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1.
石墨作为战略性非金属矿产资源,广泛应用于冶金、钢铁、化工、航天航空等领域,具有重要的经济价值和战略地位。本文简要介绍了石墨资源的分布特点和供需现状,重点总结了石墨资源地质成矿规律、矿物学性质及浮选技术的研究进展,并指出了石墨资源开发利用的发展趋势。研究表明,我国石墨资源储量丰富,长期位居世界前列,但加工技术相对落后,优质鳞片石墨利用率不高,国际贸易中“高进低出”现象严重。区域变质型石墨矿床是我国最主要的石墨矿床类型,含矿岩系变质程度越深,石墨晶体结构有序度越高、晶形越完整,经济价值也越高,因此,鳞片石墨浮选过程中要尽量保护石墨的鳞片结构。随着以石墨为原材料的新兴行业的快速发展,高质量石墨的需求量日益增长,加大石墨资源勘探力度,积极调整产业结构,进一步提高我国石墨资源的加工技术,对促进我国石墨产业的可持续发展具有重要的意义。 相似文献
2.
为查明我国典型矿石墨的矿物学特征,采用XRD、FESEM-EDS、TEM和Raman光谱等表征手段对来自不同产地石墨样品的成分、结构与性质进行了研究。结果表明,晶质与隐晶质石墨分别由微米级和纳米级石墨鳞片组成,主要的区别为前者有更大的微晶尺寸;各样品均为2H型石墨结构,同时不同程度地含有3R型多型,轴长a=0.243~0.249 nm,c=0.672~0.677 nm,晶胞体积V在0.0347~0.0362 nm3之间,晶胞体积随晶体结构中O含量的增加而增大。天然产出石墨的石墨化度较高,最高可达1,由于后期地质作用或人工加工改造,引入次生缺陷,导致其石墨化度降低,结构无序度增高。晶质和隐晶质石墨的氧化起始温度分别为700~800℃和600~650℃,粒度越细的晶质石墨氧化起始温度越低。在水中石墨表面荷负电,p H为10.5时具有带电量的极大值,晶质石墨疏水性和导电性均强于隐晶质石墨。 相似文献
3.
介绍一种自行设计和加工的直接雾化石墨炉进样装置的结构、工作原理和操作方法。该装置由微机控制与石墨炉加热程序同步工作,可以实现自动控制和自动测量。对雾化进样石墨炉分析的仪器参数和实验条件进行了研究和选择。结果表明,该装置与石墨炉结合具有自动化程度高、重现性好、样品利用率高和分析速度快等特点。 相似文献
4.
煤系石墨是在岩浆接触热变质及构造变质作用下形成的煤系非金属矿产。煤系石墨与晶质石墨相比,具有品位高、易开发的特点,将成为高技术产业和新能源领域的重要原材料。综合概述了煤石墨化作用模式、影响因素以及煤显微组分对煤石墨化的影响,分析了煤石墨化研究的主要问题和发展趋势。目前,煤的物理化学结构和煤系石墨的相关研究已取得了较为显著的进展,但煤石墨化作用机制仍存在许多问题亟待解决。大量的研究集中在煤石墨化的外部地质因素,如温度、压力和介质条件对煤石墨化的控制作用,而对煤显微组分在煤石墨化过程中的作用研究相对较少。由于镜质组、惰质组和壳质组的芳环缩合程度不同,各种显微组分具有不同的芳氢和侧链取代基,从而对煤中芳香结构的演化和纳米结构的形成产生差异影响,造成煤石墨化作用效果和作用机制的复杂性。因此,充分认识显微组分对煤石墨化作用的影响可能是揭示煤石墨化机制的重要途径之一。 相似文献
5.
山东南墅石墨矿是在角闪岩相区域变质作用并叠加长英质混合岩化下形成的变质矿床。本文首次定量地研究了表征石墨晶体结构完善程度的两个要素,即石墨化程度(μ)和石墨菱面体多型(R_h)含量。在此基础上,进一步分析了它们与矿石类型、变质相的相关关系。石墨晶体结构的系统研究,将为石墨的工业利用、石墨新用途的开拓和石墨矿物学的研究提供有用的资料。 相似文献
6.
