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1.
The Simplon Fault Zone is a late-collisional low-angle normal fault (LANF) of the Western Alps. The hanging wall shows evidence of brittle deformation only, while the footwall is characterized by a c. 1 km-thick shear zone (the Simplon Fault Zone), which continuously evolved, during exhumation and cooling, from amphibolite facies conditions to brittle-cataclastic deformations. Due to progressive localization of the active section of the shear zone, the thermal-rheological evolution of the footwall resulted in a layered structure, with higher temperature mylonites preserved at the periphery of the shear zone, and cataclasites occurring at the core (indicated as the Simplon Line). In order to investigate the weakness of the Simplon Line, we studied the evolution of brittle/cataclastic fault rocks, from nucleation to the most mature ones. Cataclasites are superposed on greenschist facies mylonites, and their nucleation can be studied at the periphery of the brittle fault zone. This is characterized by fractures, micro-faults and foliated ultracataclasite seams that develop along the mylonitic SCC′ fabric, exploiting the weak phases mainly represented by muscovite and chlorite. Approaching the fault core, both the thickness and frequency of cataclasite horizons increase, and, as their thickness increases, they become less and less foliated. The fault core itself is represented by a thicker non-foliated cataclasite horizon. No Andersonian faults or fractures can be found in the footwall damage zone and core zone, whilst they are present in the hanging wall and in the footwall further from the fault. Applying a stress model based on slip tendency, we have been able to calculate that the friction coefficient of the Simplon Line cataclasites was <0.25, hence this fault zone is absolutely weak. In contrast with other fault zones, the weakening effect of fluids was of secondary importance, since they accessed the fault zone only after an interconnected fracture network developed exploiting the cataclasite network. 相似文献
2.
Quaternary and directly underlying Late Miocene (Pannonian) outcrops were analysed by structural, tectono-morphologic and sedimentologic methods to describe the main fault directions, to separate mass movements from faulting and folding and to separate earthquake-induced sediment deformations from other (e.g. periglacial) effects in the Somogy Hills. This is a gentle hilly area elevated at 200–300 m above sea level, located immediately south of Lake Balaton, Hungary.
Quaternary outcrops showed several consistent directions of faulting, and co-depositional seismic activity. Three different Mohr-sets of faults/joints could be differentiated in Quaternary sediments. The three sets are considered Late Quaternary since all cut young loess sections and have morphological expressions.
On the basis of the microtectonic measurements and morphotectonic investigations, the following sequence of Quaternary events can be proposed:
1. A (W)NW–(E)SE compression and perpendicular extension would create E–W to WNW–ESE oriented right lateral, NNW–SSE to N–S oriented left lateral shear zones, and NW–SE striking normal faults. Some of these can be evidenced in morphology and among the individual fault measurements. Some reactivated faults might suggest that this field is a relatively older one, but fresh topographic elements suggest that this stress field might be operational sub-recently.
2. A second stress field with NNW–SSE extensional and ENE–WSW oriented compressional directions could be separated. This stress field could create NNE–SSW and NW–SE oriented shear fractures and ENE–WSW oriented conjugate normal faults. Flat thrusts giving ENE directed shear may also be active under this field.
3. A third stress field might be proposed with N–S compression and perpendicular extension directions. This would create NE–SW and NW–SE oriented shear fractures, which are observed in the measured fault data. It is remarkable that the NE–SW faults are all steep, subvertical, and give a very well defined fault set. Based on the fresh topographic expression, this stress field is also sub-recent.
The different sub-recent stress fields and related fault patterns might succeed each other or might alternate through time. The first and third deformations have fresh topographic expressions and cannot play synchronously. The observed features suggest a compressionally active neotectonics of the study area. 相似文献
3.
