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1.
产流是生态系统水源涵养服务的重要内容,也是保水固土等服务的关键驱动。脆弱的喀斯特生态系统叠加人类活动的影响引起生态退化,在此背景下亟需深刻理解喀斯特地区产流服务空间格局及其影响因子。选择典型的喀斯特峰丛洼地流域,基于率定校准的SWAT水文模型,对喀斯特流域产流服务(包括地表、地下以及总径流量)进行模拟,并结合空间梯度分析和局部回归模型,剖析不同服务变量的空间变异特征。结果表明:研究区产流量空间分异规律明显,总径流系数约为70.0%;地表径流整体处于较低水平,地下径流量丰富(约为地表径流量的2~3倍)。地形因子对喀斯特流域产流服务具有宏观控制作用,随海拔和坡度升高,总径流量、地下径流量显著增加;植被分布特征对地表径流有重要影响,在上游林地和下游园地分布区存在空间差异,在植被因素的影响下随坡度的增加呈现转折性的变化趋势。此外,空间叠加分析表明林地总径流及地下径流最大:一方面是由于森林生态系统更强的土壤水分涵养能力以及水分快速入渗的地质背景特征;另一方面反映了地表覆盖与地形特征的复合效应,即林地大多分布在相对海拔和坡度较大之处。本文有助于推进喀斯特生态系统服务研究领域的发展与创新,并为生态恢复建设提供科技支撑。  相似文献   

2.
森林水文作用的流域尺度效应及其评价   总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1  
森林植被覆盖对于地面水文过程的影响,随森林面积或流域尺度大小而不同,尺度效应的准确识别和定量评价比较困难.通过水文尺度效应的形成机理分析,对主要影响机制和变化特征进行了讨论,提出了分析评判中的主要因素,即从流域大小或森林覆被对能量平衡、潜在蒸散发、水源组成、汇流速度以及河槽调蓄能力的变化等方面来对流域尺度变化的效应大小进行评价.随着流域面积的增加,森林植被的影响降低而河槽调蓄的作用增大,流域尺度也会影响汇流的路径变化,大流域的地下水比重更大,对洪水形态和枯季径流量都有显著的影响.研究还提出基于投入产出原理的最佳森林覆被率的概念和建议比率,结果有助于区分森林本身和流域大小各自对径流特征的贡献,更加合理地评估森林水文效应.  相似文献   

3.
滩地林业血防工程抑螺效应及其成因研究   总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4  
在洞庭湖区滩地对不同类型杨树抑螺防病林采取定位观测的研究方法,对滩地钉螺种群变化与抑螺防病林营造措施、林龄的关系及其内在机制进行了研究。结果表明:林分郁闭前,通过林农复合等林地土壤管理措施,改造钉螺孳生环境,可有效降低活螺和感染螺密度;林分郁闭后,林地水分、光照、植被等环境因子朝着不利于钉螺孳生的方向演变;滩地抑螺防病林生态系统抑螺效果具有显著性和持续性。  相似文献   

4.
利用明月江水文站网观测资料,采用5个森林水文评价指标,检验9个对比年与1个对比时段共计50个评价项目表明:明月江随着森林生态环境的改善及森林覆盖率的提高,枯水流量、年径流与径流年内的均匀程度均有较大增加,而河川含沙量则有所减少,反应了森林涵养水源、保持水土、调节径流年内分配的森林水文效应。  相似文献   

5.
以辽河的主要水源区太子河流域为对象,分析近50 a来流域的降水径流变化特性,采用水文模拟方法,研究了河川径流量及土壤含水量对气候变化的响应。结果表明:近50 a来实测径流量总体呈现减少趋势;20世纪80年代以来,气候因素对河川径流量的绝对影响量呈现增加趋势;降水增加比减少对河川径流量的影响明显,土壤含水量对降水减少的响应更加敏感,气候暖干化趋势将非常不利于东北地区的水资源利用和农业生产。  相似文献   

