共查询到20条相似文献，搜索用时 31 毫秒
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《Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors》2006,154(3-4):276-289
The natural remanent magnetisation (NRM) of basalt lava containing (oxidised) magnetic phases is usually assumed to be proportional to the weight percent of magnetic phases. It is shown here that olivine basalt has a different behaviour. The NRM intensity increases at an increasing rate with the amount of magnetic phases. This is attributed to the oxidation of olivine during cooling of the basalt that leads to the exsolution of magnetite in a single domain state. In this way, olivine basalt is found to become an order of magnitude more magnetic than basalt that does not contain olivine. A simple explanation for the magnetic anomalies on Mars is offered, based upon these findings and Mössbauer spectroscopy data from Gusev crater on Mars. 相似文献
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In many areas of the world, the presence of shallow high velocity, highly heterogeneous layers complicate seismic imaging of deeper reflectors. Of particular economic interest are areas where potentially hydrocarbon-bearing strata are obscured by layers of basalt. Basalt layers are highly reflective and heterogeneous. Using reflection seismic, top basalt is typified by a high-amplitude, coherent reflector with poor resolution of reflectors below the basalt, and even bottom basalt. Here, we present a new approach to the imaging problem using the pattern recognition abilities of a back-propagation Artificial Neural Network (ANN). ANNs are computational systems that attempt to mimic natural biological neural networks. They have the ability to recognize patterns and develop their own generalizations about a given data set. Back-propagation neural networks are trained on data sets for which the solution is known and tested on the data that are not previously presented to the ANN in order to validate the network result. We show that Artificial Neural Networks, due to their pattern recognition capabilities, can invert the medium statistics based on the seismic character. We produce statistically defined models involving a basalt analogous layer, and calculate full wavefield finite difference synthetic seismograms. We vary basalt layer thickness and source frequency to generate a synthetic model that produces seismic that is similar to real sub-basalt seismic, i.e. high amplitude top basalt reflector and the absence of base basalt and sub-basalt events. Using synthetic shot gathers, generated in a synthetic representation of the sub-basalt case, we can invert the velocity medium standard deviation by using an ANN. By inverting the velocity medium standard deviation, we successfully identified the transition from basalt to sub-basalt on the synthetic shot gathers. We also show that ANNs are capable of identifying the basalt to sub-basalt transition in the presence of incoherent noise. This is important for any future applications of this technique to the real-world seismic data, as this data is never completely noise-free. There is always a certain level of residual (noise remaining after initial noise filtering) environmental/ambient noise present on the recorded seismics, hence, neural network training with noise-free synthetic seismic is less than optimal. 相似文献
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H. Kuno 《Bulletin of Volcanology》1966,29(1):195-222
Quaternary basalt magmas in the Circum-Pacific belt and island arcs and also in Indonesia change continuously from less alkalic and more siliceous type (tholeiite) on the oceanic side to more alkalic and less siliceous type (alkali olivine basalt) on the continental side. In the northeastern part of the Japanese Islands and in Kamchatka, zones of tholeiite, high-alumina basalt, and alkali olivine basalt are arranged parallel to the Pacific coast in the order just named, whereas in the southwestern part of the Japanese Islands, the Aleutian Islands, northwestern United States, New Zealand, and Indonesia, zones of high-alumina basalt and alkali olivine basalt are arranged parallel to the coast. In the Izu-Mariana, Kurile, South Sandwich and Tonga Islands, where deep oceans are present on both sides of the island arcs, only a zone of tholeiite is represented. Thus the lateral variation of magma type is characteristic of the transitional zone between the oceanic and continental structures. Because the variation is continuous, the physico-chemical process attending basalt magma production should also change continuously from the oceanic to continental mantle. Suggested explanations for the lateral variation assuming a homogeneous mantle are: 1) Close correspondence between the variations