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1.
During the last 7 × 105 years the occurrence of abrupt climatic variations, of an intensity probably reaching 5°C/50 yr and with a duration of the order of several centuries can be demonstrated; their frequency is of the order 10?4 (sometimes even 10?3) per year. Most impressive examples are sudden coolings in earlier interglacials; in some periods the variability of past climates was obviously much greater than now. Due to the effective spatial coherence of the atmospheric and oceanic circulation their extension, not necessarily of similar intensity, is probably hemispheric or even global. They are modified by feedback mechanisms within the geophysical climatic system; orbital changes play a selective role leading either to suppression or to growth. Any physical interpretation of such abrupt paleoclimatic events remain as yet speculative. One of the most attractive models is the occurrence of clusters of major volcanic eruptions which is more frequent than expected in random series. This is similar to the clustering of severe earthquakes in recent years; both events are probably interrelated responses to the (apparently discontinuous) motions of tectonic plates.  相似文献   

2.
The coastal upwelling system offshore Namibia is ideally suited to address a focal question of the Integrated Marine Biogeochemistry and Ecosystem Research Programme: what are the mechanisms that drive long-term changes in ecosystems? Considerable interannual variability in climatic forcing is indicated by long time series of meteorological and remote sensing observation; these accompany considerable interannual to interdecadal changes in the upwelling intensity over the last 100 years, as well as a centennial trend. On longer time scales, the only archives available are sediment records spanning the late Holocene. To decipher the sediment record, we mapped surface-sediment patterns of proxies for physical (sea surface temperature/SST from alkenone unsaturation indexes) and nutrient (δ15N on bulk sedimentary N) variables. Their present-day surface-sediment patterns outline the coastal upwelling cells and filaments and associated high productivity area. Analysed in an array of dated sediment cores, the spatial patterns of SST suggest long-term (>100 years) variability in the location and intensity of individual upwelling cells. The patterns of δ15N outline an area of intense denitrification near the coast, and advection of water with low-oxygen concentrations in the undercurrent from the North. δ15N exhibits considerable downcore variability, in particular over the last 50 years. The variability appears to be governed by differences in extent of denitrification and thus of the shelf oxygen balance, which appears to have deteriorated in the last 50 years. Together, the data suggest that SST and denitrification conditions have remained in the narrow bounds outlined by today’s patterns in surface sediments, but that spatially small variability in upwelling intensity and make-up of upwelling feed waters induced considerable changes in the lower trophic levels of the coastal upwelling ecosystem over the last 6,000 years. Attempts to correlate proxy records from sediments with observational time series and regional climate reconstructions were not successful, possibly because annual to interannual environmental signals are erased in the process of sediment formation.  相似文献   

3.
To establish a natural background and its temporal and spatial variability for the area around Casey Station in the Windmill Islands, East Antarctica, the authors studied major and trace element concentrations and the distribution of organic matter in marine and lacustrine sediments. A wide range of natural variability in trace metal concentrations was identified between sites and within a time scale of 9 ka (e.g., Ni 5–37 mg kg−1, Cu 20–190 mg kg−1, Zn 50–300 mg kg−1, Pb 4.5–34 mg kg−1). TOC concentrations are as high as 3 wt.% at the marine sites and 20 wt.% at the lacustrine sites, and indicate highly productive ecosystems. These data provide a background upon which the extent of human impact can be established, and existing data indicate negligible levels of disturbance. Geochemical and lithological data for a lacustrine sediment core from Beall Lake confirm earlier interpretation of recent climatic changes based on diatom distribution, and the onset of deglaciation in the northern part of the Windmill Islands between 8.6 and 8.0 ka BP. The results demonstrate that geochemical and lithological data can not only be used to define natural background values, but also to assess long-term climatic changes of a specific environment. Other sites, however, preserve a completely different sedimentary record. Therefore, inferred climatic record, and differences between sites, can be ascribed to differences in elevation, distance from the shore, water depth, and local catchment features. The extreme level of spatial variability seems to be a feature of Antarctic coastal areas, and demonstrates that results obtained from a specific site cannot be easily generalized to a larger area.  相似文献   

