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青海黄河源盆地早更新世以来环境演变 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
黄河源盆地位于青藏高原东北部,是黄河的源头地区,对环境和气候变化非常敏感。对黄河源盆地中的河湖相沉积物进行了孢粉分析,获得丰富的孢粉数据,结果显示孢粉组合以菊科、蒿科、藜科、禾本科、松、桦等草本和木本植物花粉为主。通过对各类植物的孢粉组合特征分析,揭示了黄河源地区早更新世以来古植被、古气候的演替和变化。其演变经历了4个阶段：第一阶段223.9～90.1万年,为森林草原环境,反映了温暖潮湿的气候;第二阶段90.1～35万年,为灌丛草原环境,反映了总体干冷的气候;第三阶段35～2.8万年,为稀树草甸草原环境,属湿润寒冷的气候;第四阶段2.8～0.8万年,为荒漠草原环境,反应干冷的气候。 相似文献
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青藏高原典型寒冻土壤对高寒生态系统变化的响应 总被引：12，自引：5，他引：7
高寒生态系统对全球变化非常敏感,以青藏高原腹地的长江黄河源区为研究区域,利用多期遥感TM数据和生态样带调查数据,提出生态综合指数方法.应用土壤结构、组成与水理特性等物理指标和土壤化学性质与养分含量指标,系统分析了青藏高原典型寒冻土壤如钙积寒性干旱土、简育寒性干旱土、草毡寒冻雏形土以及简育寒冻雏形土等对高寒生态系统变化的响应特征.结果表明:随着气候变化,主要高寒生态系统如高寒草甸、高寒草原以及高寒沼泽草甸等显著退化,寒冻土壤表层呈现明显粗粝化,草毡寒冻雏形土以及简育寒冻雏形土表层土壤细粒物质流失38.7%,土壤孔隙度和容重增加;高寒草甸土壤表层饱和导水率随综合生态指标值降低而急剧增大,当植被覆盖度<50%以后,土壤表层水分集聚现象不再存在,高寒草原土壤饱和导水率变化不明显;高寒草甸与高寒草原土壤的有机质和全氮含量均随生态指数减少而分别呈现抛物线和指数曲线形式减少.随着气候变暖和人类活动干扰的加剧,高寒草地生态系统变化将可能导致寒冻土壤环境持续退化并对高原草地碳循环产生重要的影响. 相似文献
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为明确高寒草地土壤理化特征及金属元素在有机畜牧生产中的作用,选取青藏高原中东部高山嵩草草甸、草甸化草原、温性草原三种草地类型为研究对象,分析土壤理化性质和重金属元素,并探讨其影响作用。结果表明：三种草地类型群落盖度由大到小依次是高山嵩草草甸（91%） > 草甸化草原（85%） > 温性草原（75%）,草甸化草原的物种数最多达25种,分别是高山嵩草草甸和温性草原的1.47倍和1.92倍。温性草原0~10 cm土层容重分别是高山嵩草草甸和草甸化草原的1.89倍和1.40倍,10~20 cm土层容重分别是高山嵩草草甸和草甸化草原的1.42倍和1.29倍。高山嵩草草甸土壤有机质、全氮含量最高,有机质含量分别是草甸化草原、温性草原的1.20倍和2.65倍,全氮含量分别是草甸化草原、温性草原的1.18倍和2.47倍。温性草原土壤pH值最高达8.46,分别是草甸化草原和高山嵩草草甸的1.04倍和1.10倍。总体来看,重金属元素含量在高山嵩草草甸最高,温性草原最低,草甸化草原居中。三种草地类型土壤7种重金属元素含量都在一级以内,其生态危害指数未出现强污染状况,适合构建示范区发展有机畜牧业。 相似文献
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中亚地区的地貌自中生代以来发生过两次巨变：一次是青藏高原的隆起,另一次是中生代中国东部高原及其西侧共存的中亚准平原的兴衰。青藏高原的隆起引起了全球气候和中亚环境的巨变。对此,自80年代以来开展的国际合作已经在地质学和地球物理学等研究领域取得了丰硕的成果。不过,在解释高原隆升-气候变化-剥蚀作用的相互关系方面仍存歧见。相比之下,中亚地区中生代的地貌巨变尚属新的研究课题。人们认识到,中亚地区在中侏罗世至新近纪曾存在一个准平原,而在中国东部则存在一个中生代高原。这一中生代地貌巨变引发出许多新的思考,如：为什么这一中生代准平原能保存长达150 Ma？中国东部高原是怎样形成的,又是怎样消失的？这两次地貌巨变及其相关的岩石圈动力学将是“TOPO?CENTRAL?ASIA”这一国际岩石圈计划项目的研究主题。 相似文献
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LIU Cheng LIU Ruiliang ZHOU Pengcheng LU Chun YANG Zengxin A. Mark POLLARD Peter HOMMEL MA Jian CUI Jianfeng Peter BRAY TONG Jianyi Jessica RAWSON 《《地质学报》英文版》2020,94(3):594-602
Tianshanbeilu is the largest Bronze Age site in eastern Xinjiang, China. Stretching across the entire second millennium BC, it performed a prominent role in connecting the Hexi corridor, Central China and the steppe. A further insight into the metallurgical tradition and the metal supply network is of vital importance to improve our understanding of its multi-connected nature. This paper offers a new set of chemical and isotopic data on the copper-based objects at Tianshanbeilu, including alloying elements, trace elements (impurities) and lead isotopes. Combining the concentrations of arsenic and antimony reveals that arsenic was introduced to copper partially due to the use of specific minerals tethrahedrite-tennantite. Lead isotopes demonstrate that multiple sources of copper were employed at Tianshanbeilu and a majority of them are characterized by common lead, which appears rather different from those of the Central Plains and the Hexi corridor, but highly consistent with local ores. Surprisingly, one object at Tianshanbeilu contains the well-known highly radiogenic lead. This object undoubtedly marks the westernmost boundary of the distribution of the highly radiogenic lead. We also anticipate that more lead isotopic analyses in NW China will further contribute to the study of the highly radiogenic lead in Central China. 相似文献
