共查询到19条相似文献，搜索用时 218 毫秒
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冻融期土壤水盐变化特征分析——以黑河上游祁连县阿柔草场为例 总被引：3，自引：1，他引：2
冻融作用是土地盐碱化的形成机制之一,对冻融区春季积盐有明显的控制作用.在冻融过程中,土壤剖面结构发生变异,形成冻结层、似冻结层和非冻结层.以祁连山黑河上游阿柔草场为例,研究了解冻期土壤水盐运移变化特征.阿柔草场隶属青海祁连山地区,地处西北高寒地区,为季节性冻土区,大面积土壤经历冬冻春融的冻融循环.这种循环引起了土壤中水分和盐分运移的特殊规律,即冻结时土壤中的水分和盐分向冻层迁移,使得冻层的土壤含盐量明显增加;而融化时,由于地表蒸发,土壤中的水分和盐分又向地表强烈迁移,从而造成盐分在地表积聚,诱发盐分两次抬升. 相似文献
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不同冻结方式下盐渍土水盐重分布规律的试验研究 总被引：6，自引：0，他引：6
土体的冻融历史在土体的冻胀预报和评估的作用不可忽略,不同的冻结方式将影响土体中的水盐重分布及干密度的变化差异。选择土样底端温度相同情况下的单向冻结、正弦波曲线冻融循环和负温循环冻结3种冻结作用模式,对青藏高原铁路沿线红色粉质黏土进行了试验研究,分析了3种冻结模式下土体的冻胀量的变化、水分和盐分的重分布状况以及土体干密度的变化规律,试验结果表明单向冻结过程由于冰的自净作用,阻止了盐分的迁移;土体周期冻融循环后变形具有不可累加性,盐分在随水分发生对流迁移的同时会发生由浓度梯度诱导的扩散迁移;在冻融作用下,土体的压密变形是客观存在的,即体现了冻融对该试验条件下土体结构的强化作用 相似文献
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季节冻土区水盐迁移及土体变形特性模型试验研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
为研究盐渍化冻土水分、盐分迁移规律以及变形特性,探索寒区旱区土壤盐渍化机制,配制了不同含盐量的粉质黏土进行模型试验。试验结果表明,温度、水分、盐分和土体变形之间相互耦合。温度降低有利于盐晶体析出和未冻水结冰;反之,温度升高易于晶体溶解和冰融化。水盐相变过程中伴随能量的释放或吸收,影响土体温度。盐分改变了流体的动力黏度和土体冻结温度,并且盐分结晶使土体产生较大的吸力,加剧了未冻水含量的变化。水分是盐分迁移的介质,盐分以离子形式随未冻水迁移。降温期水分盐分向上迁移,升温期迁移方向相反。迁移速率与吸力有关,冻结缘附近吸力最大,速率最快。盐渍化冻土的变形是盐分和水分共同作用的结果,含盐量较低时冻胀和融沉是土体变形的主要因素;当含盐量较高时盐胀和溶陷占主导作用。 相似文献
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利用便携式土壤盐分计测定干旱区膜下滴灌棉田及裸地剖面土壤电导率,利用GS+软件确定其半方差函数,并进行序贯高斯模拟来研究土壤剖面盐分的空间变异特征。结果显示:干旱区剖面上土壤盐分空间变异性强,膜下滴灌棉田符合球形模型,裸地区符合高斯模型,且棉田变程远小于裸地;棉田埋深50cm以浅土壤盐分变化剧烈,埋深50cm以深变化平缓,在垂向上呈现3个高值区(30,50和75cm深度附近)及3个低值区(埋深40,60和100cm附近);克里格法具有明显的平滑作用,降低了土壤盐分的空间变异性,而序贯高斯模拟数据更离散,更能反映土壤盐分的空间变异性,但多次模拟均值随次数增加趋于稳定。 相似文献
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查明土壤盐分分布特征及其主要影响因素,是治理土壤盐渍化的一项基础性工作。文章结合GIS技术和地统计学方法,对环渤海低平原土壤盐分空间分布特征及其主要影响因素进行了分析。结果表明环渤海低平原区土壤盐分含量普遍小于2 g/kg土,属于非盐化土和轻度盐化土;东部环渤海滨海平原部分地区土壤含盐量大于2 g/kg土,属于中度和重度盐化土。土壤盐分含量除表层属于强变异,其他各土层在水平方向均属于中等变异。在垂向上,各土层含盐量相差较小,以氯化物和硫酸盐为主的易溶盐组构成了第一主成分,是导致土壤盐分含量高的主要因素,碱度和p H是影响土壤盐分的第二主成分,第三主成分是地下水位埋深和地下水总溶解性固体。 相似文献
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为掌握科尔沁草甸地冻融期土壤水、热、盐迁移规律,以科尔沁左翼后旗阿古拉生态水文试验站2013年10月—2014年5月土壤冻融期实测气象、土壤等数据为基础,用统计分析法对研究区草甸地冻融期土壤温度、水分、盐分的变化规律进行了分析。结果表明:气温对土壤剖面温度的影响随着土壤深度的增加而降低,土壤剖面温度变化滞后于气温变化的时间取决于气温升降幅度,且没有显著的规律;由于气温回升速度大于降温速度,导致土壤消融速度比冻结速度快;土壤冻结过程由表层向下进行,冻结温度与土壤含盐量呈负相关关系,用温度的线性内插法准确确定草甸地于2014年3月9日达到最大冻深104 cm;土壤消融时受地下暖土层热流和地表温度双重影响,由底部向地表和由地表向冻结层进行双向消融;地下水位埋深较浅,受土壤冻融作用影响,升降趋势显著;草甸地土壤冻结期盐分向地表积聚,并于2月达到最大,后经消融及雨水淋润作用开始下降;冻融期盐分变异性大于水分变异性,说明盐分的运移过程更为复杂。 相似文献
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颗粒运移对蒋家沟土体渗透性影响的试验研究 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
对蒋家沟流域泥石流源区两种分散性不同的土(G1土具有强分散性,G2土无分散性)进行室内土柱自滤试验,研究了土柱在常水头(水头为5 cm)渗流过程中颗粒运移对土柱不同部位渗透性的影响。入渗液采用了煮沸过的清水与浓度为1 g/L的悬浮液(悬浮颗粒的粒径范围为1.6～104.74μm)。在清水渗流过程中,两种土样的入口处土层渗透性随着时间而增大,出口处土层的渗透性先增大后减少。在悬浮液渗流过程中,两种土的各土层的渗透性都有下降趋势,但在入口处土层最为显著,G1土样下降了一个数量级以上,G2下降了近两个数量级,且G2土所用时间较G1土短,即G2土的渗透性减少速率更加明显;两土柱中渗透流量都有显著减少。研究表明:土体的分散性在颗粒运移过程逐渐占主导地位,即强分散性土自身颗粒的运移明显,能抵消一部分外来颗粒的积聚堵塞作用。从试验结束后土柱的外观图像观察也发现,入渗的悬浮颗粒在土柱的各个位置都有分布,但主要沉积在入口处,这与土柱各层渗透性的变化相吻合。此外,两种土流失的颗粒都只是集中于渗流的开始阶段,流失颗粒粒径范围集中在数微米至数十微米之间。 相似文献
