共查询到19条相似文献，搜索用时 218 毫秒
1.
本文以鄱阳湖流域为例,所描述的流域可持续发展框架是一个基于流域系统理论和实践的生态系统模型.包括了三个主要的部分:(1)环境政策与规划;(2)地球空间信息系统;(3)社区发展与区域网络.框架将多个学科,如:流域生态学,环境规划,可持续发展与资源管理汇集一起,形成了一套综合的流域制图、模拟和监测的流域管理方法. 相似文献
2.
3.
流域是自然形成的水动力系统,流域管理是以水资源为中心的科学管理管理"是用法律、规范、条例、办法等来实现的,而流域是复杂的系统,具有整体性、动态性、耗散性, 同时它是人类赖以生存的资源环境.因此流域管理就应该顺应河流流水的动态变化.长江流域的管理是一项系统工程,应坚持以综合管理为根本、以科学预测为基础、以降低熵值为目标、以环境安全为核心.即在坚持整体综合全面统筹的前提下,其治理和开发必须以科学预测为基础,尤其是洪涝灾害的治理应该有中长期的灾害预测作为启动治理工程的根据;同时管理的目标是降低系统熵值以加大系统稳定性和有序性;还有长江流域管理的核心任务是流域环境安全,以保证流域经济、社会和生态的可持续发展. 相似文献
4.
流域资源具有公共池塘资源的属性,私人在流域资源的开发过程中可能会产生外部性问题,因而要求政府对流域开发、利用进行管理.但由于实际上政府并不是只有单一目标的统一的组织,在分权体制下,不同区域、部门的政府单元掌握着实际权力.由于权力也存在外部性,各管理区域、部门之间存在利益冲突,导致政府的管理失效.解决政府权力外部性的办法一是要转变政府职能,改变政府的激励机制,二是严格界定各政府单元的权力界限,对流域进行统_管理. 相似文献
5.
由于人口过速增长和不合理的传统发展模式等种种原因,江西历史上也出现过山区毁林种粮、湖区盲目围垦和酷渔滥捕等短期行为,造成了水土流失严重,旱涝灾害频繁,生态环境恶化,资源利用效率低,经济发展缓慢等区域性的环境与发展不协调问题,对江西的社会经济发展构成了日益严重的威胁.始于20世纪80年代初的江西省山江湖工程,应用流域综合管理理念和生态经济理论,以流域为单元,按照流域水土等自然资源的发育与退化规律,流域的物质循环、能量流动、信息传递和价值增殖规律,系统考虑流域内人口、资源与环境间的相互关系,在全面规划的基础上,合理安排农、林、牧副各业用地和组织布局生产力,因地制宜地布设综合治理措施,对水土及其他自然资源进行保护、改良与合理利用,寻求恢复和保持鄱阳湖流域生态系统良性循环,为实现流域内经济、社会与环境协调发展而进行的_次探索与实践.本文总结了江西省山江湖工程过去近二十年来在鄱阳湖流域综合管理方面所取得的成功经验和方法,以供其他类似地区参考和借鉴. 相似文献
6.
流域管理是以水资源的自然流域特性和多功能属性为基础的管理制度,它的目标是使有限的水资源实现优化配置和发挥最大效益.流域管理的问题直接关系到以水资源的可持续利用支持经济社会的可持续发展的大局.通过分析我国流域管理存在的问题,借鉴国外成功的流域管理经验,提出要进一步明确流域管理和行政区域管理的事权,加快流域管理相应的法律法规建设,加大流域管理的支撑保障能力建设,充分发挥流域管理机构科学规划决策、有效配置调控和有力监督控制的作用,进一步探索适合不同流域的管理模式,加大构建公共参与和民主协商机制力度,探索建立流域水资源管理可持续利用的市场机制. 相似文献
7.
流域土地利用分区空间管制研究与初步实践——以太湖流域为例 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1
流域空间开发和土地利用在推动经济社会发展的同时,对流域生态系统的健康和安全造成了剧烈影响,迫切需要在流域综合管理中充实完善土地利用分区与管制等研究内容,因而成为推动湖泊-流域相互作用研究的重要科学问题之一.本文在回顾相关土地利用分区与管制研究基础上,从流域自然地理单元特殊性和管理目标复杂性出发,探讨了流域水陆系统相互作用机制,分析了流域土地利用分区与空间管制的研究重点与基本思路,提出了流域土地利用分区的技术路线及关键方法,并以太湖流域为例进行了初步的实践探索,提出严格保护区、适度发展区、开发利用区和保留发展区四种类型区及其空间管制要求,符合流域资源环境与经济社会发展实际,为流域可持续开发和保护提供指导.最后,讨论了未来流域土地利用分区空间管制需要进一步研究的重点方向与关键问题. 相似文献
8.