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藏北多格错仁红层及孢粉组合特征 总被引：6，自引：0，他引：6
青藏高原北部羌塘地块广泛出露第三纪陆相红层 ,确定这些红层及其变形的时代对认识青藏高原的形成演化过程具有非常重要的意义。 1998～ 1999年 ,INDEPTH III项目地质课题组人员 2次深入西藏可可西里地区进行科学考察 ,新发现藏北多格错仁红层 ,并在其中发现较多种属的孢粉化石。该孢粉组合反映以温带旱生草原为主体的古植被面貌。通过对青藏高原北部及邻区主要新生代盆地孢粉组合与古环境演化的对比分析 ,结合多格错仁红层上覆弱变形玄武岩 2 5～ 3 2Ma的40 Ar- 3 9Ar高精度测年资料 ,推断多格错仁红层的形成时代为晚中新世 ,多格错仁红层挤压变形所致的约 5 0 %的地壳缩短量发生在中新世末—上新世初。这些资料为建立青藏高原动力学模式提供了新的年代依据 相似文献
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青藏高原草地土壤有机碳库及其全球意义 总被引：55，自引：5，他引：50
定量分析了青藏高原各类草地0～0.65m深度范围内有机碳储量,结果表明:青藏高原总面积为1.6027×10hm2的草地有机碳量达到335.1973×108tC,其中以高原草甸土和高原草原土有机碳积累量为主,两者之和达到232.36×108tC,占全国土壤有机碳量的23.44%,是全球土壤碳库的2.4%.在有机碳储量分析的基础上,按土壤碳释放的两种主要途径:土壤呼吸作用和土地利用方式变化与草地退化,对草地土壤碳排放进行了估算,揭示出青藏高原草地土壤通过呼吸每年排放的CO2达到11.7×108tC·a-1,约占中国土壤呼吸总量的2.3%,明显高于全国乃至全球平均值;近30a来,青藏高原草地土壤由于土地利用变化和草地退化所释放的CO2估计约有30.23×108tC.保护青藏高原草地对于全球变化意义重大.定量分析了青藏高原各类草地0～0.65m深度范围内有机碳储量,结果表明:青藏高原总面积为1.6027×10hm2的草地有机碳量达到335.1973×108tC,其中以高原草甸土和高原草原土有机碳积累量为主,两者之和达到232.36×108tC,占全国土壤有机碳量的23.44%,是全球土壤碳库的2.4%.在有机碳储量分析的基础上,按土壤碳释放的两种主要途径:土壤呼吸作用和土地利用方式变化与草地退化,对草地土壤碳排放进行了估算,揭示出青藏高原草地土壤通过呼吸每年排放的CO2达到11.7×108tC·a-1,约占中国土壤呼吸总量的2.3%,明显高于全国乃至全球平均值;近30a来,青藏高原草地土壤由于土地利用变化和草地退化所释放的CO2估计约有30.23×108tC.保护青藏高原草地对于全球变化意义重大. 相似文献
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The northeastern Tibetan Plateau is located at the convergence of the Asian winter and summer monsoons and westerlies; thus, this area has witnessed historic climate changes.The Xunhua basin is an intermontane basin on the northeastern margin of the Tibetan Plateau.The basin contains more than 2000 m of Cenozoic fluvial–lacustrine sediments, recording a long history of climate and environmental changes.We collected the mid-Miocene sediments from the Xunhua basin and used palynological methods to discuss the relationship between aridification in the interior of Asia, global cooling, and uplift of the Tibetan Plateau.Based on the palynological analysis of the Xigou section, Xunhua basin, the palynological diagram is subdivided into three pollen zones and past vegetation and climate are reconstructed.Zone I, Ephedripites–Nitraridites–Chenopodipollis–Quercoidites(14.0–12.5 Ma), represents mixed shrub–steppe vegetation with a dry and cold climate.In zone II, Pinaceae–Betulaepollenites–Ephedripites–Chenopodipollis–Graminidites(12.5–8.0 Ma), the vegetation and climate conditions improved, even though the vegetation was still dominated by shrub–steppe taxa.Zone III, Ephedripites–Nitrariadites–Chenopodipollis(8.0–5.0 Ma), represents desert steppe vegetation with drier and colder climate.The palynological records suggest that shrub–steppe dominated the whole Xigou section and the content gradually increased, implying a protracted aridification process, although there was an obvious climate improvement during 12.5–8.0 Ma.The aridification in the Xunhua basin and surrounding mountains during 14.0–12.5 Ma was probably related