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Breakthrough curves (BTCs) of chloride displaced through columns of loessial soil aggregates of different sizes were measured under saturated steady flow conditions. The data were simulated using three conceptual models. Model I (CDE) assumed that all soil water was mobile and physical equilibrium existed in the system. Model II (two-region model) partitioned the soil water into mobile and immobile regions, and convective diffusive solute transport was limited to the mobile water region. Model III (two-flow region model) also divided the soil water into two regions based on their flow velocities, but both of the regions had a non-zero flow rate. Transfer of the chloride solute between the two soil water regions was assumed to occur at a rate proportional to the difference in solute concentration. The two unknown parameters in model I, three in model II, and four in model III were estimated by fitting the experimental data. The three models could well describe all the BTCs measured for columns packed with all the aggregate sizes at the low pore water velocity (0.68 cm/h); however, the values of the fitted parameters varied greatly. The Peclet numbers derived from both the two-region (model II) and two-flow region (model III) models behaved similarly and increased with increases in aggregate size. But the Peclet numbers derived from the convection dispersion equation (model I) were about two orders of magnitude greater than those derived from the other two models. The mobile water fraction obtained for the two-flow region model decreased with increases of aggregate size. The mass transfer coefficient decreased with an increase in pore water velocity due to the shorter residence time of the chloride solute in the soil columns. 相似文献
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土壤pH值对土壤多环芳烃纵向迁移影响的模拟实验研究 总被引：6，自引：0，他引：6
影响土壤多环芳烃(PAHs)纵向迁移行为的环境因素很多。文章以氧化钙和冰乙酸改变采自徐州土壤的pH值水平,人工装填土柱进行纵向淋滤试验,研究pH值对土壤PAHs纵向迁移行为的影响。结果表明,土壤pH值的变化加强了PAHs在土柱中的纵向淋滤能力,表层土壤中的PAHs可迅速向底层转移;不同种类的PAHs淋滤特性表现不同,pH值增加更能增强低环PAHs的迁移淋滤能力,pH值降低则更能促进高环PAHs从土壤表层向深部迅速迁移。 相似文献
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Vertical transport of selected polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in different particle-size fractions of sandy soils
was investigated by simulation experiments in soil columns. Tested soil samples were fractionized into three particle-sizes
including sand, coarse silt and fine silt (2,000–50, 50–20 and <20 μm). Rainfall simulations were conducted in artificially
PAHs contaminated soil columns with 30 cm length and 5 cm diameter in 40 days. PAHs were extracted from soil samples and determined
by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Results showed that the residue level of PAHs in fine silt fraction reached
35.85 mg/kg, which was significantly higher than those in sand and coarse silt fraction (16.28 and 11.80 mg/kg, respectively),
