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1.
臭氧对作物影响的模型研究概述 总被引：4，自引：1，他引：4
近年来，在大量试验研究的基础上，有关臭氧(O3)对作物影响的研究重点为如何建立有效的模型，以评估和预测O3对作物产量和农业造成的损失。文中介绍了有关臭氧对作物影响模型的研究概况，将模型分为3类：统计模型、光化学模型和机理模型；在分析各类模型局限性的基础上，指出O3对作物影响的模型研究将向模块化、普遍化方向发展，形成综合、全面的模型，并讨论了我国相关研究的发展方向。 相似文献
2.
Bolund measurements were used for a blind comparison of microscale flow models. Fifty-seven models ranging from numerical
to physical were used, including large-eddy simulation (LES) models, Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes (RANS) models, and linearized
models, in addition to wind-tunnel and water-channel experiments. Many assumptions of linearized models were violated when
simulating the flow around Bolund. As expected, these models showed large errors. Expectations were higher for LES models.
However, of the submitted LES results, all had difficulties in applying the specified boundary conditions and all had large
speed-up errors. In contrast, the physical models both managed to apply undisturbed ‘free wind’ boundary conditions and achieve
good speed-up results. The most successful models were RANS with two-equation closures. These models gave the lowest errors
with respect to speed-up and turbulent kinetic energy (TKE) prediction. 相似文献
3.
夏季南海台风移动路径的一种客观预报方法 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
以1960—2003年共44a夏季的7月、8月、9月西行进入南海海域的台风样本为基础,综合考虑南海台风移动路径的气候持续因子和数值预报产品物理量因子,运用条件数方法选取因子并建立回归方程,进行台风路径预报模型的预报建模研究。通过对比分析发现,基于条件数方法的南海台风移动路径模型具有较好的预报效果,7月、8月、9月3个月24h台风路径预报的平均距离误差为153．9km,预报能力明显高于目前国内外的其他一些台风路径客观预报方法。该方法的预报精度相对于逐步回归方法有了很大的提高,相对于气候持续法也为正的预报技巧水平。 相似文献
4.
The impact of transient eddies on extratropical seasonal-mean prediction and predictability was examined using DEMETER seasonal prediction data. Two distinct groups were found among the seven DEMETER models based on the simulated properties of their climatological state: (1) models of a strong jet stream and strong transient activity (strong transient models), which is close to the observed intensity, and (2) models of a weak jet stream and weak transient activity (weak transient models). In addition to climatology, the strong transient models tend to predict strong Pacific North American (PNA) patterns, whereas the weak transient models predict weak PNA patterns. Here we demonstrate that these differences mainly result from differences in the eddy feedback intensity. Due to synoptic eddy feedback, the strong transient models exhibit not only strong signal variance but also strong noise variance compared with those of the weak transient models. Interestingly two groups of models show the potential predictability of deterministic forecast, measured by the signal to noise ratio, which is similar to each other. However, the strong transient models produce the error to spread ratio smaller than that of the weak transient models, implying that the former models produce a more reliable spread for the probabilistic forecast. This study implies that a better representation of transient statistics is needed to improve the extratropical predictability of the dynamical seasonal prediction. 相似文献
5.