to global cooling induced by the rapid expansion of the East Antarctic ice-sheets and the relatively higher evaporation rate.During the 12.5–8.0 Ma period, although topographic changes(uplift of Jishi Shan) decreased precipitation and strengthened aridification in the Xunhua basin on leeward slopes, the improved vegetation and climate conditions were probably controlled by the decrease in evaporation rates as a result of continuous cooling.From 8.0 to 5.0 Ma, the rapid development of the desert steppe can be attributed to global cooling and uplift of the Tibetan Plateau. 相似文献
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Through a comprehensive study of magnetostratigraphy and sedimentology of several basins in the northeastern Tibetan Plateau, we reveal that the study area mainly experienced six tectonic uplift stages at approximately 52 Ma, 34–30 Ma, 24–20 Ma, 16–12 Ma, 8–6 Ma, and 3.6–2.6 Ma. Comprehensive analyses of pollen assemblages from the Qaidam, Linxia, Xining, and West Jiuquan Basins show that the northeastern Tibetan Plateau has undergone six major changes in vegetation types and climate: 50–40 Ma for the warm-humid forest vegetation, 40–23 Ma for the warm-arid and temperate-arid forest steppe vegetation, 23–18.6 Ma for the warm-humid and temperatehumid forest vegetation, 18.6–8.5 Ma for the warm-humid and cool-humid forest steppe vegetation, 8.6–5 Ma for the temperate sub-humid savanna steppe vegetation, and 5–1.8 Ma for the cold-arid steppe vegetation. Comprehensive comparisons of tectonic uplift events inferred from sedimentary records, climatic changes inferred from pollen, and global climate changes show that in the northeastern Tibetan Plateau the climate in the Paleogene at low altitude was mainly controlled by the global climate change, while that in the Neogene interval with high altitude landscapes of mountains and basins is more controlled by altitude and morphology. 相似文献
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Regional differences in climatic change are of importance in order to establish the counter-measures for the damage by anomalous climate to agricultural production. It is not unusual for some regions to suffer floods while droughts occur in nearby regions at the same time. This paper deals mainly with the regionality of climatic change in E Asia during recent years, using the year-climate method expressed by the Köppen's system of climatic classification. Occurrence frequencies of BW, BS, Cf, Cw, Dwa, Dwb, and Dwc-type showed striking regionalities, which were obtained from the data at the 134 observatories over E Asia during the period from 1951 to 1970. The distribution of climatic types in each year shows various tendencies: Wet and cold as in 1954 and 1957 shows a pattern in which the boundary between C-type and D-type runs south and the Cfa-zone is broad, extending from middle E China to SW Japan. In contrast, in dry and warm years like 1965, the Dwa regions disappear in the N of E China and the BS region is located just north of the Cwa region, which is distributed broadly from China to Japan. Occurrence frequencies of year climate during the last 100 years were calculated for the 4 stations: Hong