6.
关于森林水文效应的讨论由来已久。特别是黄秉维先生《确切地估计森林的作用》一文发表后,更受到了水文及地理学界的广泛关注。正确地认识和科学地评价森林的水文效应,不仅有助于我们揭示森林与环境、人类活动之间的关系,而且对于进行流域治理、荒山绿化等工作也有一定的指导意义。本文试图通过对清水河流域1959—1967年实测水文资料的分析,阐明森林在防止土壤侵蚀、调节径流、削减洪峰等方面的效应,以及对流域降水量、蒸发量和径流量的影响。由于资料情况及我们的水平所限,不妥之处,请予指正。  相似文献   

7.
土壤增温及降雨隔离对杉木幼林林下植被生物量的影响   总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3  
据IPCC(2007)预计到21世纪末,全球平均温度将增加1.1-6.4℃,气候变暖导致陆地生态系统干旱频繁,强降雨增多,降雨量、降雨强度和降雨格局改变,高纬度地区降雨增加而亚热带地区降雨将减少。温度和水分是驱动生态系统过程最关键的2个因素,全球变暖及降雨格局的改变将显著影响陆地生态系统的结构与功能。森林生态系统作为陆地生态系统的一个重要组成部分,其林下植被在维持森林生态系统多样性、生态功能稳定性、森林生态系统营养元素的积累和循环、水土涵养、持续生态系统生产力以及森林演替和发展、森林碳汇储量等方面具有独特的功能和作用.  相似文献   

8.
重庆金佛山岩溶区表层岩溶生态系统CO2浓度分析   总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4  
以重庆金佛山林地、裸地表层岩溶生态系统CO2浓度的实际观测资料为基础,探索表层岩溶系统CO2浓度变化规律.结果显示,这种变化与土壤温度有密切关系,林地与裸地各个层次土壤的CO2浓度与土温呈一致性变化,这构成了表层岩溶生态系统对外界条件的灵敏响应.研究进一步揭示了林地植被平抑这种动态效应,而裸地则响应于温度变化.  相似文献   

9.
陆、气耦合是实现气候变化影响评价的关键,首先介绍了土壤-植物-大气输移方案(surface vegetation atmosplletie transfer schemes,简称SVATS)中具有国际可比性的可变下渗容量模型(Variable Infiltration Capacity,简称VIC模型).将黄河流域划分为432个50 km×50 km正交网格,由108个雨量站1960-1970年的逐日降水量资料插补到各个网格,根据土壤、植被分布资料,确定了各网格的土壤和植被参数,基于15个子流域的水文率定,将水文参数移植到相似区域,进而模拟了黄河流域径流量的空间分布;对典型支流及区间径流量的模拟效果表明,VIC模型具有较好的径流模拟能力,可用于分析、评价环境变化对流域河川径流的影响.  相似文献   

10.
森林生态系统对降水的分配与拦截效应   总被引:17,自引:0,他引:17  
森林生态系统对降水的截留、分配与拦截一般通过降水在森林生态系统中的乔木层、灌草植物、枯落物和土壤等组分间的转移过程来实现,阐明森林生态系统各组分对降水的分配效应是正确评估森林水文效应的关键。本文系统综述了森林生态系统各组分对降水分配效应的国内外主要研究成果,并指明了目前该方面研究存在的问题和努力方向。对乔木层的大量观测研究表明,林冠截留率在9.0%~69.1%左右,树干茎流率在0%~5%间,并受森林类型、林分特征以及降水事件等因素的综合影响。林下灌草层、枯落物层以及土壤层对降水的截留分配研究不足,还难于得出可靠的结论,已经制约着我们对整个森林生态系统对降水的分配截留效应的评估。森林对降水分配过程的建模及其优化研究相对缺乏,这无法使研究结果由点向面进行尺度转换和应用。目前已有的大多数研究还处于实验观测与现象揭示阶段,缺乏对过程与机理的深入研究,也很少进行多因素的动态综合研究和系统分析,限制了我们对森林生态系统水文过程的内在运行机制和客观规律的正确认识和评估。强化对目前最薄弱的环节——灌草层、凋落物层、土壤以及整个系统对降水的分配截留贮存效应的综合定量监测与建模研究是阐明森林水文效应的关键。  相似文献   