以1961—1999年我国地面观测逐日降水资料作为观测基础, 初步分析了18个全球海气耦合模式对我国20世纪极端强降水的模拟能力。分析模式对不同级别降水的模拟发现, 各模式模拟的我国1~10 mm小雨日数普遍明显偏多; 10~25 mm中雨日数的模拟结果总体上也以偏多为主, 虽然部分模式能够模拟出我国南方存在的高值中心, 但位置偏北至长江中下游地区; 25~50 mm大雨日数在我国南方明显偏少, 并且大值中心的位置基本都没能模拟出来; 50 mm以上暴雨日数的模拟结果也明显偏小, 除MIROC3.2(hires) 外大部分模式在长江以南地区的结果都未超过2 d; 大部分模式不能正确模拟出我国东部地区大雨日数变化趋势的空间分布。进一步分析各模式对极端强降水的模拟发现:各模式极端强降水阈值明显低于观测; 半数左右的模式模拟出了1961—1999年西北西部极端降水增加的趋势, 个别模式趋势系数的大小与观测相当, 大部分模式对东北和长江中下游地区的模拟结果呈与观测反向的变化趋势, 没有模式能够模拟出我国东部地区存在的东北—华北与华中—长江中下游—华南存在的极端强降水日数增加-减少-增加-减少的空间分布; 大部分模式模拟的极端强降水日数标准差与观测结果比较接近, 这可能主要是由于对观测和各模式使用了同样的判定极端强降水发生的方法。总的来看, 全球海气耦合模式对我国极端强降水的模拟能力还有待进一步改进。 相似文献
6.
The South Pacific Convergence Zone in CMIP5 simulations of historical and future climate 总被引：3，自引：1，他引：2
The South Pacific Convergence Zone (SPCZ) is evaluated in historical simulations from 26 Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5 (CMIP5) models, and compared with previous generation CMIP3 models. A subset of 24 CMIP5 models are able to simulate a distinct SPCZ in the December to February (DJF) austral summer, although the position of the SPCZ in these models is too zonal compared with observations. The spatial pattern of SPCZ precipitation is improved in CMIP5 models relative to CMIP3 models, although the spurious double ITCZ precipitation band in the eastern Pacific is intensified in many CMIP5 models. All CMIP5 models examined capture some interannual variability of SPCZ latitude, and 19 models simulate a realistic correlation with El Niño–Southern Oscillation. In simulations of the twenty-first century under the RCP8.5 emission scenario, no consistent shift in the mean position of the DJF SPCZ is identified. Several models simulate significant shifts northward, and a similar number of models simulate significant southward shifts. The majority of CMIP5 models simulate an increase in mean DJF SPCZ precipitation, and there is an intensification of the eastern Pacific double ITCZ precipitation band in many models. Most models simulate regions of increased precipitation in the western part of the SPCZ and near the equator, and regions of decreased precipitation at the eastern edge of the SPCZ. Decomposition of SPCZ precipitation changes into dynamic and thermodynamic components reveals predominantly increased precipitation due to thermodynamic changes, while dynamic changes lead to regions of both positive and negative precipitation anomalies. 相似文献
7.
Progress in the Development and Application of Climate Ocean
Models and Ocean-Atmosphere Coupled Models in China 总被引：5，自引：3，他引：2
ZHOU Tianjun YU Yongqiang LIU Hailong LI Wei YOU Xiaobao ZHOU Guangqing 《大气科学进展》2007,24(6):1109-1120
A review is presented about the development and application of climate ocean models and oceanatmosphere coupled models developed in China as well as a review of climate variability and climate change studies performed with these models. While the history of model development is briefly reviewed, emphasis has been put on the achievements made in the last five years. Advances in model development are described along with a summary on scientific issues addressed by using these models. The focus of the review is the climate ocean models and the associated coupled models, including both global and regional models, developed at the Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences. The progress of either coupled model development made by other institutions or climate modeling using internationally developed models also is reviewed. 相似文献
8.
统计方法在数值模式中应用的若干新进展 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1
目前,数值模式的准确性不断提高,天气预报和气候预测越来越依靠数值模式。数值模式不仅仅是求解描述大气运动和热力过程的方程组,其中也大量使用了统计方法,统计方法是数值模式的重要组成部分。本文对统计方法在数值模式中应用的最新进展进行了综述。首先,分析了统计方法在数值模式的资料同化、集合预报、次网格尺度物理过程参数化方案、数值产品统计释用、延伸期预报、模式检验等方面的应用。然后阐述了贝叶斯统计在数值模式中应用的新进展。最后,对统计方法在数值模式中应用的未来发展趋势进行了展望。 相似文献
9.
