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1.
燕山板内造山带中段近东西向中生代右行走滑构造系统 总被引：20，自引：0，他引：20
阐述了分布燕山板内造山带中段的近东西向中生代右行走滑构造系统的几何学与运动学特征，指出该右行走滑断裂系统由古北口－平泉断裂和密云－喜峰口－锦西断裂两条主干断裂，以及夹于其间的北西向张性断层和张裂脉，北东向压性断层和褶皱等共同组成，近东西向主干断裂具有右行右列“P破裂”结构形式，北西向的张性断层和张裂脉则具有“T破裂”性质，主干断裂与北东向压性断裂和褶皱构成了一幅右行走滑双重构造（strike-slip duplexs)格局，而不是不同期次变形的产物。该走滑断裂系统形成于侏罗纪末一早白垩世初（147－132Ma)，由于它恰好构成了位于辽西的走向北东，向南东逆冲的逆冲推覆构造系统与冀北，冀西北地区北东走向，上盘向北西逆冲的推覆构造的转换和调节部位，所以本文提出了一个右行走滑构造系统的统一构造模式，在该模式中，辽西和冀北，冀西北同时代而运动方向相反的逆冲构造系统分别构成了近东西向右行走滑系统的断盘前缘挤压逆冲构造区，认为惦记山板内造山带总体构造格局的区域构造作用方式是：在总体北西一南东向挤压的一级构造应力场作用下，造山带北部的块体相对于中生代华北地台为主体的块体做向东的右景下，燕山板内造山带可能构成了亚洲东部另一个重要的“挤出构造带”或“逃逸构造域”，这种推测需要得到北部东西向断裂系具有同期左行走滑运动的支持。 相似文献
2.
本文从震源机制、地应力测量、地震等震线长轴统计,形变场、构造分析等几方面求得本区区域应力场在北纬30°以北为81°,30°以南为133°。空间分布上主压应力轴大致与海岸轮廓线垂直,反映力源主要来自太平洋板块对中国大陆的挤压。在这样的应力场背景下,本区北东向断裂将作右旋正走滑活动;北西向,特别是北北西向新断裂将作左旋逆走滑活动;北东东至近东西向断层将作张性倾滑活动。由于本区地震大多座落在不同方向断裂的交汇复合部位,地震的孕育、发生、发展与两断裂的共轭活动关系密切,但具体到某一次地震的破裂方式则以单侧破裂与双侧破裂居多。 相似文献
3.
针对低级序断层地震资料的多解性,通过构造解析,在确定低级序断层发育时期和构造背景的基础上,对南堡凹陷M区馆陶期构造应力场进行了数值模拟;并以岩石破裂准则为依据,用最小主应力解释了低级序断层的优势发育地区,用平面剪应力解释了低级序断层的优势走向,用剖面剪应力解释了低级序断层的优势视倾向,预测了低级序断层的发育规律。研究结果表明,南堡凹陷M区三级断层活动具有明显的分段性和分期性特点;在区域性南北向拉张和火山喷发造成的局部拱升的共同作用下,研究区中部为东一段低级序断层发育的优势区,发育近北西走向和近北东走向两组低级序断层,东部主要发育一组近北东走向的低级序断层,西部主要发育一组近北西走向低级序断层,断层视倾向以北倾为主。 相似文献
4.
为指导摩天岭地区北部拉培地段铀矿找矿工作,文章在前人区域构造体系研究基础上,通过对断裂构造走向、规模、活动期次和断裂充填物类型的详细调查分析,梳理了构造体系,划分了成矿期构造活动期次,应用里德尔剪切模型研究了成矿期构造运动学规律和动力学演化特征,最后分析了各构造带铀成矿潜力。文章将拉培地段构造体系划分为4组：北东向乌指山断裂、北西向断裂、近东西向断裂和北东向羽状断裂。矿前期,在伸展构造体制下,研究区构造应力场主要以张性为主,乌指山断裂活化;成矿期转变为左行走滑体制,与乌指山断裂配套形成了以F20为代表的北西向张性T断裂和以F6为代表的近东西向反向剪切断裂;成矿中-晚阶段,随着剪切作用的不断进行,新生了一组与乌指山断裂呈小角度相交的北东向左行压扭性P断裂,北西向断裂由张性转变为右行剪切,而近东西向断裂压性特点更加显著;矿后期,研究区基本结束左行走滑体制,转为东西向拉张作用。北东向乌指山断裂是研究区内重要的导矿构造,断裂本身成矿潜力一般;北西向断裂整体成矿潜力一般,但与北东向断裂交汇部位往往为重要的铀成矿地段,应引起重视;近东西向断裂成矿期活动强烈,成矿作用明显,成矿潜力好;北东向羽状断裂... 相似文献
5.