11.
BOOK REVIEWS     
Book Reviewed in this article: Development and Environment in Peninsular Malaysia . S. Robert Aiken, Colin H. Leigh, Thomas R. Leinbach, Michael R. Moss. The Rural-Urban Fringe: Canadian Perspectives . Ken B. Beesley and Lorne H. Russwurm, eds. Women and Development . Lourdes Benería, ed. The Border that Joins: Mexican Migrants and U.S. Responsibility . Peter G. Brown and Henry Shue, eds. Cities of the World: World Regional Urban Development . Stanley D. Brunn and Jack L. Williams, eds. Time Resources, Society, and Ecology: On the Capacity for Human Interaction in Space and Time (Vol. I, Preindustrial Societies). Tommy Carlstein. Urban Geography . David Clark. Spanish City Planning in North America . Dora P. Crouch, Daniel J. Garr, and Axel I. Mundigo. Not On Our Street: Community Attitudes to Mental Health Care . M. J. Dear and S. M. Taylor Unequal growth: Urban and Regional Employment Change in the U.K. Stephen Fothergill and Graham Gudgin. Agricultural Land in an Urban Society . Owen J. Furuseth and John T. Pierce. The Petroleum Industry in Oil-Importing Developing Countries . Fariborz Ghadar. Historical Understanding in Geography, An Idealist Approach . Leonard Guelke. Regional Planning in Europe . R. Hudson and J. R. Lewis, eds. Remote Sensing for Resource Management . Chris J. Johannsen and James L. Sanders, eds. Geography and The State . R. J. Johnston. Texas Graveyards: a Cultural Legacy . Tlrry G. Jordan. The Politics of Location: An Introduction . Andrew Kirby. A Social Geography of the City . David Ley. Energy and the Future . Douglas MacLean and Peter Brown, eds. The Natural Environment of Newfoundland Past and Present . A. G. Macpherson and J. B. Macpherson, eds. Tourism: Economic, Physical and Social Impacts . Alister Mathieson and Geoffrey Wall. Railroads and Land Grant Policy: A Study in Government Intervention . Lloyd J. Mercer. Progress in Rural Geography . Michael Pacione, ed. Progress in Urban Geography . Michael Pacione, ed. Models of Spatial Inequality: Settlement Patterns in Historical Archaeology . Robert Paynter. Natural Hazard Risk Assessment and Public Policy, Anticipating the Unexpected . William J. Petak and Arthur A. Atkisson. The Nature of Geomorphology . Alistair F. Pitty. Regional Conflict and National Policy . Kent A. Price Women and Spatial Change: Learning Resources for Social Science Courses . Arlene C. Rengert and Janice J. Monk, eds. Urban and Regional Analysis for Development Planning . Richard Rhoda. Rivers: Form and Process in Alluvial Channels . Keith Richards. This Remarkable Continent: An Atlas of United States and Canadian Society and Culture . John F. Rooney, Jr., Wilbur Zelinsky, and Dean R. Louder, gen. eds. The Origins of Open-Field Agriculture . Trevor Rowley, ed. Residential Location Determinants of the Older Population . Gundars Rudzitis. Borderland Sourcebook: A Guide to the Literature on Northern Mexico and the American Southwest . Ellwyn R. Stoddard, Richard L. Nostrand, and Jonathan P. West, eds. Arctic and Antarctic . David Sugden. Tall Timbers Ecology and Management Conference, February 22–24, 1979, Proceedings No. 16 . Graphic Communication and Design in Contemporary Cartography (Progress in Contemporary Cartography , Vol. II). D. R. Fraser Taylor, ed. Living with Energy Shortfall: A Future for American Towns and Cities . Jon Van Til. The United States: Habitation of Hope . J. Wreford Watson. Air Photo Interpretation for Archaeologists . D. R. Wilson. Urban and Rural Change in West Germany . Trevor Wild, ed. Population and Resources . Harry Robinson.  相似文献   

