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1.
By the indoor experiment research the hydraulic parameters of the saline soil (soil-water potential and coefficient of permeability), find the some characters of the soil- water potential of saline soil: for the same saline soil at the same dry bulk density, whenever salt solution in soil, at the same liquor content the absolute value of the soil-water potential is always bigger than the saltless soil. And at the same liquor content the absolute value of the soil-water potential increases with increasing the concentration of the salt liquor. And at the same concentration of the salt liquor and at the same liquor content, the absolute value of the soil-water potential of sulphate salt liquor soil is bigger than chloride salt liquor soil. Moreover, the absolute value of the soil-water potential of calcium chloride liquor is bigger than sodium chloride liquor. The disciplinarian of the coefficient of permeability to the saline soil is that whenever saline soil the coefficient of permeability decreases with increasing the salt content and the fine soil change more obviously than coarse-grained soil and the sulphate salt soil change more obviously than sodium chloride salt soil. 相似文献
2.
Variations in nitrogen isotopic values among various particle-sized fractions in modern soil in northwestern China 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
LIU Weiguo * WANG Zhoufeng WANG Zheng FENG Xiahong ZHANG Pu State Key Laboratory of Loess Quaternary Geology IEE CAS Xi’an China School of Human Settlement Civil Engineering Xi'an Jiaotong University Xi’an China School of Environmental Science Engineering Chang’an University Xi’an China Department of Earth Sciences Dartmouth College Hanover NH USA 《中国地球化学学报》2011,30(3):295-303
Ratios of stable nitrogen isotopes in organic matter derived from plants and preserved in soil are potential tracers for nitrogen cycles in natural ecosystems and valuable for evaluation of climate change. However, the rela-tionship between nitrogen isotopic compositions in surface soil and in plant litter during the decomposition process from plant litter to soil organic matter is not well understood. By using nitrogen isotopic analysis of soil parti-cle-sized fractions, nitrogen isotope discrimination between plant litter and surface soil organic matter in various modern ecosystems in northwestern China was conducted. The results of our study indicate that: (1) in general, the nitrogen isotopic compositions of particle-sized fractions from surface soil are different, and δ15N values increase from plant litter to fine soil organic matter; (2) the δ15N values in the soil particle-sized fractions become larger with increasing relative humidity and temperature, and the largest variation in the δ15N values is from -5.9‰ to -0.3‰; and (3) under a controlled climate, significant nitrogen isotope differences in δ15N values (Δδ15Nplant-soil) between plant litter and bulk soil organic matter were observed, with the values of 1.52 to 4.75 at various sites. Our results suggested that comparisons of Δδ15N values between bulk soil and the particle-sized fractions of soil could reveal the effect of humidity on transferring process of nitrogen from plant to soil in arid and semi-arid ecosystems. 相似文献
3.
The bacteria and plants were associated to remove diesel oil pollutants from soil.Three efficiently degrading bacteria(named strains Q10,Q14 and Q18,respectively) were isolated.Two plants(alfalfa and Indian mustard) were selected to form the association.Biodegradation of diesel oil pollutants in soil was accelerated by bacteria-plants association.The main results are summarized as follows.The plants-bacteria association was more effective in biodegradation of diesel oil pollutants in soil than in respective experiments carried out with plants or bacteria alone.Strain Q18-Indian mustard association resulted in the maximum diesel oil reduction(69.18%).The activities of catalase and polyphenol oxidase in soil were enhanced and microbial populations in soil,especially in rhizosphere,were also stimulated in the treatment of bacteria-plant association.Overall,the soil conditions might be improved by alfalfa or Indian mustard to benefit the growth of bacteria,which resulted in degradation of diesel oil pollutants more effective by the bacteria-plant association.The bacteria-plants association may be a better approach to the removal of diesel oil pollutants from soil. 相似文献
4.
LI Yongquan LIU Jianzhong ZOU Yongliao OUYANG Ziyuan ZHENG Yongchun YUE Zongyu 《《地质学报》英文版》2011,85(5):1016-1021
Two new lunar mare soil simulants, NAO-2 and NAO-3, have been created in National Astronomical Observatories (NAO), Chinese Academy of Sciences. These two simulants were produced from low-titanium basalt and high-titanium basalt respectively. The chemical composition, mineralogy, particle size distribution, density, angle of internal friction, and cohesion of both simulants have been analyzed, indicating that some characteristics of NAO-2 and NAO-3 are similar to those of Apollo 14 and Apollo 11 landing site soils. NAO-2 and NAO-3 will be of great benefit to the scientific and engineering research on lunar soil. 相似文献
5.