of depth of earthquake foci in the mantle and of basalt magma type in the Japanese Islands indicates that different magmas are produced at different depths where the earthquakes are generated by stress release: tholeiite at depths around 100 km, high-alumina basalt at depths around 200 km, and alkali olivine basalt at depths greater than 250 km. 2) Primary olivine tholeiite magma is produced at a uniform level of the mantle (100–150 km), and on the oceanic side of the continental margin, it leaves the source region immediately after its production and forms magma reservoirs at shallow depths, perhaps in the crust, where it undergoes fractionation to produce SiO2-oversaturated tholeiite magma, whereas on the continental side, the primary magma forms reservoirs near the source region and stays there long enough to be fractionated to produce alkali olivine basalt magma, and in the intermediate zone, the primary magma forms reservoirs at intermediate depths where it is fractionated to produce high-alumina basalt magma. 相似文献
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On King George Island during latest Oligocene/earliest Miocene time, submarine eruptions resulted in the emplacement of a
small (ca. 500 m estimated original diameter) basalt lava dome at Low Head. The dome contains a central mass of columnar rock
enveloped by fractured basalt and basalt breccia. The breccia is crystalline and is a joint-block deposit (lithic orthobreccia)
interpreted as an unusually thick dome carapace breccia cogenetic with the columnar rock. It was formed in situ by a combination
of intense dilation, fracturing and shattering caused by natural hydrofracturing during initial dome effusion and subsequent
endogenous emplacement of further basalt melt, now preserved as the columnar rock. Muddy matrix with dispersed hyaloclastite
and microfossils fills fractures and diffuse patches in part of the fractured basalt and breccia lithofacies. The sparse glass-rich
clasts formed by cooling-contraction granulation during interaction between chilled basalt crust and surrounding water. Together
with muddy sediment, they were injected into the dome by hydrofracturing, local steam fluidisation and likely explosive bulk
interaction. The basalt lava was highly crystallised and degassed prior to extrusion. Together with a low effusion temperature
and rapid convective heat loss in a submarine setting, these properties significantly affected the magma rheology (increased
the viscosity and shear strength) and influenced the final dome-like form of the extrusion. Conversely, high heat retention
was favoured by the degassed state of the magma (minimal undercooling), a thick breccia carapace and viscous shear heating,
which helped to sustain magmatic (eruption) temperatures and enhanced the mobility of the flow.
Received: 1 August 1996 / Accepted: 15 September 1997 相似文献
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油气勘探需要重新开发玄武岩下目的层的成像技术。我们今天遇到的最重要的问题之一是玄武岩下地震成像。近年来,由于利用长炮检距这个问题部分已经得到解决。然而,由于地表以及玄武岩的内部非均质性引起的复杂波形,近炮检距的资料仍然不能充分地被利用。影响玄武岩下成像的近垂直入射资料对于了解玄武岩层内部结构是十分有用的。对比较均匀的玄武岩目标层可选用转换波。这里我们利用几个合成模型例子重点描述了更接近现实的非均质玄武岩流引起的实际困难。模拟计算了全波地震记录以有助于了解玄武岩内沉积物对地震资料的影响。本文介绍了印度德干圈闭的一个研究实例。首先探讨了夹层沉积物对整个地震成像的影响。其次利用该区声测井资料以反射系数法计算全波场响应与实际地震资料对比, 通过一系列速度-深度剖面探讨了利用模式转换波(顶底玄武岩界面上的P波转化为S波或相反)对印度库奇地区玄武岩下成像的可行性。通过与野外资料相比较证明玄武岩中多个薄层的效应严重恶化我们所要解释和利用的图象的质量。 相似文献
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The Mount Edziza Volcanic Complex in north-central British Columbia includes a group of overlapping basaltic shields, salic composite volcanoes, domes and small calderas that range in age from 7.5 Ma to less than 2000 years B.P. The volcanic assemblage is chemically bimodal, comprising voluminous alkali olivine basalt and hawaiite, a salic suite of mainly peralkaline trachyte and comendite, plus a relatively small volume of intermediate rocks (trachybasalt, tristanite, mugearite, benmoreite). The complex is the product of five cycles of magmatic activity, each of which began with alkali olivine basalt and culminated with the eruption of salic magma. The regular chemical variation shown by almost 100 major- and trace-element analyses suggests a genetic lineage between the basic and salic members of each cycle. Least-squares mathematical modelling, indicates that the salic rocks (trachyte and comendite) have formed by fractionation of observed phenocryst and cumulate nodule mineral phases from a common alkali olivine basalt parent magma.Hawaiite is thought to be a cumulate rock, formed by partial fractionation and feldspar accumulation within rising columns of primary alkali olivine basalt. Fractionation leading from alkali olivine basalt through trachybasalt and trachyte to comendite is believed to have taken place where primary basalt became trapped in large crustal reservoirs. The early removal of olivine, clinopyroxene and plagioclase, leading to a trachytic residuum, and subsequent fractionation of mainly alkali feldspar, leading to the peralkaline end members, is consistent with major- and trace-element variation and with isotopic and REE data.The chemical diversity of the complex is attributed to its location over a zone of crustal extension where mantle-derived basalt, trapped in large high-level reservoirs, underwent prolonged fractionation. 相似文献
