共查询到20条相似文献，搜索用时 589 毫秒
1.
海洋考察资料分析表明，夏季风期间南海南部海区海洋输向大气的热通量倍增，热通量的增、减过程与对流天气密切相关，季风潮天气过程中的热通量值居各天气过程之首，某些时段感热通量会出现大气向海洋的反向输送过程，地理环境使同一天气过程影响下海区内各通量的水平分布明显不均，海洋输向大气的热通量明显影响500hPa以下各层大气。 相似文献
2.
Two almost identical eddy covariance measurement setups were used to measure the fogwater fluxes to a forest ecosystem in the “Fichtelgebirge” mountains (Waldstein research site, 786 m a.s.l.) in Germany. During the first experiment, an intercomparison was carried out with both setups running simultaneously at the same measuring height on a meteorological tower, 12.5 m above the forest canopy. The results confirmed a close agreement of the turbulent fluxes between the two setups, and allowed to intercalibrate liquid water content (LWC) and gravitational fluxes. During the second experiment, the setups were mounted at a height of 12.5 and 3 m above the canopy, respectively. For the 22 fog events, a persistent negative flux divergence was observed with a greater downward flux at the upper level. To extrapolate the turbulent liquid water fluxes measured at height z to the canopy of height hc, a conversion factor 1/[1+0.116(z−hc)] was determined. For the fluxes of nonvolatile ions, no such correction is necessary since the net evaporation of the fog droplets appears to be the primary cause of the vertical flux divergence. Although the net evaporation reduces the liquid water flux reaching the canopy, it is not expected to change the absolute amount of ions dissolved in fogwater. 相似文献
3.
The Footprint for Estimation of Atmosphere-Surface Exchange Fluxes by Profile Techniques 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
T. W. Horst 《Boundary-Layer Meteorology》1999,90(2):171-188
The flux footprint, that is the contribution per unit emission from each element of the upwind surface area to measurement of the vertical flux of a passive scalar, is calculated for fluxes estimated by micrometeorological profile techniques. It is found that the upwind extent of the footprint for concentration-profile flux estimates is similar to that of the footprint for eddy-covariance flux measurements, when the eddy-covariance measurement is made at a height equal to the arithmetic mean of the highest and lowest profile measurement heights for stable stratification or the geometric mean for unstable stratification. The concentration-profile flux footprint depends on the ratio of the highest to the lowest measurement height, but is insensitive to the number of measurement levels. The concentration-profile flux footprint extends closer to the measurement location than does the 'equivalent eddy-covariance flux footprint, and the difference becomes more pronounced as the ratio of the profile measurement heights increases. The flux footprint for the Bowen-ratio technique is identical to that for a two-level profile measurement only for very limited circumstances. In the more general case, a flux footprint cannot be defined for the Bowen-ratio technique and the uniform upwind fetch required for representative flux measurements depends on the specific spatial distribution of surface fluxes. 相似文献
4.
为改善球面经纬度网格在高分辨率应用的苛刻限制,提高全球大气动力模式的时间积分效率,选取以阴阳网格为基础构建通量型非静力大气模式动力框架,采用有限体积法和通量型平流显式算法积分方案,保证模式的守恒计算性能。该动力框架在标准三维大气理想试验中进行了中期积分试验,对动力框架的计算效果、性能进行检验。在三维平衡流试验,罗斯贝-豪威茨波试验和山脉罗斯贝波试验中均表现出很好的稳定性和三维计算效果,其中水平2.5°分辨率模式的平衡流垂直速度误差为10-5量级,而经向速度误差在10-2量级,罗斯贝-豪威茨波保持基本波形稳定传播,而地形罗斯贝波试验则给出背风坡激发低槽在发展过程中不断向下游和南半球传播。 相似文献
5.
梯度法观测大气与森林生态系统间羰基硫(COS)的交换通量 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
本工作用梯度法测定了大气与其下垫的森林间ＣＯＳ的交换通量。测量在德国哥廷根大学的一座５０ｍ高的森林观测塔上进行，该塔坐落在德国中部的Ｓｏｌｌｉｎｇ自然保护区的森林中。观测现场生长着树龄分别为１２０ａ和８０ａ的山毛榉和云杉。树冠线约２８ｍ高。在塔上离地面３２ｍ，３８ｍ和５０ｍ的地方用冷以法同时采集了空气样品。样品用气相色谱－火焰光度检测法测定。ＣＯＳ通量由其梯度及扩散系数求出。扩散系数由与ＣＯＳ一起测得的感热和水蒸气通量导出。在稳定边界层条件下共获得２０条廓线。每条廓线都显示ＣＯＳ浓度随高度下降而降低的趋势，说明森林吸收ＣＯＳ。总的结果表明，ＣＯＳ向森林中的平均输送通量为（１４３±５４）ｎｇＣＯＳｍ－２·ｓ－１． 相似文献
6.