4.
Groundwater recharge sets a constraint on aquifer water balance in the context of water management. Historical data on groundwater and other relevant hydrological processes can be used to understand the effects of climatic variability on recharge, but such data sets are rare. The climate of the Canadian prairies is characterized by large inter-annual and inter-decadal variability in precipitation, which provides opportunities to examine the response of groundwater recharge to changes in meteorological conditions. A decadal study was conducted in a small (250 km2) prairie watershed in Alberta, Canada. Relative magnitude of annual recharge, indicated by water-level rise, was significantly correlated with a combination of growing-season precipitation and snowmelt runoff, which drives depression-focussed infiltration of meltwater. Annual precipitation was greater than vapour flux at an experimental site in some years and smaller in other years. On average precipitation minus vapour flux was 10 mm y?1, which was comparable to the magnitude of watershed-scale groundwater recharge estimated from creek baseflow. Average baseflow showed a distinct shift from a low value (4 mm y?1) in 1982–1995 to a high value (15 mm y?1) in 2003–2013, indicating the sensitivity of groundwater recharge to a decadal-scale variability of meteorological conditions.  相似文献   

5.
The climate system consists of the atmosphere, the oceans, the cryosphere (land ice, snow, sea ice), the lithosphere, and the biomass. The behavior of the individual components of the system is governed by processes occurring over a broad range of time and space scales. The components are coupled by physical, biological, and chemical processes, and the coupled system seems capable of undergoing fluctuations on all time scales. In addition to these “internal” climatic processes, external processes (such as variability in the solar irradiance or human activities) must also be considered. Space and time scales of climatic variability are reviewed, with emphasis on the Holocene. Regional patterns of climatic variability may be associated with changes in the amplitude and longitudinal position of the long waves in the westerlies of midlatitudes, and with changes in the intensity and latitude of meridional circulation features such as the Hadley cell. Possible examples of this are mentioned. The variance spectrum of climatic time series is described and certain implications for climate modeling are suggested.  相似文献   

6.
Olistostromes (sedimentary mélanges) represent the products of ancient submarine mass transport processes. We present a comparative analysis of the occurrences and internal structures of these sedimentary mélanges at a global scale with a focus on the Circum-Mediterranean, Appalachian and Circum-Pacific regions, and discuss their formation and time-progressive evolution in different tectonic settings. Lithological compositions, stratigraphy, and structural features of olistostromes reflect the operation of an entire spectrum of mass transport processes during their development through multi-stage deformation phases. The general physiography and tectonic setting of their depocenters, the nature, scale and rate of downslope transformation mechanisms, and global climatic events are the main factors controlling the internal structure and stratigraphy of olistostromes. Based on the tectonic settings of their formation olistostromes are classified as: (i) passive margin, (ii) convergent margin and subduction–accretion, and (iii) collisional and intra-collisional types. Systematic repetitions of these different olistostrome types in different orogenic belts provide excellent markers for the timing of various tectonic events during the Wilson cycle evolution of ocean basins. Olistostromes are best preserved in paleo active margins, covering vast areas of thousands of km2, where they underwent significant downslope translation, up to hundreds of kilometers. Incorporation of olistostromes into subduction–accretion complexes and orogenic belts takes place during discrete episodes of tectonic events, and their primary (sedimentary) fabric may be commonly reworked and overprinted by subsequent phases of tectonic and metamorphic events. We apply the basic nomenclature of structural geology, sedimentology and basin analysis in studying the internal structure, lithological makeup, and mechanisms of formation and extraordinary downslope mobility of olistostromes.  相似文献   

7.
The average nitrate flux of the lower Mississippi River increased 3.3-fold between 1954–1967 and 1983–2000. During the same time period, the average nitrate concentration increased 2.3-fold while the average discharge increased 40%. Partitioning of the observed trend in nitrate flux among the two flux components, nitrate concentration and discharge, revealed that about 80% of the observed increase in flux could be explained by the increase in nitrate concentration. This indicates that a historical increase in the anthropogenic nutrient inputs has had a far greater impact on the lower Mississippi River nitrate flux than a change in climate. The influence of climatic factors on nitrate flux has been significant and may further increase as a result of global climate change. This argument is supported by two lines of evidence. The residual component of nitrate flux, obtained by removing a trend from the time series, is controlled primarily by the variability in discharge, i.e., climatic factors. Also, there is a highly significant relationship between discharge and nitrate concentration at the low end of the discharge spectrum (<13,000 m3 s?1). The differences in nitrate flux between flood and drought years are significantly larger than the variations in discharge. This makes the Mississippi River nitrate flux potentially sensitive to future changes in the frequency of extreme climatic events. Because of the importance of nitrate for the productivity of coastal phytoplankton, future climate change would likely have important implications for coastal marine eutrophication and hypoxia.  相似文献   