Kong, Manila, Shanghai and Tokyo. The results were compared with the distribution types of winter temperature and summer precipitation in China. It seems that the precipitation conditions in summer were reversed between the Philippines and China. Summarizing the results obtained, a schema of the regionality of climatic fluctuation in E and SE Asia was given in relation to the upper air streams. The position of the subtropical jet stream in winter shows a close relationship to the N limit of the Aw and Am year climate regions and in summer with the S limit of Dw region in NE China and North Korea. The Cw and Cf year climate regions in E Asia are located roughly in the regions bounded by the axes of subtropical jet streams in winter and in summer. The Dw year climate region in the E of the Tibetan Plateau reflects the altitudinal effect of the Cw climate of SE China. The N of E China has the variable BS year climate, which may related to the summer and winter jet stream conditions. Finally, the interannual change of the agricultural production index was dealt with in relation to the occurrence frequency of year climate types over E Asia during the years 1967–1970. As far as this period is concerned, the drier conditions are more effective than the wetter conditions in reducing agricultural production. 相似文献
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1961-2012年中国5类主要冰冻天气的气候及变化特征 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
利用1960/1961-2011/2012年中国有冰冻天气观测且序列完整的1 600多站逐日冰冻现象数据, 研究了中国地区冰冻天气的时空气候变化特征. 结果表明: 年平均霜日数超过180天的地区主要分布在青藏高原东北部、天山、大-小兴安岭一带. 霜日数在我国中北部和青藏高原地区以增加趋势为主, 长江流域及其以南地区为减少趋势. 全国平均的霜日数为显著增长趋势, 超过0.05的显著性水平, 线性增长率达到2.03 d·(10a)-1, 霜日发生频率增强; 年平均积雪日数超过90 d的地区分布在青藏高原东北部、天山、大-小兴安岭一带. 积雪日数无明显时间变化趋势; 年平均结冰日数超过210 d的地区分布在青藏高原、大兴安岭及天山部分地区. 结冰日数全国范围以减少趋势为主. 全国平均结冰日数有明显的年代际变化趋势, 1980-1990年为结冰日数最多年份; 年平均雾凇日数超过30 d的地区主要在天山地区、大兴安岭地区以及四川峨眉山. 雾凇日数以减少趋势为主, 长江中下游部分地区有增加趋势. 全国平均雾凇日数有显著减少趋势, 超过0.01的显著性水平, 线性递减率达到0.60 d·(10a)-1; 年平均雨凇日数主要分布在南方云贵高原地区以及长江中下游地区的一些高山区域. 雨凇日数在华北平原地区以减少趋势为主, 长江中下游地区部分站点有增加趋势. 全国平均雨凇日数随时间有弱的增加趋势. 相似文献
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Hui Wang Xiaolei Zhou Changgui Wan Hua Fu Feng Zhang Jizhou Ren 《Environmental Geology》2008,55(5):1135-1147
The regional hydrology and ecosystems of the northeastern margin of the Qinghai–Tibetan Plateau have changed over the past
40 years driven by intense human activity and regional climate changes. Annual mean air temperature has increased in the region.
Streamflow from the northeastern margin of the Qinghai–Tibetan Plateau has decreased significantly. Overall, a number of Alpine
step meadows and Alpine frigid meadows have seriously degraded. Degeneration of vegetation and grassland led to desertification
and frequently induced dust storms. With the continuous increase in cultivated land area, grassland area in the region has
dropped significantly since the 1960s. At present, degraded grassland occupies about 83% of total usable grassland area. As
the number of livestock increased, range condition deteriorated and the carrying capacity was reduced. The forest area in
the northeastern margin of the Qinghai–Tibetan Plateau has decreased by 20%, and the local ecosystem has become very fragile.
