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1.
《Geoforum》2016
Over the past decade, major landscape wildfires (or ‘bushfires’ in Australia) in fire-prone countries have illustrated the seriousness of this global environmental problem. This natural hazard presents a complex mesh of dynamic factors for those seeking to reduce or manage its costs, as ignitions, hazard behaviour, and the reactions of different human and ecological communities during and after hazard events are all extremely uncertain. But while those at risk of wildfire have been subject to significant research, the social dimensions of its management, including the role of science, have received little attention. This paper reports on a case study of the Barwon-Otway area of Victoria in Australia, a high wildfire risk area that has recently been a pilot site for a new risk mitigation strategy utilising the wildfire simulation model PHOENIX RapidFire. Against simple equations between ‘more science’ and ‘less uncertainty,’ this paper presents results from interviews and a workshop with practitioners to investigate how scientific research interacts with and informs both wildfire policy and practice. We suggest that attending to cultural and social specificities of the application of any technical innovation—such as next generation modelling—raises questions for future research about the roles of narrative, performance, and other knowledges in the sedimentation of science. 相似文献
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Service Opare 《GeoJournal》2012,77(5):695-705
Potable water is a critical for improved health and for the pursuit of various socio-economic activities. Despite its immense usefulness, rural communities in developing countries such as Ghana lack adequate access to potable water. Rainwater harvesting, which has the potential of providing potable water for rural communities in Ghana and can be undertaken largely with local resources is rarely utilized. The purpose of this paper is to present rainwater harvesting as a sustainable water supply strategy for domestic use and is based on research undertaken in two rural communities in Ghana. The paper identifies opportunities such as affordability and user ownership as well as constraining bottlenecks that include poor roofing materials, lack of appropriate harvesting facilities and housing occupancy status as factors influencing rainwater harvesting practices by rural communities. It then proposes measures to resolve these and other difficulties associated with rainwater harvesting and thereby enhance its potential for sustainable rural water supply. 相似文献
4.
Muhammad Rizwan Shafaqat Ali Tahir Abbas Muhammad Zia ur Rehman Mohammad I. Al-Wabel 《Arabian Journal of Geosciences》2018,11(20):630
Cadmium (Cd) is the family member of toxic heavy metals, and its accumulation in food crops has become a global environmental constraint. Biochar potentially minimizes the metal contents in plants, but limited work has been reported on its residual effect on subsequent crops. The residual effect of various biochar levels (0, 1.5, 3.0, and 5.0% w/w) on Cd accumulation in rice has been investigated in this study. Biochar treatments enhanced the rice growth, photosynthesis, and antioxidant enzymes, whereas diminished the Cd contents and oxidative stress in rice. Cadmium concentration in shoots decreased by 24.4, 36.6, and 57.5% in 1.5, 3.0, and 5.0% biochar treatments over the control. Biochar supply enhanced the soil pH and electrical conductivity, whereas diminished the soil bioavailable Cd. Overall, the results depicted a significant residual impact of rice straw biochar on rice growth attributes and Cd uptake. However, studies are still needed to explore the long-term sustainability of biochars prepared from different feedstocks on bioavailability of toxic metals in soils and uptake by food crops under field conditions. 相似文献
5.