8.
《Quaternary Science Reviews》2007,26(15-16):2019-2029
Three potential mechanisms behind centennial-scale Holocene cooling events are studied in simulations performed with the coupled climate model ECBilt–CLIO: (1) internal variability, (2) solar forcing, and (3) freshwater forcing. In experiments with constant preindustrial forcings, three centennial-scale cooling events occur spontaneously in 15,000 years. These rare events represent an unstable internal mode of variability that is characterised by a weaker thermohaline circulation, a more southward location of the main site of deep-water formation, expanded sea-ice cover and cooling of 10 °C over the Nordic Seas. This mode is visited more frequently when the climate is cooled by abruptly reducing the solar constant by 5 or 3 Wm−2. Prescribing a solar forcing of the same magnitude, but following a sinusoidal function with a period of 100 or 1000 years, does not result in any centennial-scale cooling events. The latter forcing does however result in more frequent individual cold years in the North Atlantic region that are related to local weakening of the deep convection and sea-ice expansion. Adding realistic freshwater pulses to the Labrador Sea is also able to trigger centennial-scale cooling events with temperature anomalies resembling proxy evidence for the cooling event at 8.2 kyr BP, suggesting that freshwater forcing is a valid explanation for early Holocene cooling events.  相似文献   

9.
A procedure for calculating two-dimensional power spectra of microlensing magnification fields is presented. In the absence of a shift, the one-dimensional projections of the power spectra P(k) corresponding to the light curve of a point source moving in a linear trajectory can be approximated by the expression (a 2 + k 2)?1/2 (where a = const). The power spectrum of an extended source is treated like the product of the power spectrum of a point source and the power spectrum of the brightness distribution of the extended source. The effect of the extent of the source is that it acts like a filter, suppressing high-frequency components in the spectrum. Based on eight years of monitoring of the quad gravitational lens Q2237+0305 by the OGLE group, power spectra for all four images are constructed and the (temporal) size of the radiating region of the quasar in the V filter is estimated to be 24 ± 6 days; given the constraints on the transverse velocity of the lensing galaxy (<600 km/s), the linear size turns out to be <1015 cm.  相似文献   

10.
Textural and stable isotopic records from the absolute-dated stalagmite of the Daeya Cave (DY-1) provide new insights into the climatic evolution of the Korean Peninsula during the Holocene and Eemian climatic optima. The stalagmite yielded ages of 8572 ± 227 to 5907 ± 158 and 1,23,456 ± 535 to 1,19,837 ± 1089 years, which coincide with the Holocene and Eemian climatic optima, respectively. The stalagmite’s δ13C record closely resembles previously reported Chinese speleothem δ18O data. Thus it can be suggested that textural and geochemical results of the DY-1 reflect East Asian monsoon intensity, which is forced by summer insolation patterns in the northern hemisphere. Lighter carbon isotopic compositions, well-developed fibrous calcite crystals, and their relatively faster growth rate in the stalagmite sample are interpreted to reflect the warmest and wettest climate conditions of the Holocene and Eemian interglacials. Both climatic optima took place when insolation was decreasing from its maximum level, temperature in Greenland was highest, and sea level approached its maximum level. These climatic optima also coincide with decreasing Antarctic temperatures. Compared the DY-1 data to other proxies, it is suggested that the Holocene and Eemian climatic optima developed through a balance among boreal insolation, monsoon intensity, and sea level (also continental ice volume), which are the main climatic forcing factors in the northern hemisphere. These trends also follow the bi-polar seesaw mechanism as previously described.  相似文献   

11.
Aquifers within the Pampa del Tamarugal Basin (Atacama Desert, northern Chile) are the sole source of water for the coastal city of Iquique and the economically important mining industry. Despite this, the regional groundwater system remains poorly understood. Although it is widely accepted that aquifer recharge originates as precipitation in the Altiplano and Andean Cordillera to the east, there remains debate on whether recharge is driven primarily by near-surface groundwater flow in response to periodic flood events or by basal groundwater flux through deep-seated basin fractures. In addressing this debate, the present study quantifies spatial and temporal variability in regional-scale groundwater flow paths at 20.5°S latitude by combining a two-dimensional model of groundwater and heat flow with field observations and δ18O isotope values in surface water and groundwater. Results suggest that both previously proposed aquifer recharge mechanisms are likely influencing aquifers within the Pampa del Tamarugal Basin; however, each mechanism is operating on different spatial and temporal scales. Storm-driven flood events in the Altiplano readily transmit groundwater to the eastern Pampa del Tamarugal Basin through near-surface groundwater flow on short time scales, e.g., 100–101 years, but these effects are likely isolated to aquifers in the eastern third of the basin. In addition, this study illustrates a physical mechanism for groundwater originating in the eastern highlands to recharge aquifers and salars in the western Pampa del Tamarugal Basin over timescales of 104–105 years.  相似文献   