Fractions and Bioavailability of Soil Inorganic Phosphorus in the Loess Plateau of China under Different Vegetations 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Plants play an important role in soil phosphorus nutrition. However, the effect of plants on phosphorus nutrition in soils of the Loess Plateau of China is not well understood. This study was conducted to reveal the relationships between plants and phosphorus’ fractions and availability in the Loess Plateau of China. Twenty-two plant communities were surveyed and soil samples under different plant canopies were collected for the determination of soil properties and inorganic phosphorus fractionation. The results showed that Leguminosae and Lilaceae reduced pH and increased organic matter, cation exchange capacity, total and Olsen phosphorus in soils under their canopies, while Labiatae and Rosaceae increased pH and decreased organic matter, cation exchange capacity, total and Olsen phosphorus in soils under their canopies. The contents of Ca2P, Ca8P, Al-P and Fe-P were highly related with soil Olsen phosphorus. They were all higher in soils under Leguminosae and Lilaceae and lower in soils under Labiatae and Rosaceae. The results of this study indicate that Leguminosae and Lilaceae improved phosphorus nutrition in soils, yet Labiatae and Rosaceae impeded the improvement of phosphorus nutrition in soils under their canopies, which will be of more help to instruct vegetation restoration in the region and provide information for soil development. 相似文献
6.
Semi-sealed preservation of soil samples at different moisture of 4% and 23%, respectively, was simulated to observe the variations of soil microbial communities and determine the contents and isotopic compositions of the total organic carbon and total nitrogen on the 7th and 30th day, respectively. The results show that during preservation, the quantity of microbial communities tended to increase first and then decrease, with a wider variation range at higher moisture (23%). At the moisture content of 23%, the microbial communities became more active on the 7th day, but less after 30 days, and their activity was stable with little fluctuation at the moisture content of 4%. However, there were no significant changes in the contents and isotopic compositions of the total organic carbon and total nitrogen. During preservation, the responses of soil microbes to the environment are more sensitive to changes in the total nitrogen and organic carbon contents. It is thus suggested that the variations of microbial communities have not exerted remarkable impacts on the isotope compositions of the total nitrogen and total organic carbon. 相似文献
7.
A sedimentary profile exposed in soil quarries a few kilometers north of Noen Sa-nga district, Chaiyaphum province, NE Thailand, reveals a Quaternary geological history. The lower part of the soil profile is a gravel deposit characterized by sub-angular to well-rounded pebbles representing an abandoned river sedimentary deposit. The gravel bed in some places is coated by iron oxide as a thin layer of ferricrete at the uppermost part. The upper part of the soil profile is a bright reddish brown structureless sand deposit with fining upward sedimentary structure at the basal portion, the Yasothon soil series. A piece of tektite was discovered at the contact boundary between the two sedimentary units. It is characterized by an irregular shape with a smooth concaved surface regarding as an external mold of a piece of well-rounded pebble. This piece of tektite indicates that a solidified tektite had fallen from high sky then was remelted into a plastic form prior to reach and partly cover a piece of well-rounded pebble. These evidences suggest that there was a meteoritic or cometary impact on our earth surface somewhere in the region then catapulted numbers of melted silica ejecta with vast volume of dust into the sky. The melted silica ejecta were solidified into splash-form tektites with various shapes while they were in the high sky. After that the tektites had fallen down and remelted into a plastic form prior to reach the ground surface and then solidified as a tektite deposit followed by larger-sized sediments and angular quartz fragments forming a fining upward sedimentary structure. The finer sediments were gradually settled down forming a bright reddish brown structureless sand deposit, the Yasothon soil series. This meteoritic impact event occurred at about 0.77 Ma ago as the evidence of the previous tektite radiometric dating. 相似文献
8.
To assess the effects of single and combined pollution of cadmium (Cd) and mercury (Hg) on soil micro-bial community structural and functional diversities, an incubation experiment was conducted, by employing two soils, namely, the marine sediment silty loam soil and the yellowish-red soil, in which five levels of Cd, Hg and Cd and Hg in combination were added. After being incubated for 56 days, the phospholipid fatty acids (PLFAs) profile and sole carbon source utilization pattern (BIOLOG) of the samples were tested. The results showed that the compo-sition of the microbial communities changed significantly at different levels of metals application. The principal component analyses (PCA) of PLFAs indicated that the structure of the microbial community was also significantly altered with increasing levels of metals, with increasing PLFAs biomarkers for fungi and actinomycetes, and in-creasing ratio of Gram-positive to Gram-negative bacteria. Sole carbon source utilization pattern analysis revealed that single and combined application of Cd and Hg inhibited significantly the functional activity of soil microorgan-isms, the functional diversity indices [Richness (S), Shannon-Wiener indices (H) and Evenness (EH)] were signifi-cantly lower in polluted soils than those in non-polluted soils, which also significantly altered with increasing levels of metals. PCA for the sole carbon source utilization pattern also indicated that the metal contamination could result in a variable soil microbial community. The results revealed that the combination of Cd and Hg had higher toxicity to soil microbial community structural and functional diversities than the individual application of Cd or Hg. 相似文献
9.