Fault-valve behaviour in optimally oriented shear zones: an example at the Revenge gold mine, Kambalda, Western Australia 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Phung T Nguyen Lyal B Harris Chris McA Powell Stephen F Cox 《Journal of Structural Geology》1998,20(12):1625-1640
Quartz vein systems developed in and adjacent to shear zones host major gold deposits in the Kambalda region of the Norseman–Wiluna greenstone belt. At the Revenge Mine, two groups of mineralised reverse shear zones formed as conjugate, near-optimally oriented sets during ESE subhorizontal shortening adjacent to a major transpressional shear system. The shear zones developed at temperatures of about 400°C in a transitional brittle–ductile regime. Deformation was associated with high fluid fluxes and involved fault-valve behaviour at transiently near-lithostatic fluid pressures. During progressive evolution of the shear system, early brittle and ductile deformation was overprinted by predominantly brittle deformation. Brittle shear failure was associated with fault dilation and the formation of fault-fill veins, particularly at fault bends and jogs. A transition from predominantly brittle shear failure to combined shear along faults and extension failure adjacent to faults occurred late during shear zone evolution and is interpreted as a response to a progressive decrease in maximum shear stress and a decrease in effective stresses. The formation of subhorizontal stylolites, locally subvertical extension veins and minor normal faults in association with thrust faulting, indicates episodic or transient reorientation of the near-field maximum principal stress from a subhorizontal to a near-vertical attitude during some fault-valve cycles. Local stress re-orientation is interpreted as resulting from near-total shear stress release and overshoot during some rupture events. Previously described fault-valve systems have formed predominantly in severely misoriented faults. The shear systems at Revenge Mine indicate that fault-valve action, and associated fluctuations in shear stress and fluid pressure, can influence the mechanical behaviour of optimally-oriented faults. 相似文献
4.
Active tectonism in the central Alps: contrasting stress regimes north and south of the Rhone Valley
An integrated interpretation of seismicity, fault plane solutions and deep seismic reflection data suggests that the NE–SW to NW–SE trending Rhone–Simplon fault zone and the gently S-dipping basal Penninic thrust separate fundamentally different stress regimes in the western Swiss Alps. North of the Rhone-Simplon fault zone, strike-slip earthquakes on steep-dipping faults within the Helvetic nappes are a consequence of regional NW–SE compression and NE–SW extension. To the south, vertical maximum stress and N–S extension are responsible for normal mechanism earthquakes that occur entirely within the Penninic nappes above the basal Penninic thrust. Such normal faulting likely results from extension associated with southward movements (collapse) of the Penninic nappes and/or continued uplift and relative northward displacements of the underlying Alpine massifs. Geological mapping and fission-track dating suggest that the two distinct stress regimes have controlled tectonism in the western Swiss Alps since at least the Neogene. 相似文献
5.
通过汶川地震震区大量的实地考察已证实沿着早先活动断裂主要发育了两条地表破裂带：一条是沿着映秀－北川断裂产生的逆冲伴随右旋走滑破裂带,长275km,最大垂直位移达11m,水平位移达12m; 另一条纯逆冲性质的破裂带,沿着灌县－安县断裂发育,最大垂直位移达4m。活动断裂之上的地表破裂带是野外工作中确定地震断裂性质的重要现象。另外,在活动断裂相邻区域和远离区域的路面以及建筑体还大量存在变形现象。通常沿活动断裂产生的地表破裂是典型的同震破裂,相邻区域的地表路面及建筑体发育的变形属于次生变形,远离区域发育的变形则属于震后变形。对次生变形和震后变形测量数据的应用容易影响活动断裂特征的确定和性质的判断,因为路面等建筑体上的挤压拱起、叠置以及水平错断等现象多是受到地震过程中通过断裂活动突然释放的巨大能量作用在局部地表建筑体产生的变形。但是,分布广泛的挤压现象暗示了区域上挤压应力场环境,有利于地表同震破裂位置的推测及地震断裂性质的判断。 相似文献
6.
ZHANG Yueqiao Institute of Geomechanics Chinese Academy of Geology Beijing ChinaPierre Vergely Jacques-Louis Mercier URA-CNRS: Geophysique et Geodynamique Interne Universite de Parie-Su Bdtment F- Orsay-Cedex France WANG Yongmin ZHANG Yong HUANG DezhiInstitute of Geology Bureau of Geology Mineral Resouces of Anhui Province Hefei China 《《地质学报》英文版》1999,73(3):264-274
Since the mid-late Eocene, North China has been subjected to extensional stress, resulting in the formation and development of basins. The dynamic origin of this crustal extension has long been an issue of debate. This paper presents the results of kinematic analyses of faults obtained from two seperated areas in North China. In the Weihe graben situated on the southernmost margin of the Ordos block, analyses of fault kinematics were coupled with an analysis of the basin's subsidence history. Three successive extensional tectonic phases accompaning the basin's formation and development have been distinguished. The Palaeogene extension was oriented in a WNW-ESE direction; the Neogene extension in a NE-SW direction and the Pliocene-Quaternary extension in a NW-SE direction. Such changes have also been recorded by fault kinematics along the southern Tanlu fault zone. This has been demonstrated by three successive sets of fault striations indicating normal dip slip resulting from NW-SE extension, then left- 相似文献
7.
