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北上台风暴雨过程涡散场的能量收支和转换特征 总被引：7，自引：2，他引：5
利用辐散风和旋转风的动能收支方程,对北方一次北上台风倒槽暴雨过程暴雨区内的涡散场能量收支和转换进行了计算.结果表明:暴雨区内动能的增加是暴雨增幅的一个主要原因.暴雨发展时,就旋转风动能(KR)而言,旋转风动能通量(HFR)辐合是主要能源,而旋转风的动能产生项(GR)是主要能汇;就辐散风动能(KD)而言,辐散风的动能产生项(GD)是主要能源,辐散风动能通量(HFD)辐散是主要能汇;总动能水平通量(HF)提供的辐合主要表现于对流层中、低层,这就使得低层辐合加强,上升运动加强,有利于暴雨的增幅.在暴雨过程中次网格尺度效应由能源转变为能汇,在暴雨发展之时能汇减小;能量的转换项C(KD,KR)总为正值,在转换项中,地转效应项的贡献很大.说明暴雨过程能量均由KD向KR转换,也就是说有效位能经KD向KR转换,充分说明了在整个暴雨过程中,尽管辐散风动能变化(∂KD/∂t)很小,但是它在其中充当“桥梁”作用,C(KD,KR)在暴雨发展时达到最大,此时能量转换最为旺盛;对流层低层辐散风动能向旋转风动能的转换是暴雨产生和发展的重要条件.此次暴雨过程,在暴雨区内表现为斜压不稳定和正压稳定共存的特征,其发展过程是系统斜压不稳定增长,正压稳定性减弱的过程,暴雨增幅的另一个重要原因就是暴雨区内低层斜压的发展. 相似文献
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利用AIRS卫星产品中的气温和水汽资料,计算出K指数(IK)和沙氏指数(IS)这两种大气不稳定指数。对暴雨发生前6 h左右这两种大气不稳定指数进行统计分析。统计结果表明:在暴雨发生前6 h左右,80%左右的暴雨发生在IK >27.5℃或IS <3℃的情况下。由于IK的分布与暴雨发生的频率基本呈现出较为明显的递增变化,因此IK与IS相比能更好地反映暴雨天气的发生。为了更好地描述暴雨发生前的大气不稳定特征,将AIRS计算的IK和IS做了适当的结合,得到KS指数(IKS)并将其运用到一次暴雨个例进行验证,从验证效果来看:暴雨发生的区域在6 h前基本都处在了IKS较高的情况下,IKS对暴雨具有一定的指示意义。通过对暴雨区域像元中AIRS反演的气温和水汽误差分析中可以得出:AIRS计算的IK和IS误差主要由AIRS在有效云量较高时850hPa高度上反演的气温以及700hPa和850hPa高度上反演的水汽的误差导致的。 相似文献
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With two cases of local tropical disturbances in both developed and undeveloped phases, contributions to the genesis and development by kinetic formation and transfer from divergent and nondivergent winds are studied using energy budget equations. Computations are done of conversion kinetic energy between the two types of winds. The result indicates that the subgrid scale effect is the principal source of kinetic energy for a tropical cyclone to grow into a typhoon; the cumulus convection plays a dominant role, in company of relatively weaker contributions on vdrious phases of the life cycle by convergence of fluxes of divergent and nondivergent winds as well as the formation of kinetic energy by the former wind. It is also suggested that the conversion of kinetic energy between the divergent and nondivergent winds C(Kx, Kψ)is increasing with the development of disturbance mainly due to the contribution by C1=f▽Χ▽ψ. The disturbance is shown in the distribution of C(Kx, Kψ) to increase in a favorable anticyclonic outflow corresponding to the upper level where the conversion becomes negative in developing and mature phases while the wind velocity increases with enhanced conversion fr0m Kx to Kψ the lower level in association with the growth of the disturbance. In addition,geopotential energy P converts to kinetic energy of the divergent wind in every stage from formation to mature of the disturbance by means of C(P, Kx), the maximum appearing on the middle and upper layers of the troposphere.The intensity of C(P, Kx) is consistently in phase with variation of C(Kx, Kψ). 相似文献