气候变化和人类活动对鄱阳湖流域径流过程影响的定量分析 总被引：5，自引：2，他引：3
量化气候变化和人类活动对流域水文影响及其对流域水资源规划和管理具有重要的理论与现实意义.采用水文模型和多元回归法定量分析气候变化和人类活动对鄱阳湖"五河"径流的影响,并通过与灵敏度分析法对比来进一步验证分析结果 .研究表明,1970-2009年,气候变化和人类活动对鄱阳湖流域径流增加的贡献率分别为73%和27%.气候变化是饶河、信江和赣江径流增加的主导因素,而人类活动是修水径流增加的主要因素,是抚河径流减少的主要原因.另外,不同季节影响径流变化的主导因素又有不同,人类活动为干季(11月到次年2月)径流增加和湿季(4-6月)径流减小的主导因素,其贡献率分别为78.9%和82.7%.本研究可为鄱阳湖流域防洪抗旱及水资源优化配置提供重要科学依据. 相似文献
9.
滇池流域水生态功能一二级分区研究 总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5
水生态功能分区是流域水资源管理、水环境保护、水生态恢复的基础,尤其是与人类活动紧密相连而又矛盾重重的湖泊流域,其水生态功能分区是实现流域可持续发展的必要条件,而如何科学合理地对湖泊流域进行水生态功能分区,成为流域综合管理过程中亟需解决的问题.以滇池流域为例,立足于滇池流域水生态系统存在的问题,确定了流域一、二级水生态功能区的主导功能;以水文完整性为基础,分别针对一、二级分区划分子流域单元;以生态功能区划的生态系统服务功能、尺度效应、地域分异规律等相关理论为基础,识别影响滇池流域水生态功能的关键因子,构建滇池流域一、二级水生态功能区的指标体系;对多指标进行空间叠加聚类,并根据滇池流域的水量水质特征对分区边界进行微调,将滇池流域划分为5个一级区和10个二级区;同时采用着生藻、水丝蚓的生物密度对分区结果进行合理性评价;在此基础上,对水生态功能分区存在的问题进行探讨. 相似文献
10.
太湖流域营养物质输移模拟评估的初步研究 总被引：6，自引：0，他引：6
基于以太湖流域作为研究区,利用分布式机理性模型SWAT,对1995～2002年太湖流域营养物质输移进行了初步的模拟.模拟综合考虑了地形、土壤、气象、土地利用等流域自然特征并结合流域内工业点源排放、农业化肥流失、城镇农村居民生活与牲畜养殖排污等因素作为边界条件.利用2001～2002年流域的水文水质实测资料对模型的有效性进行了验证.结果表明太湖流域入湖的营养负荷,总氮每年在40000t左右,总磷在2000t左右.湖西区是太湖营养物质的主要来源地.非点源(面源)污染是湖泊总氮总磷流域输入的主要形式,其入湖量分别占外源入湖的53％和56％左右.工业点源排放的总氮总磷分别占入湖总量的30％和16％;生活污水以点源和非点源的形式提供了总氮31％和总磷47％的外源输入.农业化肥流失和养殖排污是值得注意的非点源形式的营养来源.此外还表明,SWAT是流域尺度营养物质输移时空演化模拟和趋势评估的一个有效模型. 相似文献
11.
采用Geodatabase技术构建流域水文系统地理数据库——以太湖地区西苕溪流域为例 总被引：6，自引：1，他引：5
如何表达流域复杂的系统结构是实现流域信息与模型集成,构建流域决策支持系统需要研究的首要问题.在分析现有流域数据库存在问题的基础上,以太湖流域西南部的西苕溪流域为研究区,采用面向对象的Geodatabase地理数据技术,通过分析流域系统的组成要素及过程,提出面向流域水文、水质应用需求的数据库信息组织体系;应用Arcgis的Archydro水文分析模块,基于国家基础地理数据库中的数字地形提取流域要素信息,构建了包括河流流线、集水区出水口、监测台站位置、湖库出口等要素的完整水文网络,并分析水文网络要素上下游关系,对流域集水区与河流的水力联系进行表达;通过分析流域监测台站空间信息、监测项目、时间序列的信息特征,设计Geodatabase的表结构和连接类,实现流域空间特征与状态序列的一体化表达,研究可以为流域数据库建设及流域决策支持系统信息平台构建提供一些技术参考. 相似文献
12.