《Journal of South American Earth Sciences》2007,23(2-3):256-268
Palaeostress results derived from brittle mesoscopic structures on Deception Island (Bransfield Trough, Western Antarctica) show a recent stress field characterized by an extensional regime, with local compressional stress states. The maximum horizontal stress (σy) shows NW–SE and NNE–SSW to NE–SW orientations and horizontal extension (σ3) in NE–SW and WNW–ESE to NW–SE directions. Alignments of mesofractures show a maximum of NNE–SSW orientation and several relative maxima striking N030-050E, N060-080E, N110-120E, and N160-170E. Subaerial and submarine macrofaults of Deception Island show six main systems controlling the morphology of the island: N–S, NNE–SSW, NE–SW, ENE–WSW to E–W, WNW–ESE, and NNW–SSE. Geochemical patterns related to submarine hydrothermally influenced fault and fissure pathways also share the same trends. The orientation of these fault systems is compared to Riedel shear fractures. Following this model, we propose two evolutionary stages from geometrical relationships between the location and orientation of joints and faults. These stages imply a counter-clockwise rotation of Deception Island, which may be linked to a regional left-lateral strike-slip. In addition, the simple shear zone could be a response to oblique convergence between the Antarctic and Pacific plates. This stress direction is consistent with the present-day movements between the Antarctic, Scotia, and Pacific plates. Nevertheless, present basalt-andesitic volcanism and deep earthquake focal mechanisms may indicate rollback of the former Phoenix subducted slab, which is presently amalgamated with the Pacific plate. We postulate that both mechanisms could occur simultaneously. 相似文献
8.
在滇中香炉山引水隧洞工程区活动断裂部位开展了八个钻孔的水压致裂原地应力测试工作。结果显示工程区应力状态以水平应力为主导,龙蟠-乔后断裂和丽江-剑川断裂部位均为走滑应力状态,鹤庆-洱源断裂西支为走滑应力状态,南段为逆冲应力状态。从应力累积的角度分析,测深范围内三条活动断裂大部分测点实测最大主应力值未超过使断层产生滑动失稳的临界值。地应力测试获得的最大主应力优势方位NNE-NE向与利用该地区震源机制解反演得到的现今构造应力场主压应力方位NEE向存在差异,说明地应力测试结果在一定程度上受到了断层活动性的影响。考虑活动断裂形变和力学属性的多个指标参数,对活动断裂影响程度的Fuzzy-Grey模糊综合评价表明龙蟠-乔后断裂对香炉山隧洞工程的影响较弱,丽江-剑川断裂的影响程度最强,需引起重视。 相似文献
9.
断裂带构造岩的方解石组构综合分析,可以推断构造活动的应力场方位,利用e双晶的C—T(C—压应力轴,T—张应力轴)图解推断古应力的方位,已为众多的地质学家在实践中引用。云南白秧坪东矿区推覆构造的华昌山断裂带和水磨房断裂带,是矿区的主要控矿构造,其构造岩的方解石及e双晶极点组构均显示点极密加环带的型式,大部分发育近岩组坐标c轴的光轴极密,代表光轴方向的压力导致沿岩组坐标ab面滑动;在C—T应力系统中,显示华昌山、水磨房断裂带晚期较强烈活动的应力场方位,主压应力方向为SE-NW向,主张应力方向为NE-SW向,断层以左旋运动为主;华昌山断裂带SE盘往NW方向逆冲,水磨房断裂带则由NW往SE方向反冲,与野外宏观构造分析吻合。 相似文献
10.