Abdullah R. A. Al-Kandari 《GeoJournal》1992,27(4):353-363
Conclusions As developing countries expand both agricultural and industrial activities over the coming decade, sensitive management of the limited available freshwater resources will become increasingly important. If their supplies consist solely of ground water, then some water deficit countries could end up by mining a non-renewable resource as it takes many thousands of years to replenish deep fossil groundwater stocks. Conservation and careful husbandry of existing stocks must therefore be carried out if the growing human populations of arid lands are to be protected from famine and poverty.The arid zones may provide more than sufficient food in a sustainable system despite the harsh natural conditions. In arid areas rainfall is low, biological cycling is limited by low soil moisture and evapotranspiration is high. The absence of leaching by infiltration results in a large active pool of nutrients and the addition of water by irrigation allows this potential fertility to be realised. Given the high insolation of desert lands and a man-made continuous water supply it is possible to obtain 2–4 crop harvest a year. However, the success of any future development is ultimately in the hands of the governments who control the management of water resources.Until recently pollution of the sea was relatively localised. It has now become a problem globally around coasts and even affects the open ocean. Enclosed and semi-enclosed seas are most vulnerable to degradation of their ecosystems and the Golf region has proved to be no exception to this, sensitivity exacerbated by weak currents and political instability leading to increasing oil pollution.The pollution in the Gulf is at its most harmful in the biologically diverse and productive areas around coastlines where pollution tends to concentrate and where human welfare is also most at risk. The outbreak of cholera and other waterborne disease in Iraq immediately following the Gulf war highlights the exceptional reliance people throughout the Gulf States must place of fresh water supplies. Continuing political instability in the region and its associated environmental damage will not, therefore, only threaten wildlife or fisheries but may threaten human welfare as water supplies are limited or decline in quality and industry, agriculture and health all suffer the consequences. 相似文献
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Agriculture communities in the Himalayas are disproportionately vulnerable due to the emerging challenges from climatic and non-climatic stressors. In this study, we systematically review peer-reviewed literature focused on vulnerability assessment of agriculture communities (n = 26) in the five Himalayan countries (Bhutan, China, India, Nepal, and Pakistan). We examine the yearly distribution, geographical scale, methodological approach, stress in consideration, indicators used, and assessment communication methods of the reviewed papers. Our findings indicate that vulnerability assessment of agriculture communities in the Himalayas is a recent practice, as all of the reviewed articles were published after 2007. About 62% of the assessments were conducted at local (household, community, and village) level, and few assessments at sub-national (19%) and basin (12%) levels. Indicator-based methods using primary quantitative data were most common (54%). Further, 90% of the studies addressed vulnerability to a single stressor with 50% of papers dealing with the vulnerability of agriculture communities to climate change and/or climate variability. From the analysis of the literature, it was found that multi-level, multi-stress, and comprehensive socio-ecological assessments were seldom attempted. Mostly the studies were done in isolated pockets and failed to identify the patterns of vulnerability. We advocate that to holistically understand the vulnerability-creating and differentiating mechanisms in agriculture communities, vulnerability assessment should adopt a multi-level approach by integrating both social and ecological determinants, firstly to identify the hotspots of vulnerability and then to deeply understand the root causes in the identified hotspots through integrated analysis. 相似文献
7.
文章应用稳定同位素C和N分析的方法,研究了山东滕州大汶口文化时期西公桥遗址先民的食谱,试图揭示该遗址先民生活方式、社会经济结构的变化。总体而言,该遗址样品保存较差,骨中骨胶原的含量较低,以C/N摩尔比作为标准,仅有8个样品属于未污染样品,可用作食谱分析。对样品进行稳定同位素C和N分析,结果表明:该遗址先民均为稻、粟混食,但在肉食资源获取上有所不同。以C3为主的先民,具有较低的δ15N;而以C4类为主的先民,δ15N值较高。在该遗址的发展过程中,人们的食物结构发生了一定的变化。 相似文献
8.
《Geoforum》2017
The expansion of resource extractivism in Latin America in the last decade has been related to previous neoliberalisation processes, which opened-up mineral exploitation to transnational firms and granted investors favourable conditions. Extractivism, however, expanded equally (or more) in countries which have undertaken “counter-neoliberal” reform—as it is most clearly the case for Evo Morales’s Bolivia. Building on regulationist approaches and strategic-relational state theory, this paper analyses recent changes in the governance of Bolivian mining. It contributes to understanding how and why the Morales governments’ objectives to initiate a transition towards a more plural and diversified economy—informed by social movements—have not been achieved to date. We make three interrelated claims. First, the expansion of mining has been enabled by the maintaining of institutional arrangements for mineral exploitation established during neoliberalism, favouring transnational firms and self-employed (“cooperative”) miners over state-owned and community-managed operations. Second, despite the new government’s improved legal framework for the promotion of environmental and indigenous rights, the mining sector has continued to benefit from de facto lax environmental regulation, which constitutes an indirect incentive to expansion at the expense of ecologies and indigenous–peasant livelihoods. Third, the state has played a central role in weakening social resistance to mining expansion, by demobilising those social forces—particularly peasant–indigenous organisations—whose proposals and demands conflicted most clearly with extractivist development. We suggest, therefore, that analysing changing state–society relations is central to understanding the counter-neoliberalisation of resource governance and its limits. 相似文献
9.