中国东南丘陵山区水质良好水库现状与天目湖保护实践 总被引：8，自引：3，他引：5
东南丘陵山区是我国水库分布最为集中的区域之一,这些水库在保障区域供水安全方面具有极其重要的作用,应该优先保护.然而,水库水环境保护正面临丘陵山区开发强度持续增加,开发方式和空间布局不合理,氮、磷污染及富营养化趋势严峻,缺乏完善监测和管理体系等众多问题.本文以2000年以来天目湖水库保护实践过程为例,从库体水环境治理、流域污染物削减和综合管理3个方面介绍天目湖沙河水库保护的措施和成效,在此基础上提出良好湖库优先保护的建议:建立具有部门协调能力的水库管理机构,实行基于湖库水生态目标的水质目标管理,治理丘陵山区茶果园的面源污染,注重流域生态系统整体的恢复,禁止上游水源涵养区和临湖地带的开发,划定生态保护红线,明确禁止和限制的开发类型与规模,加强湖库及流域的监测和预警,开展必要的水库水体治理工程,并针对性地制定湖库管理条例.天目湖十几年的保护实践中有效地解决了流域开发与水库水质保护之间的矛盾,使天目湖水质由快速恶化转为稳步好转,为东南丘陵山区经济发展过程中水库的环境保护探索了一条道路. 相似文献
13.
The present effect of watershed subdivision on simulated water balance components using the thoroughly tested Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) model has been evaluated for the Nagwan watershed in eastern India. Observed meteorological and hydrological data (daily rainfall, temperature, relative humidity and runoff) for the years 1995 to 1998 were collected and used. The watershed and sub‐watershed boundaries, slope and soil texture maps were generated using a geographical information system. A supervised classification method was used for land‐use/cover classification from satellite imagery of 1996. In order to study the effect of watershed subdivision, the watershed was spatially defined into three decomposition schemes, namely a single watershed, and 12 and 22 sub‐watersheds. The simulation using the SWAT model was done for a period of 4 years (1995 to 1998). Results of the study showed a perfect water balance for the Nagwan watershed under all of the decomposition schemes. Results also revealed that the number and size of sub‐watersheds do not appreciably affect surface runoff. Except for runoff, there was a marked variation in the individual components of the water balance under the three decomposition schemes. Though the runoff component of the water balance showed negligible variation among the three cases, variations were noticed in the other components: evapotranspiration (5 to 48%), percolation (2 to 26%) and soil water content (0·30 to 22%). Thus, based on this study, it is concluded that watershed subdivision has a significant effect on the water balance components. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
14.
Integrated watershed management for mitigating streamflow depletion in an urbanized watershed in Korea 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
A systematic, seven-step approach to integrated watershed planning and management is applied to an urbanized watershed, the Anyangcheon (AY) watershed in Korea which consists of (1) understanding watershed components and processes, (2) identifying and ranking problems to be solved, (3) setting clear and specific goals, (4) developing a list of management options, (5) eliminating infeasible options (6) testing the effectiveness of remaining feasible options, and (7) developing the final options. Watershed characteristics, water quantity and quality simulations with SWAT and PLOAD models, and the developed problem indices of PFD (Potential Flood Damage), PSD (Potential Streamflow Depletion), and PWQD (Potential Water Quality Deterioration) identify that streamflow depletion is more serious than flood risk and water pollution in the study watershed (Steps 1 and 2). Instreamflow requirements, which are the maximum value of the average low flow and the fish flow, are estimated using regional regression and the software PHABSIM (Step 3). Feasible solutions that improve the depleted streams are listed and screened qualitatively against technical, economical, and environmental criteria (Steps 4 and 5). Effectiveness of the remaining 14 feasible alternatives are then analyzed using SWAT (Step 6) and alternative evaluation index (AEI) and their priority ranks are determined against an evaluation criterion that uses the concept of pressure, state, and response (Step 7). 相似文献
15.