U. Ring 《International Journal of Earth Sciences》1995,84(3):607-625
The results of a lithostratigraphic, tectonic and kinematic study of the Karoo deposits of northern Malawi are reported. The objective of the lithostratigraphic study is to correlate the deposits of the Karoo basins of northern Malawi with the well-known deposits of southern Tanzania, thus establishing a stratigraphic framework through which the timing of faulting can be constrained. The kinematic analysis of faulting constrains the opening direction for the Karoo graben in this area and provides basic data to discuss the Karoo graben development within the regional tectonic framework of south-eastern Africa. The studied adults are defined by moderately to steeply dipping cataclastic zones with a width of up to 15 m and are characterized by an array of slickensided fault surfaces with different orientations and slip directions. In this study, small faults (offset < 10 m) and meso-scale faults (offset > 10 m, but generally not exceeding 30–40 m) have been distinguished. Methods used to analyse the kinematic data include the ‘pressure tension’ (PT) method, which estimates the principal axes for the bulk brittle strain, and the internal rotation axis (IRA) method, which estimates the axis of bulk internal rotation and the overall sense of slip at the faults. A mass balance calculation reveals a volume increase of up to 16% during cataclastic deformation in the fault zones. The PT method shows an approximately east trending extension direction for faults that occur only in the latest Carboniferous (?) and Early Permian strata, whereas the fault kinematics from faults that cut middle Permian to Early Triassic rocks is characterized by a ESE to SE trending extension direction. The small faults yield essentially the same kinematic results as the meso-scale faults. In a transport-parallel cross-sectional view, the principal extension axes are at an acute angle of approximately 60° to the major fault planes. Given the moderate fault density, the relatively high angle between the orientation of the principal extension axis and the fault planes suggest only a moderate amount of horizontal extension across the Karoo graben of northern Malawi. Riedel structures in the fault zones formed within two conjugate sets of localized shear zones; slip on one set was top to the W/NW and, on the other, top to the E/SE. The two conjugate sets of Riedel structures have an acute angle about the regional shortening axes, implying that no pronounced rotation of the strain axes occurred. The internal rotation axes for the Riedel structures reveal a largely bimodal distribution and inferred weakly monoclinic to orthorhombic symmetry. Therefore the overall deformation during Karoo rifting in northern Malawi is interpreted to be close to a coaxial deformation with a limited amount of horizontal extension.[/p] 相似文献
11.
Due to the important control on basin formation and hydrocarbon accumulation, boundary faults have always been the focus of attention in the study of rift basins. However, researches on boundary fault migration in the rift basins have not been reported yet. On the basis of structural analysis of 3D seismic data in the Nanpu Sag, faulting model of pre-existing weaknesses regional tectonic stress field results, and the latest exploration achievements in the Jidong Oilfield, the northern boundary faults in the Nanpu Sag were systematically analyzed. A new model of boundary fault (Boundary faults migration model) is proposed. The results show that: (1) in the rifting stage, with the evolution of tectonic stress field, the northern boundary faults are continuously migrating; (2) the No.5 fault is the northern boundary fault in E2s3 era in the west side of the sag, and the Gaoliu fault is the northern boundary fault in E3d1-2 era in the middle of the sag; (3) the change of stress field (the extension direction) in the rifting stage is the primary cause for the boundary fault migration in the rift basin. Considering that the change of extension direction during 40-38 Ma involves almost all the Cenozoic rift basins in the eastern and southern China, the model of boundary fault migration is expected to have useful implication for fine structural interpretation and oil and gas exploration of the rifted basins in the east and south of China. © 2018, Science Press. All right reserved. 相似文献
12.
构造因素分析是成矿过程分析的基本要素之一。本文通过对各古构造层中发育的共轭剪节理和褶皱测量统计,恢复了本区白垩纪以来的各期古构造应力场,发现各期古构造应力场的中间主应力轴均为近水平状态,其中建德期最大主压应力方向为NW向,衢江期最大主压应力方向为NNE向,始新世–渐新世期最大主压应力方向为近EW向。指出本区球川–萧山断裂等NE向区域大断裂构造开启的期次,决定了成矿期次,开启的时间决定了铀矿形成的年龄,其开启时序明显受古构造应力场发展演化控制。建德期晚期,随着NW向挤压应力场转为应力松弛状态,区域大断裂处于开启状态,火山喷发期后的深部含矿流体沿区域大断裂向上运移,形成了本区早期铀成矿(125~115 Ma),衢江期NNE向挤压构造应力场使本区区域大断裂再次开启,带来了深部成矿流体,形成了第二期铀成矿(90~70.2 Ma),两期铀成矿叠加最终形成了本区的铀矿化定位。 相似文献
13.
