷效果与成效。该标准是对地震行业标准《DB/T 68-2017:地震台站综合防雷》在重庆地区的落实和执行,同时也是地震标准化、信息化在台站防雷方面的一次探索和尝试。标准的制定和实施还可为同类省级地震台网的防雷工作提供一套可参考的操作标准和应用实例。 相似文献
16.
J. Bošková F. Jiříček E. E. Titova T. A. Yakhnina 《Studia Geophysica et Geodaetica》1990,34(3):269-277
Summary After a fractional-hop whistler, a trace of limited frequency range with somewhat higher dispersion, markedly growing when approaching the lower cutoff frequency, is frequently observed on spectrograms of broadband VLF measurements made by satellites moving in the outer ionosphere. This phenomenon, which we have called LHR spheric, has been studied on VLF measurements made by the Interkosmos-14 satellite in the height range of 500–1700 km. The results show that LHR spherics are created by the same mechanism as LHR whistlers that sometimes appear after ducted whistlers. In this event, it is a part of the electromagnetic energy radiated by a lightning flash which, on passing trough the ionosphere, has been transformed to quasi-electrostatic resonance waves. They reach the satellite in the same way as whistler-mode waves. Transformation of a part of the energy radiated by a lightning flash to electrostatic quasi-resonance waves is possible in the ionosphere due to the scattering of the original whistler wave on small-scale turbulence. 相似文献
17.
形变台站防雷保护及接地改进 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
通过对典型形变台站遭雷害的调查,指出形变台站受雷害或干扰的途径是：（１）雷击避雷针的雷电过电压和大电流;（２）交流供电线路上的雷直击过电压与感应过电压等。在分析和归纳后针对性地提出并实践了：（１）应用半导体少长针消雷器防直击雷害;（２）建立接地地风和设计过压保护单元电路或雷击期启用ＵＰＳ以防电子设备的感应雷害;（３）对架空供电进线换用埋地金属外皮屏蔽电缆以防路线来波浸入等综合治疗措施,收到了显著的 相似文献
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Numerical simulation of the effect of lower positive charge region in thunderstorms on different types of lightning 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
Combined with the existing stochastic lightning parameterization scheme, a classic tripole charge structure in thunderstorms is assumed in the paper, and then 2-dimensional fine-resolution lighting discharge simulations are performed to quantitatively investigate the effect of lower positive charge (LPC) on different types of lightning. The results show: (1) The LPC plays a key role in generating negative cloud-to-ground (CG) flashes and inverted intra-cloud (IC) lightning, and with the increase of charge density or distribution range of LPC region, lightning type changes from positive polarity IC lightning to negative CG flashes and then to inverted IC lightning. (2) Relative to distribution range of charge regions, the magnitude of charge density of the LPC region plays a dominant role in lightning type. Only when the maximal charge density value of LPC region is within a certain range, can negative CG flashes occur, and the occurrence probability is relatively fixed. (3) In this range, the charge density and distribution range of LPC region jointly determine the occurrence of negative CG flashes, which has a linear boundary with the trigger condition of IC lightning. (4) The common effect of charge density and distribution range of the LPC region is to change the distribution of positive potential well of bottom part of thunderstorms, and inverted IC lightning occurs when the initial reference potential is close to 0 MV, and negative CG flashes occur when the initial reference potential is far less than 0 MV. 相似文献