Rice research: Food for 4 billion people 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
K. Lampe 《GeoJournal》1995,35(3):253-261
Rice is the staple food for about 2.4 billion people and provides more than 20% of their daily calorie intake. This number will increase to 4.6 billion people by 2050. Just to meet the projected demand for rice in the 21st Century, the world's annual rough rice production must increase from 520 million tons today to at least 880 million tons by 2025, an increase of almost 70%. That requirement may rise to one billion tons by the year 2050.To produce such an increase, on decreasing arable land, with reduced water resources, with less rural labor input, and with fewer agrochemical inputs, will require major contributions from research to increase yields and reduce inputs, costs and losses. And, more important, it will require coordinated national and international scientific efforts and, above all, strong political will, determined governments and major investments in food research in the rice-consuming countries of the world. 相似文献
10.
钴是我国极度短缺的矿产资源,同时也是战略新兴产业必需的原材料,保证钴的稳定供应是产业发展的关键所在。本文立足钴的供应链,基于我国进出口情况,将上游环节的钴精矿和湿法冶炼中间产品定义为短缺产品,将中游环节的精炼钴、下游环节的锂电池定义为优势产品。基于理论数据对上游产品进行供应风险评价,发现由于国内一次、二次资源供应能力不足,进口高度集中等因素导致上游产品供应风险极高。在实际贸易格局中,虽未出现断供的情况,但由于进口过于集中,贸易自由度较低,易受他国制约。对中、下游产品进行供应控制力评价,发现我国从生产、出口以及企业表现三个方面均处于全球领先水平,且下游产品还具有较高的贸易联系能力、与他国的调节能力和资源控制能力。综合考虑当上游产品进口中断会严重制约中、下游发展,对此提出完善回收体系、优化进口来源、建立供应链安全预警机制等建议。 相似文献
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We consider the astrophysical evolution of the Galaxy over large time scales, from early stages (an age of ～108 yrs) to the end of traditional stellar evolution (～1011 yrs). Despite the fact that the basic parameters of our stellar system (such as its size, mass, and general structure) have varied little over this time, variations in the characteristics of stars (their total luminosity, color, mass function, and chemical composition) are rather substantial. The interaction of the Galaxy with other stellar systems becomes an important factor in its evolution 100–1000 Gyr after its origin; however, we take the Galaxy to be isolated. In the model considered, the basic stages of Galactic evolution are as follows. The Galaxy forms as the result of the contraction (collapse) of a protogalactic cloud. The beginning of the Milky Way’s life—the relaxation period, which lasts about 1–2 Gyr—is characterized by active star formation and final structurization. The luminosity and colors of the Galaxy are correlated to the star formation rate (SFR). The young Galaxy intensely radiates high-energy photons, which are mostly absorbed by dust and re-emitted at IR wavelengths. In the subsequent period of steady-state evolution, the gas content in the Galactic disk gradually decreases; accordingly, the SFR decreases, reaching 3–5M ⊙/yr at the present epoch and decreasing to 0.03M ⊙/yr by an age of 100 Gyr. Essentially all other basic parameters of the Galaxy vary little. Later, the decrease in the SFR accelerates, since the evolution of stars with masses exceeding 0.4M ⊙ (i.e., those able to lose matter and renew the supply of interstellar gas) comes to an end. The Galaxy enters a period of “dying”, and becomes fainter and redder. The variation of its chemical composition is manifested most appreciably in a dramatic enrichment of the interstellar gas in iron. The final “stellar epoch” in the life of the Galaxy is completed ～1013 yrs after its formation, when the evolution of the least massive stars comes to an end. By this time, the supplies of interstellar and intergalactic gas are exhausted, the remaining stars become dark, compact remnants, there is no further formation of new stars, and the Galactic disk no longer radiates. Eventually, infrequent outbursts originating from collisions of stellar remnants in the densest central regions of the Galaxy will remain the only source of emission. 相似文献
13.