中国土壤湿度的分布与变化 II. 耦合模式模拟结果评估 总被引：5，自引：1，他引：5
利用中国区域土壤湿度观测资料,对目前世界上较具有代表性的14个全球海-陆-气耦合模式模拟的中国区域土壤湿度进行了评估,发现尽管几乎所有的耦合模式基本都能够再现实际的土壤湿度空间分布,但模拟的土壤湿度季节循环和年际变化,却与观测相差较大。除了少数模式中降水变化与土壤湿度变化的关系不明显外,大部分模式都揭示了前期降水对后期土壤湿度变化的显著影响,在部分模式中,前期降水对土壤湿度的影响偏强。耦合模式在土壤湿度模拟上的偏差,主要来自降水模拟上的偏差。在土壤湿度的年平均和夏季平均空间分布、年际变化方面,高分辨率模式（水平格距高于1.875°×1.875°）的结果,整体上要好于中（水平格距在1.875°×1.875°与3.75°×3.75°之间）、低(水平格距小于3.75°×3.75°)分辨率的模式;而中等分辨率模式结果相对于低分辨率而言则优势不明显。 相似文献
10.
Qian Weihong 《Acta Meteorologica Sinica》1997,11(1):105-118
In recent years,the dynamic coupled models of ocean-atmosphere and statistical models have been used in routine operation for issuing long-lead forecasts.The dynamic coupled models consist of models with varying degrees of complexity,ranging from simplified coupled models of the shallow water to coupled general circulation models.During the period of 1980-1992,some models performed considerably better than the persistence forecast on predicting typical indices of ENSO for lead time of 6 to 12 months.It seems that ENSO is predictable at least one year in advance.However.nearly all the models have lost their skill of forecasting sea surface temperature(SST)changes in the eastern equatorial Pacific since 1992.It is a challenge not only to the dynamic models but also to the understanding of the ENSO cycle mechanism.This paper examines multiple time-space scales of the ocean-atmosphere interactions and potential prediction ability of ENSO event by using data analysis and model study. 相似文献
11.
12.
M. Latif K. Sperber J. Arblaster P. Braconnot D. Chen A. Colman U. Cubasch C. Cooper P. Delecluse D. Dewitt L. Fairhead G. Flato T. Hogan M. Ji M. Kimoto A. Kitoh T. Knutson H. Le Treut T. Li S. Manabe O. Marti C. Mechoso G. Meehl S. Power E. Roeckner J. Sirven L. Terray A. Vintzileos R. Voß B. Wang W. Washington I. Yoshikawa J. Yu S. Zebiak 《Climate Dynamics》2001,18(3-4):255-276
An ensemble of twenty four coupled ocean-atmosphere models has been compared with respect to their performance in the tropical Pacific. The coupled models span a large portion of the parameter space and differ in many respects. The intercomparison includes TOGA (Tropical Ocean Global Atmosphere)-type models consisting of high-resolution tropical ocean models and coarse-resolution global atmosphere models, coarse-resolution global coupled models, and a few global coupled models with high resolution in the equatorial region in their ocean components. The performance of the annual mean state, the seasonal cycle and the interannual variability are investigated. The primary quantity analysed is sea surface temperature (SST). Additionally, the evolution of interannual heat content variations in the tropical Pacific and the relationship between the interannual SST variations in the equatorial Pacific to fluctuations in the strength of the Indian summer monsoon are investigated. The results can be summarised as follows: almost all models (even those employing flux corrections) still have problems in simulating the SST climatology, although some improvements are found relative to earlier intercomparison studies. Only a few of the coupled models simulate the El Niño/Southern Oscillation (ENSO) in terms of gross equatorial SST anomalies realistically. In particular, many models overestimate the variability in the western equatorial Pacific and underestimate the SST variability in the east. The evolution of interannual heat content variations is similar to that observed in almost all models. Finally, the majority of the models show a strong connection between ENSO and the strength of the Indian summer monsoon. 相似文献
13.