Caterina RINAUDO Daniela GASTALDI Orfeo ZERBINATI Elisa FORNERO Graziella BERTA 《《地质学报》英文版》2009,83(6):1224-1231
Abstract: Twenty-four soil samples were collected at three depths from an approximately 2.5 acre contaminated site in southern Piedmont (Italy) and then analyzed. The main soil parameters determined were: pH, Cation Exchange Capacity (CEC), particle size distribution, total organic carbon (TOC) content and retained metal concentration. The mineral phases were identified by X-Ray Powder Diffraction (XRPD). All of the samples contained Zn and Cu resulting from industrial contamination during the last century, and those obtained at depths of 20-40 cm consistently showed the highest levels. To determine which size fraction was most active in the retention process, the samples were separated into four fractions (≤2 mm, ≤63 μm, ≤30 μm and ≤2 μm) and the amount of pollutant measured in each. It was found that metal retention was the highest in the clayey fraction, whose clay minerals were identified by XRPD after K+ and Mg2+ saturation, glycerol treatment and heating to 550°C. The clayey fraction was also the richest in TOC, and a direct correlation between TOC amount and metal retention was observed. 相似文献
10.
Land disposal of fly ash(FA)and sewage sludge(SS)is a major problem due largely to their potentially harmful constituents.In this paper,a potting experiment was performed to evaluate the effects on the plant growth and to discuss in particular the potential hazard to soils and plants according to the characteristics of heavy metal accumulation and migration when FA and SS are used as the amendments of calcific soil in a limestone mining area. The results showed that the application of FA-SS mixture is capable of accelerating the growth of plants and improving the biomass production at either 1:1 or 1:2 FA-SS mixture:soil(w/w).The highest yields were obtained at 1:1(w/w)mixing ratio.When compared with the Element Background Values of Soils in China,the analysis on heavy metals indicated that the contents of Pb,Cr,Hg,Cd,As,Ni,Cu and Zn in the amended soils came up to the second-class environmental quality standards,only Hg and Cd showed significant accumulation.At the same time, though the metal concentrations in roots were higher than those for the control,the concentrations except Cu,Zn in shoots were lower.And all the heavy metal contents in the plants were substantially lower than the toxicity limits. The results indicated that the combined use of FA and SS at a rational rate of application should pose no danger to both soil and food chain based on the characteristics of the FS and SS,heavy metals and calcific soil. 相似文献
11.
土壤水分是黄土高原关键带水循环、地下水补给和植被恢复的关键因素。为揭示黄土高原关键带黄土整个剖面的土壤水分空间变化特征,通过土芯钻探的方式获取了黄土高原关键带5个典型样点（杨凌、长武、富县、安塞和神木）从地表到基岩的土壤水分样品,采用经典统计学和地统计学相结合的方法分析了剖面土壤水分的分布规律、变异特征及空间结构。结果表明:黄土高原关键带剖面土壤水分从南往北,土壤平均含水量由高变低;5个样点的土壤水分均为中等变异,随着深度由40 m增加到200 m,土壤水分变异性变弱,且样点之间的土壤含水量差异降低;地统计学分析表明样点的半方差函数能被理论模型较好地拟合（杨凌除外）,指数模型能够描述大部分样点深剖面的空间变异结构。相关结果有助于了解黄土高原深层土壤水分状况及分布规律,对于黄土高原土壤水资源估算和区域植被恢复具有重要价值。 相似文献
12.