Jessica K. Graybill 《GeoJournal》2013,78(5):817-832
Global environmental change shapes places and people through ongoing transformation of ecological, socioeconomic, political, and cultural phenomena. One region construed as highly vulnerable to global environmental change, particularly anthropogenic climate change, is the North. Recent research about human communities in Western arctic and subarctic places revolve around vulnerability to anthropogenic climate change, focusing on loss of the ability to pursue traditional livelihoods, threats to ecosystems sustaining human communities and the need to adapt to new environmental regimes. Fewer studies address Russia and the perceptions and emotions related to climate change. To understand how people of the Russian North engage with climate change, I conducted ethnographic research in two rural and remote communities in subarctic alpine Kamchatka, Russia in 2009–2010. Local narratives about climate change largely reflect climate skepticism, and anthropogenic climate change is rejected as explaining environmental changes because: (1) climate is considered as naturally and cyclically changing, (2) humans are not considered a large enough force to alter natural climate cycles, (3) environmental problems are solvable with technology and (4) there is a lack of knowledge about climate change science. Thus, perceptions and emotions about transformation focus on other realms—socioeconomic, political, cultural—that are perceived as more critical to everyday life in the present and near future. Here, I describe these narratives and place the regional understanding of climate change in greater context to explain resistance to imagining environmental transformations due to climate change. 相似文献
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David King 《Natural Hazards》2008,47(3):497-508
The concept of a natural hazard is a human construct. It is the interaction with human communities and settlements that defines
a natural phenomenon as a natural hazard. Thus the end point of hazard mitigation and hazard vulnerability assessment must
involve an attempt to reduce, or mitigate, the impact of the natural hazard on human communities. The responsibility to mitigate
hazard impact falls primarily upon governments and closely connected non-government and private institutional agencies. In
particular, it is most often local government that takes the responsibility for safeguarding its own communities, infrastructure
and people. Hazard vulnerability of specific local communities is best assessed by the local government or council, which
then faces the responsibility to translate that assessment into community education and infrastructural safeguards for hazard
mitigation. This paper illustrates the process of local government engagement in hazard mitigation in Australia, through the
Natural Disaster Risk Management Studies, as a first step towards natural disaster reduction. 相似文献
16.
Despite the broad impact and importance of saltwater intrusion in coastal aquifers, little research has been directed towards forecasting saltwater intrusion in areas where the source of saltwater is uncertain. Saline contamination in inland groundwater supplies is a concern for numerous communities in the southern US including the city of Deltona, Florida. Furthermore, conventional numerical tools for forecasting saltwater contamination are heavily dependent on reliable characterization of the physical characteristics of underlying aquifers, information that is often absent or challenging to obtain. To overcome these limitations, a reliable alternative data-driven model for forecasting salinity in a groundwater supply was developed for Deltona using the fast orthogonal search (FOS) method. FOS was applied on monthly water-demand data and corresponding chloride concentrations at water supply wells. Groundwater salinity measurements from Deltona water supply wells were applied to evaluate the forecasting capability and accuracy of the FOS model. Accurate and reliable groundwater salinity forecasting is necessary to support effective and sustainable coastal-water resource planning and management. The available (27) water supply wells for Deltona were randomly split into three test groups for the purposes of FOS model development and performance assessment. Based on four performance indices (RMSE, RSR, NSEC, and R), the FOS model proved to be a reliable and robust forecaster of groundwater salinity. FOS is relatively inexpensive to apply, is not based on rigorous physical characterization of the water supply aquifer, and yields reliable estimates of groundwater salinity in active water supply wells. 相似文献
17.
The United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) and the Response Strategies of China 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
Yanqiang Wei Xin Li Feng Gao Chunlin Huang Xiaoyu Song Bao Wang Hanqing Ma Penglong Wang 《地球科学进展》2018,33(10):1084-1093
The United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) which launched in 2015 inherited, extended and developed the merits of the United Nations Millennium Development Goals (MDG) in 2000. By the analysis of SDG goals, it can be found that SDG has mainly covered the securities of food supplies, disease prevention, social justice and human rights, the securities of water, energy, land and eco-environment. It covers the human, social, economic, and eco-environmental dimensions. To achieve it, the SDG should be localized and coordinated with the long-term development strategies of Chinese government. And the goals should be integrated into the policies and engineering projects of China simultaneously. By multilaterally cooperating with international communities and sharing the development experiences of other countries/regions, and confronting global issues together, the SDG can be achieved eventually by all the countries of the world. 相似文献
18.