利用NCEP/NCAR月平均风场和比湿资料分析了亚洲季风区平均水汽输送通量的气候特征和季节变化;研究了山东旱涝年季风区水汽输送的差异及其在不同时段对山东夏季降水异常的贡献。结果表明,山东地区的平均水平水汽输送通量存在着明显的年际变化,纬向、经向和总水汽输送通量随时间均呈单峰曲线分布,7月达极值;影响山东夏季降水的印度季风区水汽输送以纬向为主、副热带季风区水汽输送以经向为主;5~6月,来自热带印度洋的西南季风水汽输送通量、西太平洋热带和副热带东南季风水汽输送通量以及南海北部的水汽输送通量对山东夏季降水均有贡献,涝年水汽输送通量明显大于旱年。虽然7月来自印度洋的西南季风水汽输送通量达极值,但对山东夏季降水异常的贡献并不显著,7~8月主要是来自西太平洋地区的热带和副热带季风水汽输送对山东夏季降水异常的贡献较明显。 相似文献
7.
Ü. Rannik T. Markkanen J. Raittila P. Hari T. Vesala 《Boundary-Layer Meteorology》2003,109(2):163-189
Observations of wind statistics within and above a Scots pine forest are comparedwith those predicted from an analytical second-order closure model. The roughnesssublayer (RSL) effects, and the influence of stability on similarity functions, arestudied using observations. The commonly accepted forms of similarity functionsdescribe the influence of diabatic effects above the RSL well. According to earlierstudies they are expected also to apply within the RSL. As an exception, the averagewind speed normalised with friction velocity was found to be invariant with stabilityclose to the canopy top under unstable conditions. Lagrangian stochastic trajectorysimulations were used to evaluate the influence of canopy turbulence profiles onfootprint prediction. The main uncertainty was found to arise from parameterisationof the random forcing term in the Lagrangian velocity equation. The influence ofdiabatic conditions was studied, and it was found that thermal stability affectssignificantly the footprint function above the forest canopy, but significantuncertainty exists because of uncertainties in the formulation of stability functions. 相似文献
8.
T. W. Horst 《Boundary-Layer Meteorology》2000,94(3):517-520
Several potentially significant errors are noted in published frequency-response corrections for eddy-covariance flux measurements. 相似文献
9.
Flux Corrections Revisited 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
In a horizontally homogeneous atmosphere, the calculation of thevertical fluxes of mass, momentum, and heat from point measurementsare to lowest order calculated as the standard eddy covariance.Additional terms primarily related to the mean vertical velocity areadded to improve the accuracy of the calculation. A review ofprevious work is undertaken. The fluxes are reformulated beginningwith the equations of conservation of mass, momentum, and energy. Aformula for the mean vertical velocity is found that is accurate tothe ideal gas approximation. Relations are developed between fluxesat different heights. In addition to the relations for fluxes ofmass, sensible heat, and latent heat, the fluxes of momentum andturbulent kinetic energy are also considered. 相似文献
10.
Footprints and Fetches for Fluxes over Forest Canopies with Varying Structure and Density 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：1
Tiina Markkanen Üllar Rannik Barbara Marcolla Alessandro Cescatti Timo Vesala 《Boundary-Layer Meteorology》2003,106(3):437-459
A stochastic trajectory model was used to estimate scalar fluxfootprints in neutral stabilityfor canopies of varying leaf area distributions andleaf area indices. An analytical second-order closure model wasused to predict mean wind speed, second moments and the dissipationrate of turbulent kinetic energy within a forest canopy.The influence of source vertical profile on the flux footprint wasexamined. The fetch is longer for surface sourcesthan for sources at higher levels in the canopy. In order tomeasure all the flux components, and thus the total flux, with adesired accuracy, sources were located at the forest floor in thefootprint function estimation. The footprint functions werecalculated for five observation levels above the canopy top. Itwas found that at low observation heights both canopy density andcanopy structure affect the fetch. The higher abovethe canopy top the flux is measured, the more pronounced is the effectof the canopy structure. The forest fetch for flux measurements isstrongly dependent on the required accuracy: The 90% flux fetchis greater by a factor of two or more compared to the 75% fetch. Theupwind distance contributing 75% of flux is as large as 45 timesthe difference between canopy height and the observation heightabove the canopy top, being even larger for low observationlevels. 相似文献
11.