膨胀土的收缩性明显,容易引发边坡与地基开裂,但有关结构性对收缩特性影响的认识甚少。采用收缩自动试验装置,在恒湿恒温条件下对原状膨胀土和重塑膨胀土开展了收缩对比试验和扫描电镜（scanning electron microscope,简称SEM）测试分析,结果表明：与原状土相比,重塑土在土中水流动阶段的蒸发速率较小,蒸汽扩散阶段收缩稳定速率较慢,最终体积收缩应变量更大;重塑土体积收缩−含水率关系曲线的线性段较长,斜率较大,直线段与稳定段之间的过渡不明显,而原状土则反之;重塑土和原状土的收缩特征曲线（soil shrinkage
characteristic curves,简称SSC）在较高含水率段基本重合,随着含水率下降,重塑土的SSC下降更快,对应的含水率范围更宽,最后进入残余−零收缩阶段时,孔隙比明显较小;Chertkov收缩模型适用于原状膨胀土,但不适用于重塑膨胀土。SEM测试结果表明,原状膨胀土较重塑膨胀土具有更强的原生结构性,初始密度与湿度相同情况下,两者颗粒排列、接触方式、胶结状态、孔隙大小与分布特征等微观结构上差异明显,导致蒸发过程中重塑土的水分迁移速率较小、基质吸力较大,是重塑土收缩更剧烈的内在原因。研究结果可为膨胀土边坡的坡面工程防护设计提供参考依据。 相似文献
13.
石灰土发育过程中土壤腐殖质组成及其与土壤钙赋存形态关系 总被引：6，自引：2，他引：4
选取桂林典型石灰土不同发育阶段土样(黑色石灰土、棕色石灰土、黄色石灰土),对土壤中腐殖质组成、土壤钙的形态及其含量进行测定。结果显示:(1)石灰土发育过程中,黑色石灰土、棕色石灰土、黄色石灰土总碳量分别为230.15mg/g、37.49mg/g、17.94mg/g,胡敏酸所占比例分别为31.94%、9.44%、7.25%,富啡酸所占比例为1.04%、36.14%、66.16%,胡敏素为67.02%、54.41%、26.59%;(2)黑色石灰土、棕色石灰土、黄色石灰土中土壤钙全量分别为21486.66mg/kg、6913.33mg/kg、5540.17mg/kg,且三种土壤中均是酸溶态所占比例最高,分别为57.58%、74.69%、80.83%,其次为可还原态、残渣态和可氧化态;(3)相关性分析表明,土壤钙及其各形态均与土壤有机碳总量、胡敏酸、胡敏素成正相关关系,与富啡酸成负相关关系,土壤腐殖质组成及其含量在很大程度上影响着土壤钙含量及赋存形态。 相似文献
14.
陕北黄土区切沟密集,地形支离破碎,地形与植被共同作用下土壤水分状况较为复杂。通过长期定位观测深剖面土壤含水量,分析了流域分水线深层土壤水分时空动态及干层分布特征。研究结果表明:生长季0~3 m土层土壤水分亏缺,生长季后1.2 m以上土层亏缺水分得到补充,但该深度以下土壤水分含量未得到恢复,其中2.6~6.4 m深度范围缺水严重,流域分水线土壤水分含量出现明显的垂直分层现象;各观测点土壤含水量随深度的分布曲线、极值出现深度和干层深度范围不同,剖面干层随各分水线走向表现出不连续分布的特点;分水线干层平均起始深度为2.03 m,厚度为0.4~8 m,干层土壤含水量均值为9.03%,干层厚度与起始深度和干层土壤含水量均呈负相关关系。比较而言,陕北黄土高原干层发育严重程度较突出。相关研究结果可为流域土壤水资源分布及土壤水库功能评价提供理论依据。 相似文献
15.
黄土不同循环次数冻融试验研究表明,冻融循环作用改变了土的粒径分布,随着冻融循环次数的增加,土体中细颗粒不断增加,土体孔隙比变大,从而使得土体密度变小,但减少的量很小;冻融循环作用使土的压缩系数增大,压缩模量减小. 相似文献
16.
高寒植被生态系统变化对土壤物理化学性状的影响 总被引：7，自引：2，他引：5
在黄河源区选择典型样地,对土壤有机质(SOM)、全氮(N)等化学性状及土壤机械组成、容重和土壤导水率等物理特性进行分析.结果表明,植被退化导致土壤物理化学性状显著退化.灌丛草甸草地土壤表层有机质(SOM)从179.58 g·kg-1降到49.48 g·kg-1,表层碱解N流失率为30%,退化嵩草草甸表层有机质SOM减少53%,碱解N损失率为28.4%.沼泽地有机质SOM减少了15.11 g·kg-1.退化后的土壤土层厚度变薄,土壤颗粒变粗,土壤水分分布和含量出现变化,土壤出现沙化,土壤容重增大,土壤导水率与植被盖度有很好的相关性.研究表明,高寒植被生态系统的变化引起了土壤理化特性的强烈变化,高寒土壤环境出现退化. 相似文献
17.