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On the basis of the budget equations for KR and KD, this paper presents the horizontal pattern of budget terms for two kinds of low level jets (LLJ) with and without heavy rain. The results show that the mechanisms for generating and maintaining LLJ are different, and especially, the direction of energy conversion is opposite. A positive conversion from KD to KR appears to be a necessary but not sufficient condition in the lower troposphere near the heavy rain area. The intensity and direction of energy conversion depends not only on the relative position of vorticity and divergence field, but also on the vertical profile of the jets directly. 相似文献
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【目的】为进一步探索C波段双偏振雷达参数指标的本地化运用。【方法】利用习水C波段双偏振雷达资料、地面自动站资料、探空资料,对2022年3月16日发生在黔北的一次冰雹天气过程成因以及双偏振雷达回波特征进行分析。【结果】（1）此次强对流天气发生在500 hPa前倾槽前、低层低涡切变东南侧,中低空急流的北侧及地面低压倒槽内,同时午后升温及中高层干冷平流入侵,使得层结更趋于上干冷下暖湿的不稳定层结,冷锋前沿的地面辐合线为过程提供了触发机制。（2）过程由多单体风暴引发,最大反射率因子达65 dBz,40 mm冰雹出现了三体散射,剖面图中出现了悬垂结构和有界弱回波区,低层观测到辐合速度对。（3）对比30 mm和40 mm的冰雹双偏振参数发现：融化层以上冰雹ZDR在-1~0.2 dB,CC值在0.90~0.99之间,KDP均为0;从融化层以下,30 mm冰雹CC值在0.70~0.90,40 mm冰雹CC值在0.80~0.97,两者有所区别,ZDR也有明显增加,在0~4 dB之间;由于融化层以下大雨滴的混合,KDP在0~3.1 °·km-1之间。（4）大冰雹偏振参数出现明显ZDR柱、KDP柱,CC谷,CC图中出现明显的非均匀波束充塞,ZDR和CC图中有明显的三体散射现象。【结论】该文仅是对一次多单体天气过程个例的偏振参数特征粗略分析,未来仍需分析更多个例用以完善C波段双偏振天气雷达在强对流天气中各种偏振参数的标准,为实际业务提供更精准的参考。 相似文献
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【目的】为提升旅客在广州旅游时的舒适体验,并为当地旅游资源产业发展提供参考。【方法】利用广州市5个国家级气象站的常规气象资料计算温湿指数（THI）、风效指数（K）、穿衣指数（ICL）和综合舒适度评价指数（CCI）。揭示广州气候舒适度区域性等级差异、多时间尺度变化和全年舒适期时段的特征。【结果】 从温湿指数（THI）、风效指数（K）和穿衣指数（ICL）来看,广州市北部地区较南部地区的舒适感更高,极闷热持续时间更短,天气转凉的节奏更快;上述3个指数的四季均值年际变化表明广州市有偏热的趋势。综合气候舒适度评级指数分析表明,广州市的春、夏、秋3个季节的舒适度有转差趋势,冬季的舒适度有提升趋势;另外,广州市属于冬适型城市,冬季无寒冷,以舒适到较舒适为主,夏天闷热很不舒适,春秋为过渡季节较舒适。【结论】 广州气候舒适具体时段为10月上旬—5月上旬,舒适至较舒适日数年平均可达205.66 d,且广州市北部地区较南部地区气候舒适时段更长。 相似文献
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近似最短距离查询是图检索的基本模式.为了保护外包数据安全,通常对图数据进行加密.已有加密方案使用两跳覆盖模型构建加密图索引,导致索引结构复杂,降低了查询效率.本文提出了一种基于图压缩的加密机制,可以提高图的检索效率,并且支持加密图最短路径查询.该机制使用K-mediods聚类使得图中的节点按照距离分成K个簇,每个簇内的节点使用其中心节点代理,当查询2个点间最短距离时,对于相同簇内的点直接查询,对于簇间的点使用代理节点查询距离.实验结果表明该机制有效地减少了查询时间,提高了查询效率,且查询结果误差度在可接受范围内. 相似文献
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A Quality Assurance Procedure and Evaluation of Rainfall Estimates for C-Band Polarimetric Radar 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
A mobile C-band dual polarimetric weather radar J type (PCDJ), which adopts
simultaneous transmission and simultaneous reception (STSR) of horizontally
and vertically polarized signals, was first developed in China in 2008. It
was deployed in the radar observation plan in the South China Heavy Rainfall
Experiment (SCHeREX) in the summer of 2008 and 2009, as well as in Tropical
Western Pacific Ocean Observation Experiments and Research on the
Predictability of High Impact Weather Events from 2008 to 2010 in China
(TWPOR).