12.
<正>1 Introduction In 2013,Chagusaba,which is traditional tea-grass integrated system in Shizuoka,were accepted as new world heritage site of agriculture.Shizuoka prefecture occupies a variety of elevations,from 0 to 3000m or more above sea level.Because of the diversity of land features and climates,this area produces 167 agricultural commodities.In addition,a lot of traditional agriculture and over200 local native varieties of crops have been conserved in Shizuoka  相似文献   

13.
<正>There are more than 10000 years of agricultural development history in the world that has provided very fruitful and ingenious traditional knowledge and experiences reflecting the evolution of humanity and the nature.In2002,the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations(FAO)initiated an international partnership initiative of"Conservation and Adaptive Management of Globally Important Agricultural Heritage Systems  相似文献   

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BOOK REVIEWS     
Book Reviewed in this article: Geography and the Third World. International Seminar, 14–18 May 1980, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia . Ishmail Ahmad and Jamaluddin Md Jahi, eds. The Growth Dilemma: Residents' Views and Local Population Change in the United States . Mark Baldassare. Sport and Place: A Geography of Sport in England, Scotland & Wales . John Bale. The Deindustrialization of America: Plant Closings, Community Abandonment, and the Dismantling of Basic Industry . Barry Bluestone and Bennett Harrison. Selected Essays 1963–1975: Carl O. Sauer . Bob Callahen, ed. Housing and Planning in the Countryside . G. Clark. Conflict, Politics and the Urban Scene . Kevin R. Cox and R. J. Johnston, eds. Thematic Maps: Their Design and Production . David J. Cuff and Mark T. Mattson. Wine: A Geographic Appreciation . Harm Jan de Blij. USSR in Maps . J. C. Dewdney. Political Geography: A Contemporary Perspective . Ramesh D. Dikshit. Rethinking Human Adaptation . Rada Dyson-Hudson and Michael A. Little, eds. Sacred Sands: The Struggle for Community in the indiana Dunes . J. Ronald Engel. Geography of the Biosphere . A. Furley and Walter W. Newey. Disaster and Reconstruction . Robert Geipel. Glasgow: The Making of a City . Andrew Gibb. Design for Arid Regions . Giden S. Golany, ed. Urbanization and Cancer Mortality: The United States Experience, 1950–1975 . Michael R. Greenberg. Geology in the Nineteenth Century: Changing Views of a Changing World . Mott T. Greene. Colonización y Destrucción de Bosques en Panamá . Stanley Heckadon Moreno and Alberto McKay, eds. Urban Geography: A First Approach . David T. Herbert and Colin J. Thomas. The Visual and Spatial Structure of Landscapes . Tadahiko Higuchi. Climate from Tree Rings . M. K. Hughes, P. M. Kelly, J. R. Pilcher, and V. C. LaMarche, Jr., eds. The structure of Nineteenth Century Cities . James H. Johnson and Colin G. Pooley, eds. The American Planner: Biographies and Recollections . Donald A. Krueckeberg, ed. Urban Land Policy For the 1980s, the Message for State and Local Government . George Lefcoe, ed. Regional Planning: Evolution, Crisis and Prospects . Gill C. Lim, ed. Relevance and Ethics In Geography . Bruce Mitchell and Dianne Draper. China: The Geography of Development and Modernization . Clifton W. Pannell and Laurence J. C. MA. The Urban Retailing System . Robert B. Potter. Hants. Nonconventional Energy Resources . Philip R. Pryde. Caribbean Migrants: Environment and Human Survival on St. Kitts and Nevis . Bonham C. Richardson. Population and Resources . Harry Robinson. East Los Angeles: History of A Barrio . Ricardo Romo. Integrated Impact Assessment . Frederick A. Rossini and Alan L. Porter, eds. Environmental Aesthetics: Essays in Interpretation . Barry Sadler and Allen Carlson, eds. Earthwatch . Charles Sheffield. Field Techniques and Research Methods in Geography . Robert H. Stoddard. Haiti: Land of Poverty . Robert J. Tata. Weathering and Erosion: Sources and Methods in Geography . Stephen T. Trudgill. Once Beneath the Forest. Prehistoric Terracing in the Río Bec Region of the Maya Lowlands . B. L. Turner, II. The Historical Geography of Scotland since 1707 . David Turnock.  相似文献   