Observations from the Horizontal Array Turbulence Study (HATS) field program are used to examine the attenuation of measured
scalar fluxes caused by spatial separation between the vertical velocity and scalar sensors. The HATS data show that flux
attenuation for streamwise, crosswind, and vertical sensor displacements are each a function of a dimensionless, stability-dependent
parameter n
m
multiplied by the ratio of sensor displacement to measurement height. The scalar flux decays more rapidly with crosswind
displacements than for streamwise displacements and decays more rapidly for stable stratification than for unstable stratification.
The cospectral flux attenuation model of Kristensen et al. agrees well with the HATS data for streamwise sensor displacements,
although it is necessary to include a neglected quadrature spectrum term to explain the observation that flux attenuation
is often less with the scalar sensor downwind of the anemometer than for the opposite configuration. A simpler exponential
decay model provides good estimates for crosswind sensor displacements, as well as for streamwise sensor displacements with
stable stratification. A model similar to that of Lee and Black correctly predicts flux attenuation for a combination of streamwise
and crosswind displacements, i.e. as a function of wind direction relative to the sensor displacement. The HATS data for vertical
sensor displacements extend the near-neutral results of Kristensen et al. to diabatic stratification and confirm their finding
that flux attenuation is less with the scalar sensor located below the anemometer than if the scalar sensor is displaced an
equal distance either horizontally or above the anemometer. 相似文献
12.
选取塔克拉玛干沙漠腹地塔中地区和北缘过渡带肖塘地区2013年土壤热通量观测资料,初步比较分析了塔克拉玛干沙漠两种下垫面的土壤热通量变化特征。结果表明：(1)在日变化尺度上,两个站点都有明显的日变化特征,1月份塔中站土壤热通量日平均变化幅度小于肖塘站,日较差分别为58.9 W.m2和72.4 W.m2,4月份两站土壤热通量变化幅度较为接近,日较差分别为88.1W.m2、100.1 W.m2。7、10月份塔中站土壤热通量变化幅度明显高于肖塘站,日较差分别为99.0 W.m2、53.7W.m2,100.3 W.m2、73.3W.m2。(2)不同天气条件下两个站点土壤热通量变化都有很大差异。晴天,塔中站和肖塘站土壤热通量变化都呈现出单峰型,变化幅度较一致,日较差分别为119.7 W.m2、119.1 W.m2。沙尘天和雨天受云层或降水的影响土壤热通量变化波动较大,沙尘天塔中站变化幅度小于肖塘站,日较差分别为83.6 W.m2、133.1 W.m2;雨天塔中站和肖塘站变化幅度都很剧烈,日较差分别为70.6 W.m2、66.6 W.m2。(3)年变化尺度上,塔中站土壤热通量在7月份达到最大值(7.7 W.m2),在11月出现最小值(-5.3 W.m2),肖塘站7月份出现最大值(4.2 W.m2),11月份出现最小值(-10.2 W.m2)。塔中站和肖塘站土壤热通量年总量差异很大,塔中站为16.8 W.m2,能量由大气向土壤传递,土壤为热汇,而肖塘站则为-34.9 W.m2,能量由土壤向大气传播,土壤表现为热源。 相似文献
13.
14.
斜压半地转模式中的非频散周期解 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
给出了３个通量矢量，从而将非线性平流项表示为３个通量矢量的旋度和散度，它们分别对纬向风和经向风的低频加速产生贡献。经过卷积运算，还建立了低频变化的动力学模型。给出了通量矢量Ｅ．、Ｇ１．、Ｇ２．等的空间分布及其相应的流函数与势函数的水平分布和时间演变，从而指出，瞬变扰动间的相互作用对流动具有低频加速作用。 相似文献
15.