Using the observation data collected in these experiments, the radar
systematic error and its sources were analyzed in depth. Meanwhile an
algorithm that can smooth differential propagation phase (ФDP) for
estimating the high-resolution specific differential phase (KDP) was
developed. After attenuation correction of reflectivity in horizontal
polarization (ZH) and differential reflectivity (ZDR) of PCDJ radar
by means of KDP, the data quality was improved significantly. Using
quality-controlled radar data, quantitative rainfall estimation was
performed, and the resutls were compared with rain-gauge measurements. A
synthetic ZH/KDP-based method was analyzed. The results suggest
that the synthetic method has the advantage over the traditional
ZH-based method when the rain rate is >5 mm h-1. The more
intensive the rain rates, the higher accuracy of the estimation. 相似文献
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选取2009年6月30日发生在云南南部和湖南北部的强降水过程,利用WRF模式和建立在青藏高原东缘地区18个地基GPS站点观测的可降水量资料（GPS/PWV）进行同化试验.试验表明：选取全部18个站和云南省8个站GPS/PWV资料进行同化,发现下游地区的强降水区湖南北部降水强度发生较大变化.选取100.E附近的6个站GPS/PWV资料进行同化,发现下游地区的强降水区湖南北部降水强度变化不大.利用全部站点GPS/PWV资料,模式初始场大部分地区湿度增加,对应下游降水中心强度增加,少部分地区湿度减少,对应降水区域南移.GPS/PWV资料同化对模式初始场湿度场和高度场影响较大,而对温度和风场影响较小. 相似文献
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北京地区热岛效应及日较差特征 总被引：4，自引：3，他引：1
通过对2007～2010年北京地区经质量控制后的123个自动气象站气温数据采用K均值聚类方法分类, 得到城区、郊区、西部和北部山区、西南和东北部山区4个温度分区, 分析了4个分区气温的年变化、日变化和日较差变化特征, 并对北京地区热岛效应的时间变化特征进行了细致分析。结果表明:聚类分析方法可对北京地区温度很好地进行分区, 分区结果与站点的地形和下垫面情况较为吻合;不同分区温度日较差在西部和北部山区最大, 在西南部和东北部山区次之, 郊区再次之, 在城区的日较差最小;在一年中, 各温度分区以2月、5月与10月日较差较大, 其中以5月的日较差为最大;北京地区热岛效应在冬季和夜间较强, 而3～8月热岛较弱, 在夏季的白天比其它季节白天强。 相似文献
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Momentum Absorption in Rough-Wall Boundary Layers with Sparse Roughness Elements in Random and Clustered Distributions 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：1
A wind-tunnel experiment has been used to investigate momentum absorption by rough surfaces with sparse random and clustered distributions of roughness elements. An unusual (though longstanding) method was used to measure the boundary-layer depth δ and friction velocity u
* and thence to infer the functional relationship z
0/h = f(λ) between the normalised roughness length z
0/ h and the roughness density λ (where z
0 is the roughness length and h the mean height of the roughness elements). The method for finding u
* is based on fitting the velocity defect in the outer layer to a functional form for the dimensionless velocity-defect profile in a canonical zero-pressure-gradient boundary layer. For the conditions investigated here, involving boundary layers over sparse roughness with strong local heterogeneity, this velocity-defect-law method is found to be more robust than several alternative methods for finding u
* (uw covariance, momentum integral and slope of the logarithmic velocity profile).The experimental results show that, (1) there is general agreement in the relationship z
0/h = f(λ) between the present experiment with random arrays and other wind-tunnel experiments with regular arrays; (2) the main effect of clustering is to increase the scatter in the z
0/h = f(λ) relationship, through increased local horizontal heterogeneity; (3) this scatter obscures any trend in the z
0/h = f(λ) relationship in response to clustering; and (4) the agreement between the body of wind-tunnel data (taken as a whole) and field data is good, though with scatter for which it is likely that a major contribution stems from local horizontal heterogeneity in the field. 相似文献