16.
BOOK REVIEWS     
Book Reviewed in this article: The City in Cultural Context . John Agnew, John Mercer, David Sopher, eds. Soils and Geomorphology Peter W. Birkeland. Urbanization and Settlement Systems, International Perspectives . L. S. Bourne, R. Sinclair, and K. Dziewoński. eds. An Introduction to Urban Historical Geography . Harold Carter. Overshoot, The Ecological Basis of Revolutionary Change . William J. Catton, Jr. Rivers of the World . Eberhard Czaya. Jewish Communities in Frontier Societies: Argentina, Australia and South Africa . Daniel J. Elazar with Peter Medding. Color in Public Spaces: Toward a Communication-Based Theory of the Urban Built Environment. Kenneth E. Foote. Spatial Statistics and Models. Gary L. Gaile and Cort J. Willmott, eds. Mega-Geomorphology. Rita Gardner and Helen Scoging, eds. Technological Change and Regional Development. Gillespie, ed. The Arid Lands: Their Use and Abuse. R. L. Heathcote. The Location of Industry in Britain. A. G. Hoare. Groundwater as a Geomorphic Agent . R. G. LaFleur, ed. Rural Public Services: International Comparisons. Richard E. Lonsdale and Gyorgy Enyedi, eds. Saving Water in a Desert City. William E. Martin, Helen M. Ingram, Nancy K. Laney, and Adrian H. Griffin. Water Resources: Distribution, Use and Management. John R. Mather. Transnationals and the Third World: The Struggle for Culture. Armand Mattelart. South Hadley, MA: USGS Digital Cartographic Data Standards. R. B. McEwen, R. E. Witmer, and B. S. Ramey, eds. The Ecosystem Concept in Anthropology. Emilio F. Moran, ed. Boulder, CO: Women, Men, and the International Division of Labor. June Nash and Maria Patricia Fernandez-Kelly, eds. Nuclear Power: Assessing and Managing Hazardous Technology. Martin J. Pasqualetti and K. David Pijawka, eds. Mary Somerville and the Cultivation of Science 1815-1840. Elizabeth Chalmers Patterson. An Introduction to Coastal Geomorphology. John Pethick. Late Quaternary Environments of the United States , Vol. 1, The Late Pleistocene. Stephen C. Porter, ed. Planning and Ecology. R. D. Roberts and T. M. Roberts, eds. Regionalism and the Pacific Northwest. William G. Robbins, Robert J. Frank, and Richard E. Ross, eds. Environment and Health. Anthony J. Rowland and Paul Cooper. Sunbelt/Snowbelt: Urban Development and Regional Restructuring. Larry Sawers and William K. Tabb, eds. The Bad Earth. Environmental Degradation in China. Vaclav Smil. Armonk, NY: Voyage into Substance: Art, Science, Nature, and the Illustrated Travel Account, 1760–1840. Barbara Maria Stafford. The Institute of British Geographers: The First Fifty Years. Robert W. Steel. Visions of the Past. Christopher Taylor and Richard Muir. Glacial Lake Agassiz. J. T. Teller and Lee Clayton, eds. The Tule Breakers: The Story of the California Dredge. John Thompson and Edward A. Dutra. The Balkan City 1400–1900. Nikolai Todorov. Explanation, Prediction and Planning: the Lowry model. Michael J. Webber. Mercedes Reales: Hispanic Land Grants of the Upper Rio Grande Region. Victor Westphall. The World Atlas of Revolutions. Andrew J. M. Wheatcroft. The West European City, A Social Geography. Paul White. Urban Elites and Mass Transportation. J. Allen Whitt. Princeton, NJ: Urban Life In Contemporary China. Martin King Whyte and William L. Parish. The Demand for Energy in the Soviet Union. David Wilson. London and Canberra: Rethinking Geographical Inquiry. J. David Wood, ed.  相似文献   

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Reviews of geographic software in this article:

DEMO-GRAPHICS: WORLD POPULATIONS AND PROJECTIONS.