北京城市通量足迹及源区分布特征分析 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1
城市下垫面具有不同于其他下垫面的特殊复杂性,通量的源汇分布十分不均,导致直接测量以及定量的描述城市中水汽、二氧化碳等通量变得非常困难。涡动观测系统在城市通量观测中得到广泛应用,但由于涡动协方差观测系统传感器都架设在一定的高度上,其测量结果只反映特定点下垫面或某部分下垫面的物理过程,不能说明观测结果是否具有下垫面属性的代表性,无法反映观测通量的空间变异性。足迹函数(Footprint)的产生就是为了解决这一问题,其又称源权重函数,是描述近地面层表面源或汇的空间分布和仪器观测通量值之间关系的函数。本文采用北京325 m气象塔近1年7层涡动协方差观测数据、超声数据,分析了不同风向、不同稳定度、不同高度下足迹函数所表达的通量贡献区域范围的变化规律。结果表明,在大气稳定条件下时,通量贡献区范围的大小与主风向无显著差异,而不稳定条件下计算结果与主风向无关。在不同高度下所有稳定条件下通量贡献区范围要大于不稳定条件,中性条件则介于两者之间。8 m、16 m高度上的观测结果不能完全代表城市下垫面通量贡献区,47 m以上能够代表城市下垫面通量贡献区,280 m则已经包含了郊区和城区的权重平均。同一大气稳定度条件下,高度越高通量贡献区范围越大,90%通量贡献区范围与观测高度成线性关系,这种线性关系可以预测没有观测高度或者更高处的通量贡献区范围。 相似文献
16.
Frank Beyrich Jens-Peter Leps Matthias Mauder Jens Bange Thomas Foken Sven Huneke Horst Lohse Andreas Lüdi Wouter M. L. Meijninger Dmitrii Mironov Ulrich Weisensee Peter Zittel 《Boundary-Layer Meteorology》2006,121(1):33-65
Micrometeorological measurements (including eddy-covariance measurements of the surface fluxes of sensible and latent heat) were performed during the LITFASS-2003 experiment at 13 field sites over different types of land use (forest, lake, grassland, various agricultural crops) in a 20 × 20 km2 area around the Meteorological Observatory Lindenberg (MOL) of the German Meteorological Service (Deutscher Wetterdienst, DWD). Significant differences in the energy fluxes could be found between the major land surface types (forest, farmland, water), but also between the different agricultural crops (cereals, rape, maize). Flux ratios between the different surfaces changed during the course of the experiment as a result of increased water temperature of the lake, changing soil moisture, and of the vegetation development at the farmland sites. The measurements over grass performed at the boundary-layer field site Falkenberg of the MOL were shown to be quite representative for the farmland part of the area. Measurements from the 13 sites were composed into a time series of the area-averaged surface flux by taking into account the data quality of the single flux values from the different sites and the relative occurrence of each surface type in the area. Such composite fluxes could be determined for about 80% of the whole measurement time during the LITFASS-2003 experiment. Comparison of these aggregated surface fluxes with area-averaged fluxes from long-range scintillometer measurements and from airborne measurements showed good agreement. 相似文献
17.
Friuli Venezia Giulia is a region located in the North-Eastern part of Italy. It has the Adriatic Sea (Gulf of Trieste) on the South and the Julian and Carnic Alps surrounding it on the North. For these geographical properties thunderstorms and precipitations are common events in the plain of this region.The climatology of thunderstorms and rainfalls, considering 6 h interval periods, is studied in this work. It is shown how the thunderstorm frequency, based on the recording of at least three lightning strikes during the 6 h period, is 16%. The occurrence frequency of at least 1 mm of rain accumulated in 6 h is 24%, while that of at least 5 mm in 6 h is 14%.The daily and monthly distributions of these events are then stratified in three classes, based on their “intensity” (weak, medium and strong), and the different behaviors are analysed. Finally, an explanation for the main monthly rain frequency is sought by looking at only two sounding-derived indices and in particular at their annual cycles. The two indices (related to the potential instability and to the water vapour flux) attempt to summarize the “convective” and “flux” mechanisms for producing rain. It is found that in some particular periods of the year the rain-originating process seems well identifiable, while in many others the two processes seem to be concomitant. 相似文献
18.