12.
从发现海滩岩断代序列模式后,通过多学科综合研究又发现气候变化周期、闽粤海岸升降周期和海平面变化周期等皆为500a 左右。在13000aB.P.前中国气候变暖,海平面为以上升为主的升降期;近6000多年海平面以周期性上下波动为特征;而近3100年寒冷气候以每1000年7个纬度的速度南移,海平面向上波动幅度变小。按气候变化周期,现阶段为变寒期,将抵消一部分“温室效应”,世界未来50—100年的海面可能与今持平或有所下降。按照冰期和间冰期的时间规律,未来6000—7000年的海平面将下降几十米。  相似文献   

13.
In this study, we discuss the first cosmogenic 10Be dating of river terraces located in the lower reaches of the Santo Domingo river (Southeastern flank of the Mérida Andes, Western Venezuela). The geomorphic observations and dating allowed the restoration of the temporal evolution of incision rate, which was analysed in terms of tectonic, climatic and geomorphic processes. The long-term incision rate in the area has been constantly around 1.1 mm/a over the last 70 ka. Taking into account the geologic and geomorphologic setting, this value can be converted into the Late Pleistocene uplift rate of the Southeastern flank of the Mérida Andes. Our results show that the process of terraces formation in the lower reaches of the Santo Domingo river occurred at a higher frequency (103–104 years) than a glacial/interglacial cycle (104–105 years). According to the global and local climate curve, these terraces were abandoned during warm to cold transitions.  相似文献   

14.
A sequence of fossiliferous organic sediments spanning the whole of an interglacial has been investigated from Quinton, near Birmingham, United Kingdom This interglacial can be correlated on palynological grounds with the Hoxnian Interglacial of England; equivalent to the Holsteinian Interglacial of central Europe and to Marine Isotope Stage 11. A pollen diagram and coleopteran spectrum were obtained from the same series of samples. By using the mutual climatic range method on the coleopteran assemblages, it has been possible to quantify the thermal climatic conditions at this time. They show clear evidence for a sudden and intense climatic oscillation during the late temperate stage of the interglacial—named the Quinton Cold Interlude. At this time mean temperatures of the warmest month (July) declined suddenly by at least 5 °C and mean temperatures of the coldest months (January and February) by more than 10 °C. Subsequently cool-temperate conditions returned. The pollen diagram through this interval shows little or no response to this climatic event. It is too early yet to generalise about the regional significance of the Quinton Cold Interlude but a similar climatic oscillation also occurs towards the closing stage of the MIS11 Interglacial at Hoxne, Norfolk, UK, suggesting that the cold interlude was at least regional in extent. A short climatic oscillation of similar intensity has also been interpreted from coleopteran evidence towards the end of the MIS13 Interglacial at Waverley Wood Farm Pit, Warwickshire, UK, indicating that such events may characterise the later stages of other interglacials. These severe climatic oscillations towards the end of interglacials may have relevance to our understanding of the closing phase of the present interglacial.  相似文献   

15.
We present the updated Holocene section of the Sofular Cave record from the southern Black Sea coast (northern Turkey); an area with considerably different present-day climate compared to that of the neighboring Eastern Mediterranean region. Stalagmite δ13C, growth rates and initial (234U/238U) ratios provide information about hydrological changes above the cave; and prove to be more useful than δ18O for deciphering Holocene climatic variations. Between ～9.6 and 5.4 ka BP (despite a pause from ～8.4 to 7.8 ka BP), the Sofular record indicates a remarkable increase in rainfall amount and intensity, in line with other paleoclimate studies in the Eastern Mediterranean. During that period, enhanced summertime insolation either produced much stronger storms in the following fall and winter through high sea surface temperatures, or it invoked a regional summer monsoon circulation and rainfall. We suggest that one or both of these climatic mechanisms led to a coupling of the Black Sea and the Mediterranean rainfall regimes at that time, which can explain the observed proxy signals. However, there are discrepancies among the Eastern Mediterranean records in terms of the timing of this wet period; implying that changes were probably not always occurring through the same mechanism. Nevertheless, the Sofular Cave record does provide hints and bring about new questions about the connection between regional and large scale climates, highlighting the need for a more extensive network of high quality paleoclimate records to better understand Holocene climate.  相似文献   