内蒙古狼山地区新元古代狼山群变形特征及区域构造意义 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
狼山群作为阿拉善地块东北部重要的前寒武系地层单元,记录了复杂的构造变形演化历史。本文通过对狼山西南段出露的新元古代狼山群进行构造地质试点填图、剖面测制等方面的研究,总结了狼山群构造变形特征,并对其变形时代和期次进行了初步划分。研究表明狼山群第一期构造变形特征表现为一系列同斜倒转褶皱构造(D1),第二期为近东西向的韧性右行走滑剪切(D2),第三期为北东向巴彦乌拉山—狼山断裂活动对狼山群构造变形进行改造(D3)。结合该地区前人研究成果及年代学资料认为:新元古代狼山群同斜倒转褶皱主要受到古亚洲洋向南俯冲,在古生代晚期沿恩格尔乌缝合带与阿拉善地块北缘拼合,导致近南北向的构造挤压,在狼山地区形成了早期枢纽NEE-EW向的褶皱;晚古生代末期-中生代早期古亚洲洋关闭后发生的板内变形在狼山地区形成韧性右行剪切;三叠纪中晚期韧性左行剪切形成北东向走滑断裂,并使早期形成的褶皱枢纽走向转为北东,奠定了狼山地区现今的构造格局。 相似文献
6.
白乃庙金矿床控矿构造解析 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
白乃调金矿区的节理包括东西向剖面共轭剪切节理,北东－北西向平面共轭剪切节理,北北东向剖面共轭剪切节理。与之相应的断层有近东西向逆断层,北东向和北西向的平移断导以及北北东向的斜冲断层。此外,北东向断层的低序次构造亦呈北北东走向,但其性质为平移断层。东西向、北东和北西向断裂形成于南北向挤压构造应力场。它们控制了主要含金石英脉展布。其中,２６号主矿脉就位于北东向平移双断裂－白乃庙断裂的北北东向低序次平移 相似文献
7.
雪峰山西侧贵州地区中生代构造特征及其演化 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
贵州中生代变形主要发生在燕山期,发育三幕褶皱变形、两幕逆冲和三幕走滑。根据区域对比、卷入褶皱的地层和褶皱间的叠加关系,判断三期褶皱的形成顺序依次为近东西向、北东向和南北向,时限在J_3—K_2之间。逆冲推覆构造主要由向北西或西逆冲的近南北向逆冲断层组成,大体与南北向褶皱同时形成;自雪峰构造带西缘向西,依次划分出根部带、中部带和前锋带。但是,在根部带识别出两幕逆冲推覆,其它两带各识别出一幕。走滑断层也有3个方向:东西向、北东向和近南北向。东西向走滑断层呈现出右行压扭的运动学特征,而大多数北东向走滑断层是左行张扭性质的。依据各个方向断层间的切割和限制关系,推测东西向走滑断层最早形成,其次是南北向逆冲断层,北东向走滑断层最晚活动。这些断裂和褶皱特征,总体表现出贵州多重多种复合联合的构造特征,最后,探讨了本区的构造成因模式。 相似文献
8.
贵州中生代变形主要发生在燕山期,发育三幕褶皱变形、两幕逆冲和三幕走滑。根据区域对比、卷入褶皱的地层和褶皱间的叠加关系,判断三期褶皱的形成顺序依次为近东西向、北东向和南北向,时限在J3—K2之间。逆冲推覆构造主要由向北西或西逆冲的近南北向逆冲断层组成,大体与南北向褶皱同时形成; 自雪峰构造带西缘向西,依次划分出根部带、中部带和前锋带。但是,在根部带识别出两幕逆冲推覆,其它两带各识别出一幕。走滑断层也有3个方向：东西向、北东向和近南北向。东西向走滑断层呈现出右行压扭的运动学特征,而大多数北东向走滑断层是左行张扭性质的。依据各个方向断层间的切割和限制关系,推测东西向走滑断层最早形成,其次是南北向逆冲断层,北东向走滑断层最晚活动。这些断裂和褶皱特征,总体表现出贵州多重多种复合联合的构造特征,最后,探讨了本区的构造成因模式。 相似文献
9.