以1960-2007年共48年6月份西行进入南海海域的热带气旋样本为基础, 将热带气旋中心附近最大风速作为台风强度, 以气候持续预报因子作为模型输入, 采用模糊神经网络方法, 进行了热带气旋强度预报模型的预报建模研究。结果表明, 对175个独立预报样本模糊神经网络方法的南海热带气旋强度24 h的预报平均绝对误差为3 m·s-1。另外, 根据相同的热带气旋样本及预报因子, 还进一步将该预报方法与国内外普遍采用的气候持续法热带气旋强度预报方法进行对比分析, 结果表明, 气候持续预报方法的预报误差明显偏大, 独立样本强度预报平均绝对误差为4.54 m·s-1。 相似文献
14.
概述了近年来我国农业气象灾害预报方法研究的进展，介绍了当前正在探讨的一些新技术，并就今后发展的若干关键技术问题提出一些看法。指出①我国农业气象灾害预报方法基本以数理统计模型为主。近年来在多种统计方法的应用、气候模式与农业气象模式结合、信息技术的应用、作物生长模拟模型的应用等方面取得了一些成果。但总体上说，农业气象灾害预报研究还不很成熟。②当前农业气象灾害预报应在指标的针对性，统计模型因子的物理概念和生物物理机理、数学模型和资料处理方法以及基于作物生长模拟模型的农业气象灾害预报方法等方面加强研究。③多学科交叉、多种预报方法结合、长中短期预报相结合、动态预报和补充订正相结合、卫星遥感动态监测信息与预警模式相结合是开展农业气象灾害预报的有效途径。建立预警业务系统，开展预警服务势在必行。 相似文献
15.
CMIP3及CMIP5模式对冬季和春季北极涛动变率模拟的比较 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
结合NCEP再分析资料,评估了28个参加第五次耦合模式比较计划（CMIP5）的耦合模式对1950-2000年冬、春季北极涛动（AO）变率的模拟能力,并与CMIP3模式模拟结果进行了对比。结果表明,尽管CMIP5模式没能模拟出冬、春季AO指数前30年处于显著的负位相期而后20年处于显著的正位相期的特征,但是基本能够模拟出冬、春季AO指数1950-2000年显著的增强趋势以及振荡周期,多模式集合改进了模拟效果。同样,CMIP3模式没能模拟出冬、春季AO指数前30年处于显著的负位相而后20年处于显著的正位相的特征,而且1950-2000年冬、春季AO指数的增强趋势在CMIP3模式模拟结果中也没有表现出来,多模式集合没有改进模式模拟效果。不仅如此,CMIP3模式对AO指数的长期变化周期模拟不好,只是模拟出了冬季周期为2～3 a的振荡,没有模拟出春季AO指数的4～5 a振荡周期。尽管CMIP5模式对冬、春季AO指数的模拟能力还不够理想,没有完全模拟出AO指数的变化特征,但是相对于CMIP3模式,无论是对AO指数变化趋势的模拟还是对其变化周期的模拟,CMIP5模式都有所提高。 相似文献
16.
Ekman边界层动力学的理论研究 总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5
大气边界层及其与自由大气之间的相互作用具有明显的非线性特征,而这些特征是经典Ekman理论所不能描述的,因此,发展中等复杂程度(介于完全模式与经典Ekman模型之间)的大气边界层动力学模式,简称中间模式,对人们从理论上认识大气边界层动力学过程的非线性特征具有重要意义。本文对目前最具代表性的几个中间边界层模型:地转动量近似边界层模型、Ekman动量近似边界层模型以及弱非线性边界层模型进行了总结和分析,阐述了Ekman层主要动力学特征。通过分析上述各模型的理论框架,揭示了各模型的物理意义及其在描述Ekman边界层基本动力特征上的优点和局限性,并指出尽管在细节定量描述上有差异,但各中间模型对Ekman层动力学特征的定性描述具有很好的一致性。对于这些Ekman边界层近似理论模型的进一步应用问题,主要回顾和总结了利用上述模型探讨地形边界层结构、大气锋生过程、低层锋面结构和环流以及边界层日变化、低空急流形成等动力学问题的研究,并对这些研究所揭示的Ekman层动力学特征及其对自由大气低层运动的影响进行了分析,结果表明,这些Ekman边界层近似模型可以较好地揭示大气边界层动力学特征,在大气边界层动力学及其与自由大气相互作用的研究上具有重要价值。另外,还对目前Ekman边界层理论研究中存在的问题进行了一些分析,提出了有待进一步研究的科学问题。 相似文献
17.