16.
Simultaneous observations on the RATAN-600 radio telescope at 0.97, 2.3, 3.9, 7.7, 11.1, and 21.7 GHz during the period from January 3 to February 25, 1998, revealed variability of 0524+034 on time scales not exceeding 10 days. The variations are correlated at all frequencies where the parameters of the variability could be determined, including in the optically thick part of the spectrum. The mean spectrum of the variable component was derived and is in agreement with the spectrum of a homogeneous, spherically symmetrical source. In the optically thin part of the spectrum, the spectral index of the variable component is α=?0.2, reflecting the initial energy distribution of the relativistic electrons. It is argued that the variable emission is associated with the acceleration of electrons and amplification of the magnetic field and that adiabatic expansion can be neglected. It is proposed that the observed variability is due to illumination of inhomogeneities in the jet by a shock front passing through them and that the light curve reflects the distribution and characteristic sizes of these inhomogeneities (0.14–0.5 pc for angles to the line of sight not exceeding 10°, Lorentz factor γ=10, and adopted redshift z=0.5). In 0524+034, in addition to the rapidly variable component, there are two slowly varying components, one of which has α=?0.7 in the optically thin part of the spectrum.  相似文献   

17.
This paper presents three maps that summarize current knowledge as to the extent of Past permafrost and Relict permafrost in North America at approximately the time of the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM; c. 25–17 ka BP) and during subsequent deglaciation until c. 10 ka BP. Analysis of the post‐1983 literature suggests that the extent of Past permafrost south of the LGM limit was broader in eastern North America and slightly narrower in the Interior Great Plains than previously mapped. The recognition and dating of Relict permafrost in the nonglaciated terrain of the northwestern Arctic suggests that permafrost may be of great antiquity and can persist under changing climatic conditions. The formation of permafrost features during deglaciation suggests that ice‐proximal climatic conditions remained cold at least long enough for short‐lived permafrost aggradation; a latitudinal gradient is evident in the timing of its development as the Laurentide Ice Sheet retreated.  相似文献   

18.
未来50—100年全球可能迅速变暖。围绕这一问题,第四纪研究出现了一些新动向:第四纪地质时期里是否出现过快速变暖阶段?在这阶段里生态环境怎样变化?有机界对气候快速变化的响应程度如何?在地质时期的高温阶段里生物界的景况怎样?等等,以期借鉴过去预测未来。不过,这里也存在这样一个问题,即“在多大程度上‘过去’是预测未来的钥匙?”  相似文献   

19.
《Applied Geochemistry》2001,16(7-8):931-937
Weathering in an upland catchment on granitic parent material has been studied by chemical and mineralogical analyses of soils. Long-term weathering rates for base cations, calculated from chemical analyses of the mineral horizons from soil profiles using Zr as an internal, immobile, index element, are among the smallest recorded for Scottish soils (1.7–3.1 meq m−2 a−1), indicating that these soils are susceptible to acid deposition. Sodium is the base cation lost to the greatest extent from the soils, due to weathering of plagioclase feldspar, mainly in the coarse size-fractions. Calcium is lost not only from plagioclase feldspar, but also from hornblende, grains of which show dissolution etch pits and denticulate surface features when examined by scanning electron microscopy. Weathering of hornblende, present in basic inclusions in the granite, is a significant weathering process in these soils. A range of values for 87Sr/86Sr ratios in stream-waters confirms the spatial variability of the material supplying Ca to the streams. The current weathering rate, calculated from input–output budgets to be 28.9 meq m−2 a−1, is much greater than the long-term weathering rate, but small compared to other catchments on similar parent material.  相似文献   

20.
The vertical structure of the water column and the spatial distribution and semidiurnal variability of bacteria were investigated at six stations in the upper St. Lawrence estuary. The σ1 profiles indicate that the upper St. Lawrence is a partially mixed estuary. Stratification results from buoyancy input from the freshwater outflow of the St. Lawrence River, and its variability is controlled by tidal and, to a lesser extent, wind mixing. Calculations show that tidal mixing largely exceeds mixing caused by wind. Free and attached bacteria presented different patterns of spatial distribution and temporal variability. Free bacteria exhibited highest mean concentrations at the freshwater station (3.5–4.4 106ml?1) and lowest concentrations at the downstream stations (0.3–0.5 106ml?1); their numbers declined exponentially relative to salinity. Attached bacteria had highest mean concentrations (3.2–5.5 106ml?1) at salinities between 0.5 and 5 and were virtually absent at downseam stations (<0.05 106ml?1). The importance of semidiurnal variability was demonstrated Over the idal cycle, variability of attached bacteria was always greater than that of free bacteria. The analysis of causal models between salinity and free and attached bacteria, showed that the two types of bacteria are uncoupled and that both types have a strong relationship with salimity. Physical processes are thus important controlling factors of the distribution and variability of bacteria. Results suggest that large-scale processes, such as freshwater outflow and residual circulation, largely control free bacteria, whereas short-term and more local processes (e.g., sediment resuspension caused by wind) may also be important in the control of attached bacteria.  相似文献   

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