7.
煤系石墨属战略性矿产资源,在核石墨、军用飞机轮胎等方面具有独特优势,煤系石墨矿产资源评价对于煤系石墨矿产资源勘查开发、提级增储及战略资源保障至关重要。由于煤系石墨与高变质煤存在连续过渡性质,导致部分煤系石墨被当作无烟煤处理,现有煤系石墨查明资源量可能被大大低估,实际上煤系石墨资源量与高煤级煤的资源量有直接关系。因此,在我国无烟煤等高煤级煤勘查区内,开展煤系石墨资源调查评价工作,将会取得较好效果,预期发现一批新的煤系石墨资源潜力区。通过分析我国目前已知的湖南、福建、吉林等地典型煤系石墨资源分布特征,总结了煤系石墨找矿标志,包括层位、矿化、岩体、构造和围岩蚀变等标志。在高煤级煤勘查区内,基于煤田构造、含煤岩系沉积环境、岩浆活动、煤岩煤质特征、煤类分布与变质情况等资料,结合煤系石墨找矿标志,进行煤系石墨资源调查评价。以科学性、系统性和可操作性为评价原则,依据工作程度、地质条件、矿产条件3类参数,采样点密度、构造变形程度、构造应力、岩体规模与热作用强度、岩体与煤层距离、初步鉴定、精确鉴定7个指标,初步提出了煤系石墨矿产资源评价方法。将实测数据分别与对应指标的预设值比较,利用平面直线拟合方程计算... 相似文献
8.
氢同位素分析样品制备新方法 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
发展了氢同位素分析新方法－石墨还原法，其分析精度达到1．5‰，优于常规的金属还原法。通过多次改进，设计了简单而可靠的氢气制备系统及反应管，经反复试验，确定了石墨还原法的最佳反应条件为反应时间10min，反应温度1050℃，将石墨的法与传统的金属锌还原法进行了对比实验，两种方法对多个水样的测量结果保持在误差范围内，进一步确立了石墨还原法的可靠性。 相似文献
9.
全热解石墨管石墨炉原子吸收法测定痕量锶 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
研究了热解涂层和全热解石墨管中Sr的原子吸收信号形状和原子化行为,讨论了CaCl_2、FeCl_3和HClO_4,抑制Sr吸收信号的原因。采用EDTA铵盐作基体改进剂,全热解石墨管石墨炉原子吸收法直接测定河泥中痕量Sr,方法的特征量为6.9pg/0.0044A。 相似文献
10.
天然石墨具有许多特殊的性能，因而已成为现代工业技术中不可缺少的非金属材料。本文着重介绍了三种常见的天然石墨深加工产品即高碳石墨、膨胀石墨和氟化石墨的性质及其制备方法。 相似文献
11.
A. G. Doroshkevich F. Wall G. S. Ripp 《Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology》2007,153(3):339-353
A recently discovered dolomite carbonatite at Pogranichnoe, North Transbaikalia, Russia, dated at 624 ± 3 Ma, contains xenoliths
of calcite-bearing dolomite carbonatite with graphite spherulites. Apatite and aegirine are the other rock-forming minerals.
Chemically the carbonatites are ferrocarbonatite and ferruginous calciocarbonatite. The graphite forms <1 mm up to 1.5 mm
diameter spherulites, with Raman spectra similar to published spectra of microcrystalline, amorphous carbon and disordered
graphite, with G and D bands at 1,580−1,600 cm−1 and at around 1,350 cm−1. Alteration has formed Fe-bearing calcite to Ca-bearing siderite compositions not previously reported in nature around the
graphite along cracks and fractures. Mineral and stable isotope geothermometers and melt inclusion measurements for the carbonatite
all give temperatures of 700°–900°. It is concluded that the graphite precipitated from the ferrocarbonatite magma. There
are three candidates to control the precipitation of graphite (a) a redox reaction with FeII in the magma, (b) potential presence of organics in the magma (c) seeding of, or dissolution in, the magma of graphite/diamond
from the mantle, and further work is required to identify the most important mechanism(s). Graphite in carbonatite is rare,
with no substantial published accounts since the 1960s but graphite at other localities seems also to have precipitated from
carbonatite magma. The precipitation of reduced carbon from carbonatite provides further evidence that diamond formation in
carbonate melts at high mantle pressures is feasible. 相似文献
12.