上海地区浅部地应力测量及其构造地质意义分析 总被引：3，自引：3，他引：0
通过水压致裂法与超声波成像测井法相结合的方法，对上海地区浅部（180 m深度范围）原位地应力进行了测量。测量结果表明:最大水平主应力值在9.54~12.91 MPa之间，最小水平主应力值在5.41~6.96 MPa之间，最大水平主应力方向为北西42°-62°，优势方位为北西，地应力结构为SH > Sh > Sv，可以反映区域构造应力场特征。依据区域内断裂空间分布特征和现今实测地应力结果综合分析认为，北东向断裂易于发生压性或压扭性逆断活动，断裂相对稳定；而北西向断裂易于发生张性或张扭性正断活动，在现今相对较高的应力水平状态下仍值得关注。测量结果可能对于揭示区域构造界线（江山-绍兴断裂）的走向有一定启示。 相似文献
10.
研究区位于安徽池州市梅村镇西峰庙—马头平移断层东北端,该处岩体和围岩的内外接触带区域发育了一中型铜钼矿.分析了研究区铜钼矿赋存条件和容矿构造的发育特征,统计了容矿节理的产状,整理绘制出成矿期研究区的构造应力场分布图.认为研究区内的容矿节理以张性节理为主,经极射赤平投影后得到的优势产状为285°∠87°,容矿节理和主断裂产状基本一致.研究区内构造应力场最大主应力轴(σ1)的方位为15°,最小主应力轴(σ3)的方位为105°,倾角近水平.此构造应力场与燕山晚期中国东部构造应力场一致,最大主应力均为NNE-SSW方向.在此区域构造应力场的控制下,形成了区内广泛发育的NNE-SSW向、具走滑性质的断层以及张性节理. 相似文献
11.
中卫断裂带在晚更新世以来的左旋走滑运动中,先存的挤压逆掩、逆冲断裂带发生了分化。某些断层或断层段继续活动;另一些先存断层在晚更新世以来不再活动;此外,还发育了一些新断层。因此,我们把中卫断裂带划分出三种断层类型,即新生断层、继承性断层和遗弃断层。新生断层就是指：在某次构造运动中新发育的断层。具体到中卫断裂带来说,就是指晚更新世以来新发育的断层。这类断层是中卫断裂带左旋走滑运动的产物。在早期的挤压逆断运动中这些断层并不存在。通过对新生断层的调查研究可以获得以下资料。①反演晚更新世以来的构造应力场;②确定晚期构造运动的起始时代;③估算断层的断错幅度和速率。继承性断层就是指：在早期的挤压逆掩（冲）活动中就已经存在的断层或断层段,在晚期的左旋走滑运动中继续活动。继承性断层的最大优点是包含了较多的信息量。①继承性断层记录了多期构造运动的信息;②继承性断层是中卫断裂带多期活动的见证;③继承性断层是研究构造演化过程的重要依据。遗弃断层就是指：某些断层或断层段在早期构造运动中是主体断裂带的一部分,其活动习性与主体断裂带基本一致。当早期的构造运动终止之后,这些断层或断层段在后继的构造运动中不再活动,也就是说这些断层被遗弃。遗弃断层的作用就在于它保留了早期构造运动的大部或全部信息,这些信息基本上没有受到后期构造运动的干扰破坏。因而通过对遗弃断层的研究可以获得早期构造运动的主要信息。①确定早期构造运动终止的年代;②反演早期构造应力场方向;③研究断层的滑动方式,即粘滑和蠕滑。 相似文献
12.