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Origin of andesite and its bearing on the Island arc structure 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
H. Kuno 《Bulletin of Volcanology》1968,32(1):141-176
The hypothesis that andesite magmas originate from basalt magmas through fractionation is supported for the following reasons: 1) A close association of andesite and dacite with basalt in many volcanoes and a complete gradation in chemistry and mineralogy throughout this suite. 2) Formation of andesite magmas from basalt magmas by differentiation in situ of some intrusive and extrusive bodies. 3) Agreement between the calculated compositions of solid materials to be subtracted from basalt magmas to yield andesite magmas and the observed mineralogy of phenocrysts in these rocks. 4) Higher alkali contents in andesite and dacite associated with high-alumina basalt than in those associated with tholeiite. 5) A complete gradation from the high iron concentration trend of basalt magma fractionation (Skaergaard) to the low or noniron concentration trend (the calc-alkali series) which can be ascribed to the difference of the stage of magnetite crystallization. 6) Similarity between the orogenic rock suite and plateau basalts in the preferential eruption of magmas of middle fractionation stage, givin rise to the great volume of andesite in the orogenic belts and iron-rich basalt in the plateau lavas. Petrological and seismic refraction studies suggest that a great volume of gabbroic materials are present in the lower crust underneath the volcanic belts as a complementary material for the andesite lavas. The island arc structure would develop by repeated eruption of andesite on the surface and by thickening of the oceanic crust underneath the arc due to the addition of gabbroic materials. The suitable portion of the lower crust may be subjected to partial melting to produce granitic magma in the later stage of development of the arc, successively changing it to a part of the adjacent continent. 相似文献
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从卫星影像上分析海南岛第四纪玄武岩的分期 总被引：2，自引：3，他引：2
本文主要应用陆地卫星影像进行了目视判读、图象增强处理、结合野外验证和对前人资料的研究,确认海南岛第四纪玄武岩可划分为五个喷发期,喷发次数为十二次,玄武岩的喷发与活动断裂有着密切的关系 相似文献
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中国东部广泛分布着新生代的玄武岩,其地质时代始终是一个争议的问题。本文作者对南京附近地区的两个标准玄武岩组剖面进行了古地磁学研究,使用交变场退磁法检验了样品,证明它们的剩磁稳定性良好,测得江宁方山玄武岩组的I,平均值为8.1×10-4CGSM,Dr=195°29′、Jr=-54°9′,古地磁南极位置为λP=192°35′E、ΦP=76°47′N;六合灵岩山玄武岩组的l,平均值为26.4×10-4CGSM,Dr=354°44′,Jr=42°12′,古地磁北极位置为λP=329°38′E、Φp=80°36′N,并得出如下结论: （1）六合灵岩山玄武岩组和江宁方山玄武岩组的极性截然不同,灵岩山玄武岩组的岩石磁性全系正向,可能相当于布容期（Brunhes epoch）,方山玄武岩组的岩石磁性全属反向,可能相当于松山期（Matuyama epoch）; （2）灵岩山玄武岩组测得的古北极相距现今的北极要比方山玄武岩组的近一些,清晰地表明它们的形成时间绝非同一时期,而是灵岩山玄武岩组要晚,方山玄武岩组要早; （3）灵岩山玄武岩组和方山玄武岩组形成时期的岩石产地所处的古纬度都是中纬度地区,属亚热带气候; （4）对比世界各地区一些有关时代的岩石古地磁学数据,参照这两套玄武岩组的上下地层中所含有的古生物化石及岩石学特征,六合灵岩山玄武岩组的地质时代似应为Q2-Q3,江宁方 相似文献
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SHRIMP zircon U-Pb age and significance of Early Paleozoic volcanic rocks in East Kunlun orogenic belt, Qinghai Province, China 总被引：6，自引：0，他引：6
ZHU Yunhai LIN Qixiang JIA Chunxing & WANG Guocan .Faculty of Earth Science China University of Geosciences Wuhan China .Regional Geological Survey Academy of Qinghai Xining China 《中国科学D辑(英文版)》2006,49(1):88-96
A great deal of practical data in recent years have proved that the East Kunlun orogenic belt and even the China central orogenic belt are complex orogenic belts that underwent polycycle orogenic evolvement[1―7]. Each orogenic cycle has left a compositional print, the multi-period ophiolites[4―6] and various types of tec-tono-magmatic production in the same orogenic belt. There is a suite of shallow metamorphic volcanic rocks in the Nuomuhong area in the east part of the East Kunlun orogen… 相似文献
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Alexander Droujinine 《Geophysical Prospecting》2005,53(1):37-63