石墨Re-Os同位素分析及其在成矿年代学中的初步运用 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
本文探索性地对江西省铅山县长寿源铅锌共生的晶质石墨进行了Re-Os同位素分析。研究结果显示石墨的Re-Os同位素年龄为424±25Ma(n=7,MSWD=7.8),与该区二云二长花岗岩中锆石的年龄(433±9Ma)在误差范围内相一致,说明石墨的成因与区域上岩浆的侵入存在密切联系。Re的含量介于47×10-9～330×10-9之间,普通Os和187Os的含量分别为0.32×10-9～2.15×10-9和0.27×10-9～1.75×10-9,相对于Re、Os在地壳中的丰度显著富集,Os同位素初始比值187Os/188Os=1.69±0.29,表明石墨来源于富有机质沉积地层。通过测定石墨样品中的有机碳和固定碳,对Re、Os在石墨中的赋存状态进行了研究,表明Re、Os可能是以某种形式赋存在石墨的固定碳中,与其中有机质无关。从原理上解释了石墨的Re-Os同位素年龄反映的是使沉积地层中的炭质变质为石墨,并发生富集迁移的岩浆热变质事件的时期。研究表明石墨的Re-Os同位素分析技术不仅能够为变质作用时间的精确测定提供新的方法,而且对矿床成因的研究也具有重要意义。 相似文献
13.
Graphite morphologies from the Borrowdale deposit (NW England,UK): Raman and SIMS data 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
J. F. Barrenechea F. J. Luque D. Millward L. Ortega O. Beyssac M. Rodas 《Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology》2009,158(1):37-51
Graphite in the Borrowdale (Cumbria, UK) deposit occurs as large masses within mineralized pipe-like bodies, in late graphite–chlorite
veins, and disseminated through the volcanic host rocks. This occurrence shows the greatest variety of crystalline graphite
morphologies recognized to date from a single deposit. These morphologies described herein include flakes, cryptocrystalline
and spherulitic aggregates, and dish-like forms. Colloform textures, displayed by many of the cryptocrystalline aggregates,
are reported here for the first time from any graphite deposit worldwide. Textural relationships indicate that spherulitic
aggregates and colloform graphite formed earlier than flaky crystals. This sequence of crystallization is in agreement with
the precipitation of graphite from fluids with progressively decreasing supersaturation. The structural characterization carried
out by means of Raman spectroscopy shows that, with the exception of colloform graphite around silicate grains and pyrite
within the host rocks, all graphite morphologies display very high crystallinity. The microscale SIMS study reveals light
stable carbon isotope ratios for graphite (δ
13C = −34.5 to −30.2‰), which are compatible with the assimilation of carbon-bearing metapelites in the Borrowdale Volcanic
Group magmas. Within the main mineralized breccia pipe-like bodies, the isotopic signatures (with cryptocrystalline graphite
being lighter than flaky graphite) are consistent with the composition and evolution of the mineralizing fluids inferred from
fluid inclusion data which indicate a progressive loss of CO2. Late graphite–chlorite veins contain isotopically heavier spherulitic graphite than flaky graphite. This agrees with CH4-enriched fluids at this stage of the mineralizing event, resulting in the successive precipitation of isotopically heavier
graphite morphologies. The isotopic variations of the different graphite morphologies can be attributed therefore, to changes
in the speciation of carbon in the fluids coupled with concomitant changes in the XH2O during precipitation of graphite and associated hydrous minerals (mainly epidote and chlorite). 相似文献
14.