N. V. Koronovsky G. N. Gogonenkov M. A. Goncharov A. I. Timurziev N. S. Frolova 《Geotectonics》2009,43(5):379-391
An unusual structural paragenesis, complicated by brachyanticlines, is revealed for the first time in the sedimentary cover
of the West Siberian Plate by 3D seismic surveying. These are linear (in plan view) systems of en-echelon arranged low-amplitude
normal faults related to wrench faults in the basement. On different sides off a wrench fault, the planes of normal faults
dip in opposite directions, forming a helicoidal structure that resembles the blades of a propeller. In the section parallel
to the wrench fault, the boundaries of the beds and normal fault planes dip in opposite directions as well. In the section
across the strike of the normal faults converging toward the basement, the beds take the shape of an antiform with a crest
sagged along the normal faults (flower structure). This structural assembly was formed as a result of interference of stress
fields of horizontal shear in the vertical plane (induced by faulting in the basement) and in the horizontal plane (caused
by gravity resistance of the cover). In this case, the displacements along the normal faults develop in both the vertical
and, to a greater extent, horizontal directions, so that the faults in cover are actually characterized by normal-strike-slip
kinematics. The regional N-S-trending compression of the West Siberian Plate is the main cause of shearing along the NW- and
NE-trending faults in the basement, which make up a rhomb-shaped system in plan view. Petroliferous brachyanticlines, whose
axes, notwithstanding tectonophysical laws, are oriented in the direction close to the maximum compression axis, are known
in the large wrench fault zones of Western Siberia. Our experiments with equivalent materials showed that a local stress field
arising at the ends of echeloned Riedel shears within a wrench fault zone may be a cause of the formation of such brachyanticlines.
The progressive elongation of Riedel shears leads to the corresponding elongation of the brachyanticlines located between
their ends. The performed study has shown that the known types of interference of elementary geodynamic settings such as horizontal
shear along the vertical plane + horizontal compression (transpression) and horizontal shear along the vertical plane + horizontal
extension (transtension) may be supplemented by combination of horizontal shears along the vertical and horizontal planes,
resulting in tectonic lamination. By analogy, we propose to name this type of interference of elementary shear settings translamination. Petroliferous helicoidal structures arise in the given geodynamic setting of translamination. 相似文献
14.
Analysis of stress measurement data from the near-surface to crustal depths in southern Ontario show a misalignment between the direction of tectonic loading and the orientation of the major horizontal principal stress. The compressive stress field instead appears to be oriented sub-parallel to the major terrane boundaries such as the Grenville Front, the Central Metasedimentary Belt boundary zone and the Elzevir Frontenac boundary zone. This suggests that the stress field has been modified by these deep crustal scale deformation zones. In order to test this hypothesis, a geomechanical model was constructed using the three-dimensional discontinuum stress analysis code 3DEC. The model consists of a 45 km thick crust of southern Ontario in which the major crustal scale deformation zones are represented as discrete faults. Lateral velocity boundary conditions were applied to the sides of the model in the direction of tectonic loading in order to generate the horizontal compressive stress field. Modelling results show that for low strength (low friction angle and cohesion), fault slip causes the stress field to rotate toward the strike of the faults, consistent with the observed direction of misalignment with the tectonic loading direction. Observed distortions to the regional stress field may be explained by this relatively simple mechanism of slip on deep first-order structures in response to the neotectonic driving forces. 相似文献
15.
对CCSD主孔3 000 m岩心叶理、具断层擦痕的微断层及断层擦痕产状特征进行了统计分析, 并分析了脆、韧性剪切带的运动学特征, 研究表明(1) 榴辉岩类叶理产状明显较片麻岩类陡, 可能与其岩石能干性较强有关, 因而在挤压褶皱变形过程中表现出不同的变形行为.韧性变形主体表现为顺层剪切, 含断层擦痕的微断层最主要的一组产状与叶理面一致或接近一致, 部分伴随与之呈共轭关系的另一组微断层. (2) 脆、韧性变形以SEE-NWW向剪切为主, 部分为近SN向, 脆性、韧性变形域断层运动方向基本一致.但现在所保留下来的构造变形中韧性变形以SEE向NWW的逆冲型剪切为主, 部分为近SN向韧性剪切作用; 而脆性变形以NWW向SEE的正滑作用为主. (3) 主孔构造应力场初步可划分为4期, 现在所保留的主期构造为SEE-NWW向挤压构造应力场所致. 相似文献
16.