为分析帕卢地震的发震构造及构造应力场特征,基于1976年1月至2018年4月全球CMT目录的震源机制解,反演了2018年9月28日印度尼西亚帕卢地震震源区及苏拉威西地区构造应力场,得到以下初步认识:赤道0°两侧南、北区域的应力场呈现出整体的一致性和局部的不均匀性,北部是以向北倾伏的低倾伏角挤压和向南倾伏的高倾伏角拉张作用为主;南部是近水平的NNW-EW向挤压及低倾伏角的近N-S向拉张的应力状态.摆堆易逆冲推挤及西里伯斯海阻挡导致北部地区的应力场显示俯冲带的特征,也导致北苏拉和马纳都块体的应力场出现差异性.在班达海自东向西的挤压及西部马卡萨盆地的阻挡作用下,南部地区呈现出近E-W向的挤压状态,并沿着NNE-SSW向呈现出地壳物质的构造逃逸现象.深部地幔物质上涌致使苏拉威西中部的R值偏小,形成活火山.受到桑吉双俯冲带和麦纳哈撒海沟的推挤及火山喷发作用,东部交汇区的应力场呈较大倾伏角的拉张为主及R值复杂突变.西部交汇地区的应力场是走滑为主兼有正断应力机制,该应力场有益于此次地震的触发及超剪切波破裂现象的出现. 相似文献
13.
Various earthquake fault types, mechanism solutions, stress field, and other geophysical data were analyzed for study on the crust movement in the Tibetan plateau and its tectonic implications. The results show that numbers of thrust fault and strike-slip fault type earthquakes with strong compressive stress near NNE-SSW direction occurred in the edges around the plateau except the eastern boundary. Some normal faulting type earthquakes concentrate in the Central Tibetan plateau. The strikes of fault planes of thrust and strike-slip faulting earthquakes are almost in the E-W direction based on the analyses of the Wulff stereonet diagrams of fault plane solutions. This implies that the dislocation slip vectors of the thrust and strike-slip faulting type events have quite great components in the N-S direction. The compression motion mainly probably plays the tectonic active regime around the plateau edges. The compressive stress in N-S or NE-SW directions predominates earthquake occurrence in the thrust and strike-slip faulting event region around the plateau. The compressive motion around the Tibetan plateau edge is attributable to the northward motion of the Indian subcontinent plate. The northward motion of the Tibetan plateau shortened in the N-S direction encounters probably strong obstructions at the western and northern margins. 相似文献
14.
Characteristics of the Mesozoic and Cenozoic Tectonic Stress Fields of the Urumqi-Usu Region, Xinjiang 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Tao Mingxin Lanzhou Institute of Geology Academia Sinic Beijing Jiang Minxi 《《地质学报》英文版》1993,67(1):17-31
Based on the study of folds and related conjugate shear joints, the tectonic stress fields of the Urumqi-Usu region to the north of the North Tianshan Mountains have been reconstructed. Furthermore the author discussed the tectonic movements and their dynamic features. The early tectonic movement in the investigated region occurred from the end of the Late Jurassic to the initial stage of the Early Cretaceous, with the maximum (tensile) and minimum (compressional) principal stress trajectories in the tectonic stress field being in E-W and S-N directions respectively; the late tectogenesis took place from the end of the Early Pleistocene to the initial Middle Pleistocene, with the maximum and minimum principal stress trajectories in the late stress field striking in WNW and NE-NNE directions respectively. Through computer-aided simulated calculation by the finite element method and analysis of geological structure, it has been ascertained that the early tectogenesis is a nearly N-S compressive movement and the late one a NE to nearly N-S compressive movement with reverse shear. The dynamic force which caused the tectogeneses came from the movement of the southern major fault, i.e. the North Tianshan Mountains. 相似文献
15.
沁水盆地南缘自中生代以来,主要经历了印支期、燕山期、喜马拉雅期三期构造活动的影响。通过对地表露头的断 层面擦痕、纵弯褶皱及共轭节理系的研究,获得了古构造应力场信息。在研究区东部 NNE 向的太行山断裂带内,逆冲挤压 构造非常明显,与其相伴发育的不对称背斜构造表明其主压应力方向为 110°;中部的 EW 向正断层、地堑系可能是印支期 近 SN 向挤压作用下形成的逆冲构造经历了新生代构造反转作用而产生的,新生代伸展作用非常显著,伸展方向为 26°, 249°,347°;西部边界由近 SN 向断裂组成,存在新生代近 EW 及 NEE-SSW 向伸展运动的擦痕证据,伸展方向为 94°,72°。 区内发育 NNW-SSE,NW-SE,NE-SW,NEE-SWW,近 SN 等几个方向的共轭节理系,表明存在过燕山期 NW-SE 向的水平 挤压构造应力场和喜山期 NE-SW 向水平挤压构造应力场,近 EW 向水平挤压应力场可能是在这两期主要构造应力场转换过 程中形成的。 相似文献
16.