Stable carbon isotope geochemistry provides important information for the recognition of fundamental isotope exchange processes related to the movement of carbon in the lithosphere and permits the elaboration of models for the global carbon cycle.Carbon isotope ratios in fluid-deposited graphite are powerful tools for unravelling the ultimate origin of carbon（organic matter,mantle,or carbonates） and help to constrain the fluid history and the mechanisms involved in graphite deposition.Graphite precipitation in fluid-deposited occurrences results from CO2- and/or CH4-bearing aqueous fluids.Fluid flow can be considered as both a closed（without replenishment of the fluid） or an open system（with renewal of the fluid by successive fluid batches）.In closed systems,carbon isotope systematics in graphite is mainly governed by Rayleigh precipitation and/or by changes in temperature affecting the fractionation factor between fluid and graphite.Such processes result in zoned graphite crystals or in successive graphite generations showing,in both cases, isotopic variation towards progressive l3C or 12C enrichment（depending upon the dominant carbon phase in the fluid.CO2 or CH4,respectively）.In open systems,in which carbon is episodically introduced along the fracture systems,the carbon systematics is more complex and individual graphite crystals may display oscillatory zoning because of Rayleigh precipitation or heterogeneous variations of 5’ C values when mixing of fluids or changes in the composition of the fluids are the mechanisms responsible for graphite precipitation. 相似文献
15.
穆棱县光义石墨矿地质特征及成因浅析 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
穆棱县光义石墨矿为中型矿床,本文概述了该矿床的矿区地质特征,含矿层位,含矿变质岩,矿体规模,矿石类型,矿物及化学成份等.认为光义石墨矿碳质来源为生物有机碳,其成因类型属沉积变质型矿床. 相似文献
16.
This paper describes unusual graphite–sulfide deposits in ultramafic rocks from the Serranía de Ronda (Spain) and Beni Bousera (Morocco). These deposits occur as veins, stockworks and irregular masses, ranging in size from some centimeters to a few meters in thickness. The primary mineral assemblage mainly consists of Fe–Ni–Cu sulfides (pyrrhotite, pentlandite, chalcopyrite and cubanite), graphite and chromite. Weathering occurs in some sulfide-poor deposits that consist of graphite (up to 90%), chromite and goethite. Texturally, graphite may occur as flakes or clusters of flakes and as rounded, nodule-like aggregates. Graphite is highly crystalline and shows light carbon isotopic signatures (δ13C≈− 15‰ to − 21‰). Occasionally, some nodule-like graphite aggregates display large isotopic zoning with heavier cubic forms (probably graphite pseudomorphs after diamond with δ13C up to − 3.3‰) coated by progressively lighter flakes outwards (δ13C up to − 15.2‰).Asthenospheric-derived melts originated the partial melting (and melt–rock reactions) of peridotites and pyroxenites generating residual melts from which the graphite–sulfide deposits were formed. These residual melts concentrated volatile components (mainly CO2 and H2O), as well as S, As, and chalcophile elements. Carbon was incorporated into the melts from the melt–rock reactions of graphite-bearing (formerly diamonds) garnet pyroxenites with infiltrated asthenospheric melts. Graphite-rich garnet pyroxenites formed through the UHP transformation of subducted kerogen-rich crustal material into the mantle. Thus, graphite in most of the studied occurrences has light (biogenic) carbon signatures. Locally, reaction of the light carbon in the melts with relicts of 13C-enriched graphitized diamonds (probably generated from hydrothermal calcite veins in the subducting oceanic crust) reacted with the partial melts to form isotopically zoned nodule-like graphite aggregates. 相似文献
17.
Graphite is one of the most essential non-metallic minerals with a wide variety of uses, and is an important commodity used in the emerging industry of China. Graphite is sourced from 170 mine areas in China from 25 provinces. This contribution is on a study of 15 regions in China with known graphite resources based on the spatial and temporal analyses of the regional metamorphic, contact metamorphic, and hydrothermal types of graphite. The knowledge gained on the metallogenesis of graphite in China is used to develop a model for choosing prospective regions for graphite, and to target areas for detailed exploration. It outlined 28 prediction areas with predicted graphite resources of about 1.63 billion tonnes to a maximum depth of 500 m in the Heilongjiang, Jilin, Liaoning, Shandong, Inner Mongolia and Hunan provinces. And of these, the predicted flake graphite resources in the Heilongjiang Province has been totalling almost a billion tonnes representing almost 60% of China’s graphite resource. As a result of this study, it is concluded that graphite has been formed during restricted periods of time, with the regional metamorphic type being the main style present in China. 相似文献
18.