probably because PAHs in macroporous fractions were prone to volatilize or degrade compared with that in microporous fractions.
Linear relationship between the residue levels of individual PAH (R
PAHs) and the value of partition coefficient (log K
oc) was regressed as R
PAHs = 1.55 × log K
oc − 5.86, R
2 = 0.91, n = 9. These results indicated that vertical transport of the mixed PAHs in soils were controlled both by the nature of PAHs
(i.e. log K
oc, molecular weight), soil particle size and soil organic contents, which could influence the transport of PAHs. 相似文献
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Displacement studies on leaching of potassium (K+) were conducted under unsaturated steady state flow conditions in nine undisturbed soil columns (15.5 cm in diameter and
25 cm long). Pulses of K+ applied to columns of undisturbed soil were leached with distilled water or calcium chloride (CaCl2) at a rate of 18 mm h−1. The movement of K+ in gypsum treated soil leached with distilled water was at a similar rate to that of the untreated soil leached with 15 mM
CaCl2. The Ca2+ concentrations in the leachates were about 15 mM, the expected values for the dissolution of the gypsum. When applied K+ was displaced with the distilled water, K+ was retained in the top 10–12.5 cm depth of soil. In the undisturbed soil cores there is possibility of preferential flow
and lack of K+ sorption. The application of gypsum and CaCl2 in the reclamation of sodic soils would be expected to leach K+ from soils. It can also be concluded that the use of sources of water for irrigation which have a high Ca2+ concentration can also lead to leaching of K+ from soil. Average effluent concentration of K+ during leaching period was 30.2 and 28.6 mg l−1 for the gypsum and CaCl2 treated soils, respectively. These concentrations are greater than the recommended guideline of the World Health Organisation
(12 mg K+ l−1). 相似文献
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Somenath Mondal G.P. Padmakumar V. Sharma Maryam Shojaei Baghini 《Geomechanics and Geoengineering》2016,11(1):73-85
Determination of thermal properties of soils (viz., thermal resistivity, thermal conductivity, thermal diffusivity and heat capacity), which primarily influence heat migration through the soil mass, is essential in situations where geomaterials are relentlessly subjected to higher temperatures and temperature variations. These properties of the soil mainly depend upon its type, mineralogy, particle size and gradational characteristics, density and water content. In this context, earlier researchers have determined thermal conductivity of soils by employing a thermal probe (a line heat source), which works on the principle of transient method (TM) of heat conduction. However, this methodology cannot be employed for establishing the heat flow (read thermal regime) through the soil. Hence, development of an alternate technique, which facilitates quantification of temporal and spatial variation of the heat flux and temperature in the soil mass, becomes essential. With this in mind, a methodology to determine thermal conductivity of soils by employing the concept of thermal flux measurement (TFM) has been developed and its details are presented in this paper. Results obtained from the TM and TFM have also been critically evaluated for the sake of validation and generating more confidence in the proposed methodology. 相似文献