Given the relatively stable weather conditions, the northeastern margin of the Qinghai–Tibetan Plateau can be characterized
by its three major ecosystems: grassland ecosystem, forest ecosystem and wetland ecosystem, which are crucial in maintaining
the ecological stability. Changes in these ecosystems could influence sustainable development in the region. To avoid further
deterioration of the environment and ecosystems, it is important to establish and implement ecosystem protection planning.
Some effective measures are essential in this respect, including technical and political considerations. 相似文献
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三叠系沉积物广泛覆盖青藏高原东北缘,其中松潘—甘孜地区三叠系的沉积物得到了较系统的研究,但是青藏高原北缘的祁连山三叠系盆地的研究却较为缺乏。为了丰富相关研究和揭示区域构造演化的特点,通过古水流方向统计、砂岩中碎屑矿物统计和碎屑锆石U-Pb测年等方法对祁连山三叠纪盆地物源进行系统研究。结果表明,祁连山三叠系盆地的古流向主要有南东向、正南向、南西向,物源来自岩浆弧和大规模褶皱造山作用的混合区。祁连山三叠系砂岩中的碎屑锆石的年龄谱主要峰值集中在250~290 Ma、360~460 Ma、1 600~2 000 Ma和2 200~2 600 Ma这4个年龄段。通过对比分析华北板块、华南板块中和秦祁昆中央造山带中岩浆锆石年龄谱特征可知:1 600~2 000 Ma和2 200~2 600 Ma年龄段的锆石来自华北板块,360~460 Ma年龄段的锆石来自北祁连造山带,250~290 Ma年龄段的锆石来自东昆仑的火山岛弧。此外,600~1 000 Ma年龄段锆石很少,这些锆石来自扬子板块,表明在三叠纪扬子克拉通和华北克拉通发生碰撞形成了秦岭造山带,阻断了来自扬子克拉通的物源。 相似文献
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Grasslands account for 40 % of the Chinese land area. About 80 % of the total grasslands are in the northern temperate zone. These grassland ecosystems provide goods and services to the local people and play an important role in the global carbon cycle. Remote sensing and ecosystem modeling approaches have been used to quantify the carbon budget of these grasslands. However, the intensive site measurements and meteorological data acquired in these ecosystems in the last few decades have not been adequately used to improve ecosystem model capabilities, in turn, better quantify their carbon budget. In this study an effort was made to examine the carbon budget and its spatial–temporal variation of the temperate grasslands in China from 1951 to 2007 using a process-based biogeochemistry model. It was found that the regional grasslands acted as a small carbon sink at 11.25 g C m?2 year?1 in the study area of 64.96 million hectares with a high inter-annual variability ranging from ?124 to 122.7 g C m?2 year?1 during the study period. As a result, the temperate grasslands sequestered about 410 Tg C in their vegetation and soils during the study period. The carbon sink occurred in typical steppe in central Inner Mongolia within the 300–400 mm rainfall zone and forest steppe in central and western China. By contrast, forest steppe in northeastern China mainly acted as a carbon source. Three major ecosystem types of forest steppe, typical steppe and desert steppe account for 54, 34, and 12 % of the total sink (7.3 Tg C year?1) during 1951–2007, respectively. Soil moisture and evapotranspiration had a dominant effect on carbon budget in the typical steppe and the forest steppe while both water conditions and nitrogen mineralization rate were the major factors in the desert steppe. At a decadal scale, the air temperature significantly increased by 0.4 °C and annual precipitation insignificantly decreased by 0.2 mm; the regional carbon sink increased by 2.2 Tg C per decade during the period 1951–2007. However, further sensitivity analysis suggests that the sink of temperate grasslands will be reduced if the climate gets warmer and drier during this century since the increasing net primary production does not keep up with the increase of heterotrophic respiration. 相似文献
17.
《International Geology Review》2012,54(7):571-586
This paper summaries tectonic settings and mineral parageneses of several recognized ultrahigh-pressure (UHP) terranes other than the well-studied Kokchetav Massif of northern Kazakhstan, the Western Gneiss Region of Norway, the Dora-Maira massif of the Western Alps, and the Dabie-Sulu terrane of east-central China. Diamond-bearing terranes include the Beni Bousera/Ronda peridotite massif, the Erzgebirge Crystalline Complex, mantle peridotite from a Tibetan ophiolite, and possibly the Maksyutov Complex. Coesite-bearing UHP terranes are the Zermatt-Saas area, Western Alps; the Mali eclogites from West Africa; the Makabal complex of western Tien Shan; the Bohemian massif; and the newly reported Central Indonesia terrane and Himalayan eclogites from the upper Kaghan Valley of Pakistan. Except for the diamond-bearing Tibetan ophiolite, most UHP terranes share similar petrotectonic assemblages and lie within major continental collision belts in Eurasia and Africa. Using new approaches (including new geobarometers) and technologies, additional UHP terranes are expected to be recognized in other Phanenorozic orogenic sutures. 相似文献
18.