《International Geology Review》2012,54(15):1864-1875
ABSTRACTIn the mines of the Nacional de Grafite Company around Itapecerica (Minas Gerais), located in the southern Sao Francisco Craton, occurs a supracrustal succession of high-grade metamorphic rocks including quartzite, garnet-biotite gneiss, and graphite schist formed in the Palaeoproterozoic (2.0 Ga). During metamorphic processes, organic matter was progressively transformed into graphite. From four graphite samples of three different mines (two samples from high-grade metamorphic graphite schist and two generated by hydrothermal recrystallization of the graphite schist), the origin and formation temperature of this mineral was obtained by C isotopes, X-ray diffraction (XRD), and Raman spectroscopy. The values of δ13C range between ?21.23 and ?27.89 ‰, indicating that the source of the graphite was a primitive biogenic carbon material. High-grade metamorphic graphites show average temperatures around 729°C, while hydrothermal recrystallizated graphites (vein-graphites) show temperatures around 611°C by XRD, which correspond to granulite- to amphibolite facies conditions. The hydrothermal process with percolation of C-O-H fluids leads to a decrease in the crystal size along stacking direction (Lc(002)) when compared with the previously formed high-grade metamorphism graphites. An update of the current tectonic model about the collisional process during Rhyacian-Orosirian orogeny in the Sao Francisco Craton is proposed to insert the formation of the Itapecerica graphite-rich metasedimentary sequence. 相似文献
19.
Graphite-bearing slates and phyllites (0.4–1.2 vol.% graphite) are progressively metamorphosed in the 3 kbar aureole of the 425 Ma Ballachulish intrusion, Scotland. Two major dehydration reactions are crossed: the chlorite-out reaction at ca. 550 °C (forming cordierite + biotite), and the muscovite-out reaction at 625 °C (forming Al2SiO5 + K-feldspar). Graphite persists to the highest grades and shows no significant variation in abundance with grade, except for a possible decrease in the highest grade rocks. Variable graphite abundance in rocks at the same grade reflects primary sedimentological heterogeneity. Texturally, graphite grains and aggregates in the rock matrix become coarser grained and more widely separated as grade increases. These thermally induced textural modifications of graphite are superimposed on mechanically induced features, such as graphite segregations along cleavages and crenulations, that formed prior to contact metamorphism. Mass balance modelling, assuming internal fluid generation, shows that the amount of graphite consumed during contact metamorphism in the aureole ranges between 0.1 and 0.3 vol.%, depending on the amount of chlorite and muscovite in the protolith. Because the amount of C dissolved in a C–O–H fluid decreases with increasing pressure, and the Ballachulish aureole is at relatively low pressure, these results are a maximum for regional metamorphism, suggesting that graphite will persist through a regional metamorphic cycle if it is initially present in volumes > ca. 0.2 vol.%. 相似文献
20.
《China Geology》2018,1(3):425-434
The demand for graphite resources has been increasing due to its extensive use. Graphite deposits in China are mainly distributed in Heilongjiang, Innner Mogolia, Sichuan, Shanxi and Shandong, characterized by “one old & one new” and “many in east & few in west”. There are mainly three genetic types, including regional metamorphic type, contact metamorphic type and hydrothermal type. Here we provide a summary of the metallogenic regularity and 15 metallogenic belts in China based on the study of the geology of national graphite deposits. In recent years, great progress has been made in the research of genesis, mineral exploration and evaluation on graphite deposits, which indicate great potential for graphite resource in China. The authors suggest that the research on geochronology, ore sources, the genesis of crystalline graphite and exploration for hydrothermal graphite in China should be heightened. 相似文献