Walkaway vertical seismic profile (VSP) data acquired in basalt‐covered areas can be used to improve knowledge of the sub‐basalt structure. A synthetic example and a case study from the North Atlantic (UK) show that elastic two‐way downward‐continuation migration combined with the stationary‐phase principle is well suited to the processing of VSP data. Vector data are processed using decoupled elastic migration algorithms in both isotropic and anisotropic media. To illustrate the value of decoupled imaging equations, conventional PP imaging is carried out on the enhanced VSP data and compared with the decoupled scheme. Decoupled vector migration operates directly on the displacement vector, and uses various wave modes. Downgoing waves are migrated to image basalt lava flows and measure their anisotropy. Upgoing waves are used for high‐resolution sub‐basalt imaging. 相似文献
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Rapidly cooled portions of eleven samples of mid-ocean ridge tholeiitic basalt pillows have noble gas abundance patterns which resemble the solar rare gas pattern rather than the noble gas pattern of the terrestrial atmosphere. We conclude that these samples contain primordial noble gases. In contrast, holocrystalline samples and a sample from the interior of a basalt pillow have noble gas abundance patterns which resemble the sea water pattern. Whereas the quenched glossy margins of basalt pillows record a non-atmospheric gas reservoir, these slowly cooled samples apparently have undergone exchange of their noble gases with those dissolved in sea water. 相似文献
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《Acta Geochimica》2017,(3)
We analyzed the ~(87)Sr/~(86)Sr ratios of basaltic rocks and basin water in Xuyi,China,and found a big difference,which may challenge conventional wisdom on the contribution of basalt weathering in end-member analysis.Results of an in-house weathering experiment suggest that rainwater and dust are not responsible for the difference.By isolating the major minerals in basalt,we found that plagioclase has much higher ~(87)Sr/~(86)Sr ratios than bulk basalt and basin water,which might explain the difference in ~(87)Sr/~(86)Sr ratios of basalt and basin water.We inferthatlow-temperaturehydrothermalalteration increased the ~(87)Sr/~(86)Sr ratios of plagioclase.Future analyses of end-member contribution in a mixed-rock basin should take into account that basin water and plagioclase have higher ~(87)Sr/~(86)Sr ratios than basaltic rocks. 相似文献
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The Quaternary central volcano Longonot is situated on the floor of the Gregory Rift Valley, Kenya, at 0° 55 S, 36° 25 E. Although the majority of its products are lavas and pyroclastics of pantelleritic trachyte composition, small volumes of alkali basalt magma have been coerupted with pantelleritic trachyte magma to produce mixed lavas. These lavas were the first products following each of three caldera collapses and mark the start of three successive cycles of whole-rock chemical variation with time. For the first two mixed-lava eruptions identified, field, petrographic and mineralogical evidence suggests that the contrasting magmas comingled, and in places hybridized, during eruption. Whole-rock geochemistry requires the alkali basalt component to have been contaminated prior to coeruption with trachyte. Syenite is suggested as a possible contaminant of the basalt component in the last two mixed-lava eruptions. Field and whole-rock chemical evidence points to the trachyte magma chamber being underlain by a basalt magma root zone. Inputs of fresh basalt magma into the root zone may have initiated each pre-caldera pyroclastic event and subsequent caldera formation and may have also caused the trachyte magma to overturn and commence a fresh cycle of chemical evolution. Some of the hot, buoyant basalt magma was able to leak towards the surface up peripheral fractures where it was coerupted with the initial trachyte magma of each cycle. 相似文献
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Geochemical data and mapping from a Karoo flood basalt crater complex reveals new information about the ascent and eruption
of magma batches during the earliest phases of flood basalt volcanism. Flood basalt eruptions at Sterkspruit, South Africa
began with emplacement of thin lava flows before abruptly switching to explosive phreatomagmatic and magmatic activity that
formed a nest of craters, spatter and tuff rings and cones that collectively comprise a crater complex >40 km2 filled by 9–18 km3 of volcaniclastic debris. Rising magma flux rates combined with reduced access of magma to external water led to effusion
of thick Karoo flood basalts, burying the crater-complex beneath the >1.5 km-thick Lesotho lava pile. Geochemical data is
consistent with flood basalt effusion from local dikes, and some lava flows likely shared or re-occupied vent sites active
during explosive eruptions at Sterkspruit. Flood basalt magmas involved in Sterkspruit eruptions were chemically heterogenous.