长白山苔原带土壤温度与肥力随海拔的变化特征 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
土壤温度与土壤肥力的分解释放、植被生长密切相关。利用2015年8月至2017年6月长白山西坡苔原带5 cm土壤温度并测试其土壤肥力,分析了土壤温度与肥力随海拔的变化特征及土壤温度对苔原带肥力的影响。结果表明：（1）长白山西坡苔原带土壤最热月为8月,最冷月为1、2月。长白山西坡苔原带土壤年均温随海拔的升高而下降,垂直变化率为-0.44℃·（100m）-1。月均温垂直变化率则有所差别,5-9月垂直变化率为正,其余月份垂直变化率为负。（2）海拔是土壤温度空间分异的主要影响因素,冷季土壤温度随海拔升高而显著降低。随着海拔升高,越稀疏的植被和越薄的土层使得土壤热容量越小,暖季土壤温度随海拔升高而显著升高。（3）长白山西坡苔原带土壤肥力,尤其是与植物生长关系密切的速效养分随海拔升高表现出先升高再降低,在植物多样性和丰富度及草本植物盖度最高的2 250 m处达到土壤肥力最高水平。低海拔（2 050~2 250 m）的土壤肥力水平明显高于高海拔（2 350~2 550 m）的土壤肥力水平。西坡苔原带土壤肥力的空间分异状况受草本植物入侵影响较大。（4）长白山西坡苔原带土壤肥力水平随土壤温度升高而升高,温度是土壤有机质分解和矿物质养分转化的限制性因素。建议山地苔原带生态系统生产和生态管理中要重点考虑草本植被入侵给土壤肥力带来的影响。 相似文献
18.
本文以福建省九龙江下游的长泰、漳州、龙海三市县为实例，利用多目标区域地球化学调查资料，探讨了土壤地球化学分类的方法，提出了分类命名方案和诊断标准，将本区土壤划分为铁铝土、硅铝土、铝硅土、硅土4个大类，其中硅铝土又分为一般硅铝土、铁质硅铝土、钾质硅铝土、硫铁质硅铝土4个亚类，调查了各类(硅土除外)的52种元素平均含量和农业利用情况。 相似文献
19.
中国土壤有机质含量变异性与空间尺度的关系 总被引：28，自引：0，他引：28
以中国土种志资料为基础,分析了土壤有机质含量变异与空间尺度的关系及土类内和土类间的变异程度,探讨了不同空间尺度单元下,土壤有机质平均含量与土壤性质的相关性。结果表明,以土壤剖面为单元,随着土壤剖面数的增加,土壤有机质含量的变异系数增大;行政区域尺度单元内部土壤有机质变异程度大于单元间土壤有机质含量的变异程度。以土壤分类单元为空间单元,土类内的有机质含量变异程度小于土类间的变异程度。随着统计单元空间尺度的增大,土壤有机质含量与土壤性质之间的相关性减弱。因此,采用网格法或行政区划分空间区域,获得空间区域单元内土壤有机质含量或贮量的精确估算需要较多的剖面,但外推至数据不足的空间区域时,估算的不确定较小;采用土壤分类单元为空间区域单元,结果则相反。 相似文献
20.
高寒冻土区生物结皮对土壤理化属性的影响 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
生物结皮是高寒地区地被层的重要组分之一。其作为地表特殊的结构层,能够改变地表结构及土壤理化属性,从而影响冻土环境。迄今为止,关于青藏高原高寒生态系统中生物结皮对土壤理化属性的影响尚不清楚。以青藏高原高寒冻土区生物结皮为研究对象,初步研究了生物结皮的特征及其对土壤理化属性的影响。结果表明：生物结皮在高寒草甸退化过程中广泛发育,主要以藻结皮为主,其盖度可达37.3%~51.7%,结皮层平均厚度为12.6 mm。由于生物结皮的发育,高寒地区5~20 cm土层粉粒含量有所增加,但差异不显著,而结皮层土壤田间持水量相比于裸地表层（2 cm）增加了10%~40%,结皮层容重较裸地降低了30%;两种类型藻结皮均显著增加了结皮层及其下0~20 cm土层土壤有机质,而深色藻结皮增加了结皮层及其下0~20 cm土层土壤全氮含量,浅色藻结皮仅增加了结皮层土壤全氮含量,对其下0~20 cm土层土壤全氮含量没有显著影响;生物结皮对土壤pH没有显著影响;生物结皮是高寒生态系统植被退化过程中的关键环节。研究结果为揭示生物结皮在高寒生态系统中发挥重要生态功能提供依据。 相似文献