The Halten Terrace is a structural element of the Meso-Cenozoic mid-Norwegian margin. The pore fluid pressure distribution in the faulted Jurassic formations on the Halten Terrace is characterized by significant lateral variations. In general, the fluid overpressure increases stepwise across faults from east to west, from zero (hydrostatic fluid pressure) to about 30 MPa. Fault-bounded pressure cells can therefore best explain the fluid pressure distribution. The results of analyses of log-derived porosities indicate that the high overpressure in the westernmost pressure cell was built up recently. However, despite the high sedimentation rates during Plio-Pleistocene, the high overpressure cannot be explained by local mechanical compaction. Alternative explanations for the high overpressure proposed by other authors are based on pore fluid volume increase (e.g. hydrocarbon generation). We propose that the high overpressure is caused by fluid flow from the deep Rås Basin to the western part of the Halten Terrace, through fractures in the Mesozoic, deep seated Klakk Fault Complex. Opening of fractures in this fault zone by seismic and static mechanisms is possible in the present-day intraplate stress field, which is characterized by a NW–SE oriented maximum horizontal stress direction. During Miocene, the maximum horizontal stress was E–W oriented, which implies a stress rotation during Pliocene. The E–W orientation of the maximum horizontal stress has impeded the initiation and opening of fractures in the N–S striking Klakk Fault Complex during Miocene. Fluid flow from the Rås Basin through faults of the Klakk Fault Complex can therefore have occured since Pliocene. Thus, the rotation of the intraplate stress directions can explain why the build-up of overpressure on the western part of the Halten Terrace occured recently, as indicated by the results of porosity analyses. Understanding the overpressure evolution of the Halten Terrace is important for exploration in that area, as hydrocarbons have been found in the hydrostatic pressure cells, whereas they are absent in the high overpressure cells. 相似文献
17.
内蒙古狼山地区断裂构造十分复杂,主要发育有南北、东西、北东和北西走向的断裂构造.从南北向断裂的几何形态、运动性质、构造应力场特征入手进行研究,结合野外实地调查与测量,运用极射赤平投影方法,求出构造应力场的主应力轴方位,进而对本区的构造演化进行了探讨.初步认为,研究区发育的近南北向断裂至少受到过两期构造应力场的作用,第一期是在晚二叠世,由于华北克拉通向北、西伯利亚板块向南活动而形成碰撞拼贴运动所产生的近南北向近水平挤压构造应力场,此时构造应力场的主应力轴σ1为北偏东10°左右,向北倾伏,倾伏角为15°~20°.在这一期构造应力场的作用下,狼山地区发育了一套破裂系统,它们分别表现为近东西走向的挤压构造带和逆断层、近北东走向的以左行为主的走滑断层、近北西走向的以右行为主的走滑断层以及近南北走向的张性断层.这些早期的断裂系统也制约着该区域后来的构造活动,第二期构造应力场是侏罗纪以来古太平洋板块向亚洲大陆俯冲而产生的.此构造应力场的主应力轴σ1为北西-南东向,倾伏向为150°左右,倾伏角为10°~20°.第二期构造应力场的作用,使早期南北向断裂由原来的张性破裂面转为左行走滑,早期东西向断裂转为右行走滑,早期北东向左行滑动面转为压性面和褶皱轴方向,而早期的北西向破裂面则转为张性破裂性质. 相似文献
18.
成兰铁路位于青藏高原东部边缘高山峡谷区,由于印度板块与欧亚板块碰撞,区域内构造变形强烈,构造应力场十分复杂。为研究成兰铁路工程区地应力分布规律及断层稳定性,在铁路沿线茂县、松潘县以及宕昌县境内4个深孔水压致裂地应力测量基础上,获得了不同位置区域地应力实测值的大小和方向,并建立工程区应力参数随深度分布规律。分析表明:工程区应力随深度变化呈现出较好的线性关系,在测试深度范围内,水平应力普遍高于垂直主应力,地应力值总体上属于中—高地应力级别,在750 m深度内,最大水平主应力达25 MPa,反映出工程区构造应力占主导地位,侧压系数随深度呈缓慢衰减趋势。成兰铁路在不同构造单元上最大水平主应力方向有所不同,在东昆仑断裂以北甘南块体内,最大水平主应力为北北东向,在东昆仑断裂以南川青块体内最大水平主应力为北西向。根据实测的地应力数据并结合库伦滑动摩擦准则,对工程区内的断层稳定性进行了分析。文中取得的认识对成兰铁路工程区的构造应力场、断裂活动性的研究以及隧道工程的建设具有重要的参考意义。 相似文献
19.