ESP

GAUSS.

CEMODEL S. Damus

LIMDEP. William H. Greene

MICROSTAT 4.1

OTIS

PCIPS. (Personal Computer Image Processing System). H.J. Meyers and R. Bernstein.

REGRESSION ANALYSIS OF TIME SERIES (RATS)

SPSS/PC+

URBAN DATA MANAGEMENT SOFTWARE (UDMS)  相似文献   

20.
BOOK REVIEWS     
Book Reviewed in this article: Rabat: Urban Apartheid in Morocco . Janet Abu -Lughod . Marketplaces in a Developing Country: The Case of Western Nigeria . Isaac Ayinde Adalemo . Farming Development and Space: A World Agricultural Geography . Bernd Andreae . Section and Party: A Political Geography of American Presidential Elections, from Andrew Jackson to Ronald Reagan . J. Clark Archer and Peter J. Taylor . Women and Space: Ground Rules and Social Maps . Shirley Ardener , ed. European Progress in Spatial Analysis . R. J. Bennett , ed. The Origins of Academic Geography in the United States . Brian W. Blouet Geographic Perspectives on Global Problems . Ronald Reed Boyce . Seasonal Dimensions to Rural Poverty . Robert Chambers , Richard Longhurst and Arnold Pacey eds. The New Nationalism and the Use of Common Spaces: Issues in Marine Pollution and the Exploitation of Antarctica . Jonathan I. Charney , ed. Communications Tomorrow: The Coming of the Information Society . Edward Cornish , ed. The Design of Suburbia . Arthur Edwards . Explorer on the Northern Plains: Lieutenant Gouverneur K. Warren's Preliminary Report of Explorations in Nebraska and Dakota in the Years 1855–56–57. With an Introduction by Frank N. Schubert . The Changing Climate: Responses of the Natural Flora and Fauna . Michael J. Ford . Essentials of Physical Geography . Robert E. Gabler , Robert J. Sager , Sheila Brazier , and Daniel L. Wise. The Road to Jaramillo . William Glen . Valued Environments . John R. Gold and Jacquelin Burgess , eds. Proximity and Preference: Problems in the Multidimensional Analysis of Large Data Sets . Reginald G. Golledge and John N. Rayner , eds. A Search for Common Ground . Peter Gould and Gunnar Olsson , eds. Geography: Its History and Concepts . Arild Holt -Jensen . A Population Geography . Huw R. Jones . The Human Mosaic: A Thematic Introduction to Cultural Geography, 3rd ed. Terry G. Jordan and Lester Rowntree . Urban Social Geography: An Introduction . Paul Knox . The Anatomy of Job Loss: The How, Why and Where of Employment Decline . Doreen Massey and Richard Meegan . The Information Society as Post-Industial Society . Yoneji Masuda . Map Librarianship, 2nd ed. Harold Nichols . India: Cultural Patterns and Processes . Allen G. Noble and Ashok K. Dutt , eds. The God that Limps: Science and Technology in the Eighties . Colin Norman . Geography: An Introductory Perspective . Robert E. Norris , Keith D. Harries and John D. Vitek . The Politics of Technology Assessment . David M. O'Brien and Donald A. Marchand . Ethnic Segregation in Cities . Ceri Peach , Vaughan Robinson and Susan Smith , eds. Churches and Church Membership in the United States, 1980 . Bernard Quinn , Herman Anderson , Martin Bradley , Paul Goetting and Peggy Shriver . Energy in Australia: Politics and Economics . Hugh Saddler . Development from Above or Below? The Dialectics of Regional Planning in Developing Countries . Walter B. Stóuhr and D. R. Fraser Taylor , eds. Human Impact on the Ecosystem . Joy Tivy and Greg O'Hare . Plants and People: Vegetation Change in North America . Thomas R. Vale . The Mapmakers: The Story of the Great Pioneers in Cartography from Antiquity to the Space Age . John Noble Wilford .  相似文献   

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