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A major mode of transmission of Cryptosporidium parvum, a widespread waterborne pathogen, is via contaminated drinking and recreational waters. Oocyst transport to surface water
can occur by deposition of manure directly in the water or by wash off in surface runoff. Oocyst transport to groundwater
is less straightforward and requires that the oocysts move through soil and bedrock to reach the water table. The purpose
of this study was to determine the relative concentration and infectivity of C. parvum oocysts released from manure and leached through columns of undisturbed, macroporous karst soil. Modeling the fate of oocysts
in this system over time can provide baseline data for evaluating real world events. Substantially more oocysts leached from
undisturbed soil columns than disturbed soil columns. Oocyst survival studies using BALB/c neonatal suckling mice showed that
about 85% of oocysts were infective at the beginning of leaching experiments. The oocyst infectivity decreased to about 20%
after 12 weeks of leaching from soil columns maintained at 10°C. Cool (10°C) temperatures appear to increase survivability
and maintain infectivity of many oocysts for 3 months or longer. Cool temperatures also appear to increase rates of release
of oocysts from manure and leaching through soil. This study demonstrated that leaching is an important mechanism of oocyst
transport in karst soils where infiltration capacities are high and long, continuous macropores exist. Karst groundwater systems
might be especially vulnerable to contamination by leached oocysts, because of the prevalence of shallow soils and rapid groundwater
movement. Oocysts leaching from soils into the epikarst could accumulate and remain viable for months until hydrological conditions
are right for flushing the oocysts into the conduit flow system. 相似文献
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Erping BI Torsten SCHMIDT 《地学前缘》2005,12(Z1):199-208
有机组分的土水分配系数(Kd)是描述有机组分在地下系统中吸附特征的重要参数。同时,它也是物质运移模拟和环境评价中的主要参数之一。影响Kd的因素可概括为三个方面:土壤性质、有机组分本身特征及水相的物理化学性质。一般而言,对于非极性和弱极性有机组分,土壤中的有机质含量(foc )是影响Kd的最主要因素。但是,对于极性有机组分(POCs), 特别是在土壤有机质含量较低的情况下,土壤中矿物的种类和含量、水化学组分特征(pH、离子力等)经常在吸附过程中起重要作用。实验室内测定Kd的方法包括批实验和柱实验方法。批实验法适用于研究Kd较高情况下的吸附。在Kd较低的情况下,如低有机质土壤对极性有机污染物的吸附,土柱色谱法(SCC)是更适宜的选择。另外,可用土柱色谱法快速了解各种因素对吸附过程的影响,并获取详细的吸附和解吸信息。应用土柱色谱法时应当注意非平衡吸附和可能的柱堵塞问题。很多文献中提到结合柱实验和已有的吸附数据来预测土壤有机碳标准化的分配系数Koc(=Kd/foc)。但是,如果没有考虑吸附中特定的作用过程(如矿物吸附),对极性有机组分Koc的预测将会产生很大的误差。在环境评价中,将从一种土壤测定的Koc 应用到不同性质的土壤中,可能会导致错误的认识。在进行室内实验时,应把标准土(如Eurosoi 相似文献