Responses of typical grasslands in a semi-arid basin on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau to climate change and disturbances 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Alpine grassland ecosystems on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau (QTP) are vulnerable to climate change and anthropogenic disturbances, which may have significant effects on the QTP’s carbon budgets. In this study, vegetation and soil characteristics were compared among alpine grassland ecosystems in a semi-arid basin on the northeast ridge of the QTP (1) among alpine swamp meadow, meadow, steppe meadow and steppe soils, which represent the direction of succession under climate-warming conditions, and (2) among alpine, degraded and tilled meadow soils to investigate the effects of human disturbance. The results showed that (1) if the alpine grassland ecosystems succeed in this direction, climate warming will cause a loss of carbon, and (2) tilling activity also results in carbon loss. Therefore, these results indicate that anthropogenic disturbance regimes that change more rapidly than climate may exert a more profound influence on carbon dynamics and balance. However, the plots that were set in the present study represented only part of the basin due to road accessibility. Relationships between leaf area index (biomass and soil carbon) and fractional vegetation cover × vegetation height from this study are fairly good, which can be applied at regional scale to estimate carbon pools. In combination with detailed information of grassland types, climate and human activities, the effects of climate change and disturbances can be estimated using remote sensing datasets. 相似文献
19.
Fazel Amiri Abdul Rashid bin Mohamed Shariff Taybeh Tabatabaie Biswajeet Pradhan 《Arabian Journal of Geosciences》2014,7(3):1101-1114
Extensive livestock grazing even in unsuitable land has increasingly grown in most parts of semi-arid rangeland. Therefore, it is of paramount importance to identify suitable land for livestock grazing for optimum utilization while causing minimum impact to the environment. This paper adapted the schematic model based on the concepts presented by the Food and Agriculture Organization of suitability analysis for optimal grazing management in semi-arid rangeland in Iran. Factors affecting extensive grazing were determined and incorporated into the model. Semi-arid rangeland with variable such as climate and other agents were examined for common types of animal grazing and the advantages and limitations were elicited. Many ecosystem components affect land suitability for livestock grazing but due to time and funding restrictions, the most important and feasible elements were investigated. Within the model parameters, three submodels including water accessibility source, forage production, and erosion sensitivity were considered. Suitable areas at four levels of suitability were determined using geographic information systems. This suitability modeling approach was adopted due to its simplicity and the minimal time required for transforming and analyzing datasets. The most important reducing factors in model suitability were found to be: (a) land use and vegetation cover (in relation to soil erosion sensitivity), (b) the amount of the available forage in comparison with the total production, and (c) the existence of less palatability plants among the pasture plant species (forage production suitability). The results of the study would be beneficial to rangeland managers in devising measures more wisely to cope with the limitations and enhance the health and productivity of the rangelands. 相似文献
20.
根据实地考察和相关参考资料,运用历史文献和统计分析的方法,对托木尔峰国家级自然保护区垂直自然带景观特征进行分析,结果显示：对托木尔峰自然保护区垂直自然带的形成,地形地貌因素起着主导作用,纬度起着次要作用,受地形地貌因素制约的水热条件是形成各垂直自然带景观特征的最重要的物质和能量来源,随着水热条件的垂直变化,从低山带至高山带有规律的出现暖温带荒漠带、温带荒漠草原带、山地草原带、亚高山草甸带、高山草甸带、高山垫状植被带和高山冰雪带.东西走向的天山山脉,南北向深切的冰川和流水地貌,对来自北大西洋和北冰洋的湿润气流起了显著地屏障作用,致使托木尔峰南、北坡具有不同的气候特点,南坡形成了暖温带半干旱和干旱气候.自然景观以温带荒漠、荒漠草原和草原为主,植物种类贫乏,具有耐旱特点,随着海拔高度的增加,植物的荒漠成分逐渐减少,草原和草甸成分逐渐增加,土壤的有机质含量提高,碳酸盐的淋溶作用增强. 相似文献