The pre‐calibrated and validated physically based watershed model, water erosion prediction project (WEPP) was used as a modelling tool for the identification of critical watersheds and evaluation of best management practices for a small hilly watershed (Karso) of India. The land use/cover of the study area was generated using IRS‐1C LISS‐III (linear imaging self scanner) satellite data. The watershed and sub‐watershed boundaries, drainage, slope and soil map of the study area were generated using ARC/INFO geographic information system (GIS). The WEPP model was finally applied to the Karso watershed which lies within Damodar Barakar catchment of India to identify the critical sub‐watersheds on the basis of their simulated average annual sediment yields. Priorities were fixed on the basis of ranks assigned to each critical sub‐watershed based on the susceptibility to erosion. The sub‐watershed having the highest sediment yield was assigned a priority number 1, the next highest value was assigned a priority number 2, and so on. Subsequently, the model was used for evaluating the effectiveness of best management practices (crop and tillage) for conservation of soil for all the sub‐watersheds. On the basis of this study, it is realized that cash crops like soyabean should be encouraged in the upland portion of the sub‐watersheds, and the existing tillage practice (country plough/mould board plough) may be replaced by a field cultivation system for conservation of soil and water in the sub‐watersheds. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
16.
Kaushal K. Garg Louise Karlberg Jennie Barron Suhas P. Wani Johan Rockstrom 《水文研究》2012,26(3):387-404
The paper describes a hydrological model for agricultural water intervention in a community watershed at Kothapally in India, developed through integrated management and a consortium approach. The impacts of various soil and water management interventions in the watershed are compared to no‐intervention during a 30‐year simulation period by application of the calibrated and validated ARCSWAT 2005 (Version 2.1.4a) modelling tool. Kothapally receives, on average, 800 mm rainfall in the monsoon period. 72% of total rainfall is converted as evaporation and transpiration (ET), 20% is stored by groundwater aquifer, and 8% exported as outflow from the watershed boundary in current water interventions. ET, groundwater recharge and outflow under no‐intervention conditions are found to be 64, 9, and 19%, respectively. Check dams helped in storing water for groundwater recharge, which can be used for irrigation, as well minimising soil loss. In situ water management practices improved the infiltration capacity and water holding capacity of the soil, which resulted in increased water availability by 10–30% and better crop yields compared to no‐intervention. Water outflows from the developed watershed were more than halved compared to no‐intervention, indicating potentially large negative downstream impacts if these systems were to be implemented on a larger scale. On the other hand, in the watershed development program, sediment loads to the streams were less than one‐tenth. It can be concluded that the hydrological impacts of large‐scale implementation of agricultural water interventions are significant. They result in improved rain‐fed agriculture and improved productivity and livelihood of farmers in upland areas while also addressing the issues of poverty, equity, and gender in watersheds. There is a need for case‐specific studies of such hydrological impacts along with other impacts in terms of equity, gender, sustainability, and development at the mesoscale. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
17.
To facilitate precise and cost-effective watershed management, a simple yet spatially and temporally distributed hydrological model (DHM-WM) was developed. The DHM-WM is based on the Mishra-Singh version of the curve number method, with several modifications: The spatial distribution of soil moisture was considered in moisture updating; the travel time of surface runoff was calculated on a grid cell basis for routing; a simple tile flow module was included as an option. The DHM-WM was tested on a tile-drained agricultural watershed in Indiana, USA. The model with the tile flow module performed well in the study area, providing a balanced water budget and reasonable flow partitioning. The daily coefficient of determination and Nash-Sutcliffe coefficient were 0.58 and 0.56, for the calibration period, and 0.63 and 0.62 for the validation period. The DHM-WM also provides detailed information about the source areas of flow components, the travel time and pathways of surface runoff.
EDITOR A. Castellarin; ASSOCIATE EDITOR F.-J. Chang 相似文献
18.
《中国科学:地球科学(英文版)》2021,(5)
Over the past decades, a number of water sciences and management programs have been developed to better understand and manage the water cycles at multiple temporal and spatial scales for various purposes, such as ecohydrology,global hydrology, sociohydrology, supply management, demand management, and integrated water resources management(IWRM). At the same time, rapid advancements have also been taking place in tracing, mapping, remote sensing, machine learning, and modelling technologies in hydrological research. Despite those programs and advancements, a water crisis is intensifying globally. The missing link is effective interactions between the hydrological research and water resource management to support implementation of the UN Sustainable Development Goals(SDGs) at multiple spatial scales. Since the watershed is the natural unit for water resources management, watershed science offers the potential to bridge this missing link.This study first reviews the advances in hydrological research and water resources management, and then discusses issues and challenges facing the global water community. Subsequently, it describes the core components of watershed science:(1)hydrological analysis;(2) water-operation policies;(3) governance;(4) management and feedback. The framework takes into account water availability, water uses, and water quality; explicitly focuses on the storage, fluxes, and quality of the hydrological cycle; defines appropriate local water resource thresholds through incorporating the planetary boundary framework; and identifies specific actionable measures for water resources management. It provides a complementary approach to the existing water management programs in addressing the current global water crisis and achieving the UN SDGs. 相似文献
19.