A. A. Scaife F. Kucharski C. K. Folland J. Kinter S. Brönnimann D. Fereday A. M. Fischer S. Grainger E. K. Jin I. S. Kang J. R. Knight S. Kusunoki N. C. Lau M. J. Nath T. Nakaegawa P. Pegion S. Schubert P. Sporyshev J. Syktus J. H. Yoon N. Zeng T. Zhou 《Climate Dynamics》2009,33(5):603-614
We use a simple methodology to test whether a set of atmospheric climate models with prescribed radiative forcings and ocean
surface conditions can reproduce twentieth century climate variability. Globally, rapid land surface warming since the 1970s
is reproduced by some models but others warm too slowly. In the tropics, air-sea coupling allows models to reproduce the Southern
Oscillation but its strength varies between models. We find a strong relationship between the Southern Oscillation in global
temperature and the rate of global warming, which could in principle be used to identify models with realistic climate sensitivity.
This relationship and a weak response to ENSO suggests weak sensitivity to changes in sea surface temperature in some of the
models used here. In the tropics, most models reproduce part of the observed Sahel drought. In the extratropics, models do
not reproduce the observed increase in the North Atlantic Oscillation in response to forcings, through internal variability,
or as a combination of both. 相似文献
18.
陆面水文过程研究进展 总被引：6，自引：1，他引：5
在简单介绍陆面过程模式和水文模型发展的基础上,阐述了陆面水文过程包括的各种物理过程,介绍了陆面水文模式研究的发展现状,并对国内外进展作了总结。重点介绍了目前国内外用于同气候模式耦合的陆面水文模型,指出了陆面水文过程研究以及与大气模式耦合过程中存在的问题,讨论了陆面水文过程研究的发展方向：应在加强蓄满和超渗两种产流机制兼容的混合产流模型及融雪径流模型的研究的基础上,改进传统水文模型,发展基于传统水文模型的大尺度陆面过程水文模型。 相似文献
19.
中国地球气候系统模式研究进展：CMIP计划实施近20年回顾 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
在系统总结过去20年从CMIP1到CMIP4世界各国模式的综合情况基础上,回顾了中国气候模式参与CMIP科学试验的概况。在此基础上,慨述了CMIP5的试验设计,总结了参加CMIP5的5个中国气候模式的特点。随后,从高分辨率模式研发、地球系统模式研发、地球气候系统模式最为关键的分量——大气环流模式和海洋环流模式研发的角度,提出了中国地球气候系统模式发展面临的挑战,指出了中国模式发展面临的机遇。针对如何从国家层次协调以实现地球气候模式的可持续发展问题,给出了美国国家科学院最近发布的《推动气候模拟的国家战略》所提出的九条措施作为参考。 相似文献
20.
Amongst the techniques discussed are (a) for univariate series, generalisations of Box-Jenkins auto-regressive-moving average models including intervention analysis, non-linear models, and models with time varying parameters; (b) for single output, multiple input situations, causality testing, and diagnostic testing of alternative specifications using Lagrange multiplier tests; and (c) for multivariate cases, vector autoregressive models, order-selection criteria, Bayesian priors, and factor models. Co-integration and error-correction models are also introduced.Some of these techniques are illustrated using a forecast comparison exercise concerning forecasts of monthly electricity demand per customer. 相似文献