Stephen Gregory Tolley Bethany Bachelor Brosious Ernst Bryan Peebles 《Estuaries and Coasts》2013,36(4):820-833
Oyster reefs provide structural habitat for resident crabs and fishes, most of which have planktonic larvae that are dependent upon transport/retention processes for successful settlement. High rates of freshwater inflow have the potential to disrupt these processes, creating spatial gaps between larval distribution and settlement habitat. To investigate whether inflow can impact subsequent recruitment to oyster reefs, densities of crab larvae and post-settlement juveniles and adults were compared in Estero Bay, Florida, over 22 months (2005–2006). Three species were selected for comparison: Petrolisthes armatus, Eurypanopeus depressus, and Rhithropanopeus harrisii. All are important members of oyster reef communities in Southwest Florida; all exhibit protracted spawning, with larvae present throughout the year; and each is distributed unevenly on reefs in different salinity regimes. Recruitment to oyster reefs was positively correlated with bay-wide larval supply at all five reefs examined. Species-specific larval connectivity to settlement sites was altered by inflow: where connectivity was enhanced by increased inflow, stock–recruitment curves were linear; where connectivity was reduced by high inflows, stock–recruitment curves were asymptotic at higher larval densities. Maximum recruit density varied by an order of magnitude among reefs. Although live oyster density was a good indicator of habitat quality in regard to crab density, it did not account for the high variability in recruit densities. Variation in recruit density at higher levels of larval supply may primarily be caused by inflow-induced variation in larval connectivity, creating an abiotic simulation of what has widely been regarded as density dependence in stock–recruitment curves. 相似文献
19.
《Geoforum》2015
The term ‘rewilding’ sounds as if it should have a straightforward meaning ‘to make wild again’. But in truth the term has a complex history and a host of meanings have been ascribed to it. Rewilding as a specific scientific term has its beginnings as a reference to the Wildlands Project, which was founded in 1991 and aimed to create North American core wilderness areas without human activity that would be connected by corridors. Words, however, do not stand still—they change over time and take on new meanings, while sometimes simultaneously retaining the older sense. Employing Foucault’s idea of historical genealogy, this article examines how the term rewilding was historically adopted and modified in ecological scientific discourse over the last two decades. This investigation probes what and, by extension, when and where, rewilding refers to as it has moved into various geographies across the globe. It then examines how the term has moved outside of science and been adopted by environmental activists as a plastic word. Taken as a whole, rewilding discourse seeks to erase human history and involvement with the land and flora and fauna. Such an attempted split between nature and culture may prove unproductive and even harmful. A more inclusive rewilding is a preferable strategy. 相似文献
20.
随着新能源产业的快速发展, 全球碳酸锂贸易量逐渐增长, 但其出口集中于少数国家, 这意味着全球碳酸锂供应存在一定的风险。为了深入了解全球碳酸锂贸易格局演变、供应危机传播路径及影响, 本文构建了2000—2021年全球碳酸锂贸易网络和级联失效模型, 概述了主要出口国贸易流向和贸易格局演变过程, 并模拟了不同供应危机来源的雪崩规模、传播路径及其影响。我们得到: (1)20多年来全球碳酸锂贸易集中度逐渐增加, 出口前三位国家保持稳定, 而主要进口大国变化明显, 贸易格局已由南美供应全球转变为南美供应东亚; (2)碳酸锂贸易供应危机的影响范围逐渐扩大, 间接传播逐渐占据主导地位; (3)智利供应危机对中日韩的影响程度逐渐扩大, 但对欧洲的影响时间最长; 阿根廷和中国的雪崩规模在上升、传播次数增加, 而美国则相反。本文将贸易格局演变与危机传播结合, 明确了全球碳酸锂主要贸易国智利、阿根廷、中国、德国等作为供应危机来源的影响程度及其传播路径。以上分析结果将有利于维护全球碳酸锂贸易稳定和主要贸易国采取应对策略缓解供应危机。 相似文献