嘉黎断裂是青藏高原南部呈北西西—南东东向喀喇昆仑—嘉黎断裂系的重要组成部分,被认为代表了北拉萨地块和中拉萨地块之间的构造界线。关于嘉黎断裂的构造性质和演化过程等仍存在争议,其不同期次构造过程仍需要进一步研究。在详细的区域地质填图基础上,以嘉黎断裂古乡—通麦段为研究对象,重点调查了该断裂带不同期次变形的几何学与运动学特征,基于新获得的不同方位断层面与擦痕特征等资料,恢复和计算该区的不同期次应力场及方向,并据此解析该区的多期构造叠加关系,探讨嘉黎断裂在不同应力场下的多期活动特征以及相关的区域构造演化过程和大地构造背景,在此基础上讨论了嘉黎断裂对拟建铁路工程的影响。研究结果显示,嘉黎断裂晚新生代以来仍有活动迹象,并具有多期构造叠加特征,从早到晚依次为左旋走滑(D1)、正倾滑(D2)和右旋走滑(D3)。嘉黎断裂作为东喜马拉雅构造结地区重要的变形调节构造,其多期活动性质反映了地块间的相对运动特征及区域应力场的转换过程,这对认识青藏高原南缘的新生代构造演化过程具有重要意义。 相似文献
17.
柴达木盆地东北部新近纪构造旋转及其意义 总被引：4，自引：1，他引：3
青藏高原东北缘构造变形的研究是认识高原隆起过程、机制和印度—欧亚板块碰撞远程效应的重要途径。柴达木盆地是印度－欧亚板块碰撞后南北向挤压应力为动力背景的高原东北部内陆盆地,沉积物主要来自于周边山地,完整的保存了新生代以来高原隆升的详细记录。通过柴达木盆地东北部瑙格剖面精细古地磁及构造旋转研究发现,20.1～15.1Ma以及15.1～8.2Ma柴达木盆地分别发生了9.7°±7.4°和6.4°±4.4°的顺时针旋转,约8.2Ma后,柴达木盆地东北部瑙格地区发生了16°±7.5°的逆时针快速旋转。通过分析认为,前两次的顺时针构造旋转事件可能与阿尔金断裂的左旋走滑有关。而约82Ma以来的逆时针旋转事件属于柴达木盆地东北部瑙格地区的局部旋转,可能与温泉断裂的右旋走滑有关,说明青藏高原东北部在昆仑山、阿尔金山和祁连山三条巨型断裂系左旋相对运动的宏观控制下形成的NNW向温泉右旋走滑断裂开始走滑的年代为约8Ma。 相似文献
18.
《International Geology Review》2012,54(9):840-849
The eastern Pontide magmatic arc extends ～600 km in an E-W direction along the Black Sea coast and was disrupted by a series of fault systems trending NE-SW, NW-SE, E-W, and N-S. These fault systems are responsible for the formation of diachronous extensional basins, rift or pull-apart, in the northern, southern, and axial zones of the eastern Pontides during the Mesozoic. Successive extensional or transtensional tectonic regimes caused the abortive Liassic rift basins and the Albian and Campanian pull-apart basins with deep-spreading troughs in the southern and axial zones. Liassic, Albian, and Campanian neptunian dikes, which indicate extensional tectonic regimes, crop out within the Paleozoic granites near Kale, Gumushane, and the Malm–Lower Cretaceous platform carbonates in Amasya and Gumushane. These neptunian dikes correspond to extensional cracks that are filled and overlain by the fossiliferous red pelagic limestones. Multidirectional Liassic neptunian dikes are consistent with the general trend of the paleofaults (NE-SW, NW-SE, and E-W), and active dextral North Anatolian fault (NAF) and sinistral Northeast Anatolian fault (NEAF) systems. The Albian neptunian dikes in Amasya formed in the synthetic oblique left-lateral normal faults of the main fault zone that runs parallel to the active North Anatolian fault zone (NAFZ). Kinematic interpretation of the Liassic and Albian neptunian dikes suggests N-S extensional stress or northward movement of the Pontides along the conjugate fracture zones parallel to the NAFZ and NEAFZ. This northward movement of the Pontides in Liassic and Albian times requires left-lateral and right-lateral slips along the conjugate NAFZ and Northeast Anatolian fault zones (NEAFZ), respectively, in contrast to the recent active tectonics that have been accommodated by N-S compressional stress. On the other hand, mutual relationships between the neptunian dikes and the associated main fault zone of Campanian age extending in an E-W direction in the Kale area, Gumushane suggest the existence of a main left-lateral transtensional wrench zone. This system might be accommodated by the counterclockwise convergence of the Turkish plate with the Afro-Arabian plate relative to the Eurasian plate, and the southward oblique subduction of Paleotethys beneath the eastern Pontide magmatic arc during the Mesozoic. 相似文献
19.