FRED C. BOSVELD 《Boundary-Layer Meteorology》1997,84(2):289-327
Measurements of fluxes and profiles of wind andtemperature are performed in the roughness layer ofa moderately homogeneous forest location. Weinvestigate to what extent vertical scalar fluxescan be derived from profile measurements. Theinfluence of inhomogeneities in the upwind terrainis investigated with footprint analysis and with aninhomogeneous surface-layer model. Four methods toestimate displacement height are suggested, amongthem is a method involving the structure parameterof the vertical wind. All methods give a decrease ofdisplacement height with increasing wind speed,while roughness length is found to increase withincreasing wind speed. For near-neutral conditionsdimensionless temperature gradients are found to besubstantially lower than the surface-layer valuesfound in the literature for homogeneous terrain with lowvegetation. Dimensionless shear however iscomparable with the surface-layer value. The heightof the roughness layer is 20 times the roughnesslength. Two schemes with locally derived surfaceparameters are tested to derive friction velocityand sensible heat flux from the profilemeasurements. These site specific schemes performsatisfactorily. A third scheme based on surface parameters chosen a priorifrom the literatureperforms significantly worse especially for low windspeed and unstable cases. 相似文献
19.
We discuss the accuracy requirements for measuring mesoscale (roughly horizontal scales > 10 km or 5 to 10 times the planetary
boundary-layer (PBL) depth) fluxes in the convective PBL, and the ability of current research aircraft to achieve this accuracy.
We conclude that aircraft equipped with inertial nagivation systems capable of < 3 km hr−1 navigational accuracy are able to resolve mesoscale fluctuations in velocity, and thus variances and fluxes on the mesoscale.
We then discuss measurements of velocity and scalar spectra, and cospectra of vertical velocity with horizontal velocity components
and scalars, obtained from long flight legs with the National Center for Atmospheric Research Electra aircraft over the boreal
forest of Canada in summer during the BOreal Ecosystem-Atmosphere Study (BOREAS), over the tropical Pacific Ocean from the
Tropical Ocean Global Atmosphere Coupled Ocean-Atmosphere Response Experiment (TOGA COARE), and over the East China Sea during
wintertime cold-air outbreaks from the Air Mass Transformation Experiment (AMTEX). Each of these studies has somewhat different
forcings and boundary conditions, so we can compare their consequences on the spectra and cospectra. On average, we found
no significant scalar or momentum fluxes for horizontal scales > 10 km. We also develop a simple model based on observed
thermal structure to explain the phase angle between vertical velocity and the along-wind horizontal velocity as a function
of height, which shows good agreement with the observed phase angle in AMTEX.
The National Center for Atmospheric Research is sponsored by the National Science Foundation. 相似文献
20.
2008年4—10月在中国南海西沙永兴岛近海进行了第4次海-气通量观测试验,获得了整个夏季风期间近海面层湍流脉动量及辐射、表层水温、波浪及距水面3.5、7.0、10.5m高度温、湿、风梯度观测资料,根据涡动相关法和COARE3.0法计算结果研究了2008年南海西南季风爆发、发展、中断、衰退包括暴雨、台风、冷空气影响等天气过程中海-气通量交换和热量收支变化。结果表明:(1)季风爆发前的晴天太阳总辐射强,而海洋失热量较小,热量净收支为较大正值,海面温度迅速升高。季风爆发期太阳总辐射仍然较强,大气长波辐射也有所增强,而海面长波辐射变化很小,故海面净辐射收支仍为正值;(2)季风活跃期特别是降水阶段感热通量增大,季风中断阶段变小;季风活跃期虽然潜热通量增大,由于太阳短波辐射没有减少,海洋净热量收支稍有盈余;中断阶段潜热通量、感热通量减少,海洋吸热大于季风活跃期;降水阶段由于太阳短波辐射减小,感热通量增大,海洋热量收支出现较大负值,海面温度很快降低。季风衰退期风力减弱,湿度减小,潜热通量减小,海洋热量收入又出现较大正值,海面温度回升;(3)台风影响过程中潜热通量随着风速增强迅速增大;感热通量因降水情况不同而有差异,晴天时减小,大雨时剧烈增大;由于太阳短波辐射减少、潜热通量剧增,海洋热量净收支出现负值,促使海面温度迅速降低;(4)动量通量主要与海表面风速有关;动量通量τ与风速V的关系可以表示为τ=0.00171v~2-0.003809v+0.02213。 相似文献