This study documents the rapid (perhaps simultaneous) eruption of three chemically distinct basaltic magmas which cannot be
simply related to one another from one vent site within the Sterkspruit crater complex. Stratigraphic and map relationships
indicate that eruption of the same three magma types took place from closely spaced vents over a short time during formation
of the bulk of the crater-complex. Two magma types recognized there have not been recognized in the Karoo province before.
The variable composition of flood basalts at Sterkspruit argues that magma batches in flood basalt fields may be small (0.5–1 km3) and not simply related to one another. This implies in turn that heterogeneities in the magma source region may be close
to each other in time and space, and that eruptions of chemically distinct magmas may take place over short intervals of space
and time without significant hybridisation in flood basalt fields. 相似文献
19.
R. J. Lutton 《Bulletin of Volcanology》1969,33(2):579-593
Engineering studies on Buckboard Mesa in Nevada have included extensive coring and borchole photographing in a late Cenozoic basalt flow. The basalt was evidently extruded from a fissure, now marked by a cinder cone, localized in the moat of the Timber Mountain caldera. It is an olivine-bearing andesitic basalt with a moderately high potassium content. Away from complications near the vent only a single flow is present. Distributaries from the main channel branch to clusters of lava toes at the flow terminus. A vesicular facies overlies a dense facies in general, but alternating layers formed in an early flow stage complicate the stratigraphy. Structures formed in a transitional stage are flattened vesicles, layers of vesicles, and lineated vesicles. These flow structures commonly parallel concentric flattened cylinders of the various rock types. The cylindrical structure is apparently fundamental to lava flow mechanics. In the brittle stage, an orthogonal system of three sets of fractures developed in the lava parallel and perpendicular to the flow layering. Similar flow channels with cylindrical flow structure and related fractures are present in Columbia River basalt and elsewhere. 相似文献
20.
Early Permian Tarim Large Igneous Province in northwest China 总被引：7，自引：0，他引：7
ShuFeng Yang HanLin Chen ZiLong Li YinQi Li Xing Yu DongXu Li LiFeng Meng 《中国科学:地球科学(英文版)》2013,56(12):2015-2026
Tarim Large Igneous Province (TLIP) is the second Late Paleozoic LIPs in China after the recognition of Emeishan LIP, and is a hot research topic in geosciences. On the basis of the analysis of research history about TLIP, this paper summarizes the research result during last twenty years and suggests the key research area in the future. The residual distribution range of TLIP is up to 250000 km2, and the largest residual thickness is 780 m. The eruption of basalt happened during 290–288 Ma and belongs to LIPs magmatic event with fast eruption of magma. The lithological units of the TLIP include basalt, diabase, layered intrusive rock, breccia pipe mica-olivine pyroxenite, olivine pyroxenite, gabbro, ultramafic dyke, quartz syenite, quartz syenite porphyry and bimodal dyke. The basalt and diabase of TLIP exhibit OIB-like trace element patterns and enrichment of LILE and HFSE, and mainly belong to high TiO2 series. There is an obvious difference in isotope among the basalt from Keping and the basalt and dibase from the northern Tarim Basin. The basalt from Keping with negative ? Nd and high REE value derives from enriched mantle, and the diabase and basalt from the northern Tarim Basin with positive ? Nd and low REE value are related to depleted mantle. The crust uplifting in the Early Permian and the development of picrite and large scale dyke and formation of large scale V-Ti-Magnetite deposit in Wajilitag area support the view that the TLIP is related to mantle plume. The TLIP has a temporal-spatial relationship with Permian basic to ultra-basic igneous rock, which is distributed widely in Central Asia, and they represent a tectono-magmatic event with very important geodynamic setting. This paper also suggests that the deep geological process, the relation with mantle plume, mineralization, the relation with environmental change and biological evolution, and the geodynamics of the TLIP will be the key research topics in the future. 相似文献