本文系统解析并分析了1931年8月-2005年10月期间青藏高原及其周围发生的905个震级M4．5-8．5地震的震源机制结果,研究了青藏高原岩石圈的区域应力场与构造运动特征。结果表明,来自印度板块的北北东或北东方向的水平挤压应力控制了青藏高原及其周缘地区的岩石圈应力场。从喜马拉雅到贝加尔湖以南包括中国西部的广大范围内,主压应力P轴的水平分量位于近NE-SW方向,形成了一个广域的NE-SW方向的挤压应力场。特别是青藏高原周缘地区,除其东部边缘外,南部的喜马拉雅山前沿以及青藏高原的北部、西部边缘地区所发生的绝大部分地震都属于逆断层型或走滑逆断层型地震,表现出周缘地区的水平挤压应力更为强势。应力场特征充分表明, 印度板块的北上运动,以及它与欧亚板块之间的碰撞,所形成的挤压应力场是青藏高原强烈隆起的直接原因。在青藏高原周缘地区受到强烈挤压应力场控制的同时,有大量正断层型地震集中发生在青藏高原中部海拔4000m以上的地区,其中许多地震是纯正断层型地震。震源机制结果显示,近E-W向或WNW-ESE向的水平扩张应力控制着该区的岩石圈应力场;正断层型地震的断层走向多为南北方向,断层位错矢量的水平分量大体位于近东西方向。这表明青藏高原中部高海拔地区存在着近东西方向的扩张构造运动,且扩张构造运动是该区引张应力场的作用结果。其动力学原因可能与持续隆升的高原自重增大引起的重力崩塌及其周边区域构造应力状况有关。研究青藏高原存在挤压应力场与引张应力场及其构造运动的区域特征,对于认识青藏高原形成、发展的地球动力学机制,有着极其重要的意义。 相似文献
20.
Present-day stress orientations in the Northern Perth Basin have been inferred from borehole breakouts and drilling-induced tensile fractures observed on image logs from eight wells. Stress indicators from these wells give an east – west maximum horizontal stress orientation, consistent with stress-field modelling of the Indo-Australian Plate. Previous interpretations using dipmeter logs indicated anomalous north-directed maximum horizontal stress orientations. However, higher-quality image logs indicate a consistent maximum horizontal stress orientation, perpendicular to dominant north – south and northwest – southeast fault trends in the basin. Vertical stress was calculated from density logs at 21.5 MPa at 1 km depth. Minimum horizontal stress values, estimated from leak-off tests, range from 7.4 MPa at 0.4 km to 21.0 MPa at 0.8 km depth: the greatest values are in excess of the vertical stress. The maximum horizontal stress magnitude was constrained using the relationship between the minimum and maximum horizontal stresses; it ranges from 8.7 MPa at 0.4 km to 21.3 MPa at 1 km depth. These stress magnitudes and evidence of neotectonic reverse faulting indicate a transitional reverse fault to strike-slip fault-stress regime. Two natural fracture sets were interpreted from image logs: (i) a north- to northwest-striking set; and (ii) an east-striking set. The first set is parallel to adjacent north- to northwest-striking faults in the Northern Perth Basin. Several east-striking faults are evident in seismic data, and wells adjacent to east-striking faults exhibit the second east-striking set. Hence, natural fractures are subparallel to seismically resolved faults. Fractures optimally oriented to be critically stressed in the present-day stress regime were probably the cause of fluid losses during drilling. Pre-existing north- to northwest -striking faults that dip moderately have potential for reactivation within the present-day stress regime. Faults that strike north to northwest and have subvertical dips will not reactivate. The east-striking faults and fractures are not critically stressed for reactivation in the Northern Perth Basin. 相似文献