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P. J. Walklate 《Boundary-Layer Meteorology》1993,63(1-2):1-22
The integral length-scalesL for the three orthogonal components of diffusivityK=L are derived from spectral analysis of velocity time series measurements. A 3-D sonic anemometer was used to make these velocity measurements at heights in the range 0.7–7.0 m in and above a 2 m orchard canopy with near-neutral atmospheric boundary-layer stability conditions. The integral length-scale is compared with another length-scale of diffusionL
obtained by fitting an exponential model to the auto-correlation spectrumR
E
(t) in the region 0.95<R
E
(t)<0.5 for smallt. This length-scale is appropriate to a high frequency region of the energy spectrum where turbulent momentum transport becomes diffusion-like and the turbulent energy varies with the inverse square of frequence. This region has been shown by others to determine the magnitude of the dissipation rate of turbulent energy by the action of viscosity even though the dominant dynamics are inviscid. Within the crop, the ratio of the length-scalesL/L
were found to be smaller than the values measured above the crop for vertical turbulence. This was attributed to the enhanced decay rate of turbulent energy due to the effect of the airflow interaction with the crop. It is unclear whether similar effects are present in the horizontal plane because of greater scatter in the data, resulting from the more variable nature of the wind direction in the horizontal plane. 相似文献
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两种垂直分层方法对GPS水汽层析结果的影响 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
利用北京房山地区9个全球定位系统测站组成的实验站网,研究GPS水汽层析网格的划分方法,采取垂直均匀和垂直非均匀两种分层方法,分析GPS层析网格垂直分层对水汽层析结果的影响。结果表明：均匀和非均匀垂直分层方法得到的GPS水汽层析结果是可靠的,均可以与探空水汽结果进行比较。但垂直非均匀分层更符合大气水汽的实际分布特征,层析解算精度更高,尤其对测站高度差较小的GPS站网,尽量选择垂直非均匀分层方法。垂直均匀和垂直非均匀分层方法均可以为北京地区GPS层析网格垂直划分提供参考。 相似文献
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详细介绍了改善EVAD技术中测量水平散度的方法，用Sirmans建议的技术来模拟降水回波信号，通过此方法对模拟的含有0, 1, 2, 3阶谐波的非线性风场加噪声, 得到近于真实的多普勒速度场，并用此速度场得到的水平散度和以前的EVAD算法（Srivastava算法和Thomas算法）的水平散度相比较，结果表明:无论在非全方位不均匀采样、非全方位均匀采样、不同信噪比、不同速度谱宽条件下，文章建议的EVAD方法求得的水平散度精度有明显的提高。 相似文献
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H. Z. Che G. Y. Shi X. Y. Zhang J. Q. Zhao Y. Li 《Theoretical and Applied Climatology》2007,89(1-2):83-94
Summary Forty years of daily global and diffuse radiation data have been used to characterize the atmospheric optical conditions at
14 premium radiation stations in China. The clearness index (K
T
), diffuse ratio (K
D
), and diffuse coefficient (K
C
) have been analyzed for long-term and seasonal variations, correlations of relative sunshine (R
S
) versus clearness index and diffuse coefficient, respectively. Two polynomial models have been developed to simulate clearness
index and diffuse ratio by using relative sunshine data and have been shown to be reasonable at most of the 14 stations. The
results show that there are significant declining trends in clearness index and increasing trends in diffuse ratio at most
of the 14 premium radiation stations, but there are no significant trends for diffuse coefficient. The seasonal variations
of clearness index are determined by the regional climate and changes with relative sunshine. 相似文献