《Geodinamica Acta》1999,12(5):303-319
The South Iceland Seismic Zone (SISZ) is located at the junction of three rift segments in southwestern Iceland. The presence of different types of faulting and of differently orientated subgroups in Upper Pliocene to Holocene formations indicate polyphase tectonism. We measured 736 minor faults at 25 sites. Two types of relationships between stress regimes are represented. The first type, named IDS (inhomogeneous data set), is characterized by the presence of two types of fault mechanisms, normal and strike-slip, consistent with a single direction of extension. The second type, named OSR (opposite stress regimes), is characterized by the presence of perpendicular directions of extensions for a single type (normal or strike-slip) of faulting. Because of contradictory chronological criteria, we infer that the OSR alternated during the brittle tectonic activity of the SISZ. Two stress regimes, primary and secondary, are characterized by directions of extension NW-SE and NE-SW, respectively. The general fracture pattern characterized for the primary stress regime in the SISZ includes NNE-SSW trending right-lateral strike-slip faults, conjugate ENE-WSW trending left-lateral faults and NE-SW normal faults. This distribution is quite consistent with a Riedeltype model of fault pattern in a left-lateral shear zone. The stress states characterized based on analysis of both the earthquake focal mechanisms and the recent faulting show great similarity in terms of stress directions. The main difference is the larger ratio of strike-slip motions representing 71 % of the total population in the case of earthquake focal mechanisms, whereas for the whole set of faults the proportion of strike-slip faulting was 50 %. We explain that a temporal evolution of the tectonic regime in the SISZ region, accompanied by a gradual change in stress field, starts with rift-type pure extension and progressively leads to development of preferentially strike-slip structures in the kinematic context of leftlateral transform motion. 相似文献
20.
AbstractThe South Iceland Seismic Zone (SISZ) is located at the junction of three rift segments in southwestern Iceland. The presence of different types of faulting and of differently orientated subgroups in Upper Pliocene to Holocene formations indicate polyphase tectonism. We measured 736 minor faults at 25 sites. Two types of relationships between stress regimes are represented. The first type, named IDS (inhomogeneous data set), is characterized by the presence of two types of fault mechanisms, normal and strike-slip, consistent with a single direction of extension. The second type, named OSR (opposite stress regimes), is characterized by the presence of perpendicular directions of extensions for a single type (normal or strike-slip) of faulting. Because of contradictory chronological criteria, we infer that the OSR alternated during the brittle tectonic activity of the SISZ. Two stress regimes, primary and secondary, are characterized by directions of extension NW-SE and NE-SW, respectively. The general fracture pattern characterized for the primary stress regime in the SISZ includes NNE-SSW trending right-lateral strike-slip faults, conjugate ENE-WSW trending left-lateral faults and NE-SW normal faults. This distribution is quite consistent with a Riedel- type model of fault pattern in a left-lateral shear zone. The stress states characterized based on analysis of both the earthquake focal mechanisms and the recent faulting sow great similarity in terms of stress directions. The main difference is the larger ratio of strike-slip motions representing 71% of the total population in the case of earthquake focal mechanisms, whereas for the whole set of faults the proportion of strike-slip faulting was 50 %. We explain that a témpora evolution of the tectonic regime in the SISZ region, accompanied by a gradual change in stress field, starts with rift-type pure extension and progressively leads to development of preferentially strike-slip structures in the kinematic context of left- lateral transform motion. © Elsevier, Paris 相似文献