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1.
During August 1999, we investigated sea ice characteristics; its distribution, surface feature, thickness, ice floe movement, and the temperature field around inter-borders of air/ice/seawater in the Chukchi Sea. Thirteen ice cores were drilled at 11 floe stations in the area of 72°24′ 77°18′N, 153°34′ 163°28′W and the ice core structure was observed. From field observation, three melting processes of ice were observed; surface layer melting, surface and bottom layers melting, and all of ice melting. The observation of temperature fields around sea ice floes showed that the bottom melting under the ice floes were important process. As ice floes and open water areas were alternately distributed in summer Arctic Ocean; the water under ice was colder than the open water by 0.4 2.8℃. The sun radiation heated seawater in open sea areas so that the warmer water went to the bottom when the ice floes move to those areas. This causes ice melting to start at the bottom of the ice floes. This process can balance effectively the temperature fluctuating in the sea in summer. From the crystalline structure of sea ice observed from the cores, it was concluded that the ice was composed of ice crystals and brine-ice films. During the sea ice melting, the brine-ice films between ice crystals melted firstly; then the ice crystals were encircled by brine films; the sea ice became the mixture of ice and liquid brine. At the end of melting, the ice crystals would be separated each other, the bond between ice crystals weakens and this leads to the collapse of the ice sheet. 相似文献
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Suspended paniculate substances were sampled in the eastern equatorial Pacific in water column from surface to near bottom in five stations in 2005,from which 868 barite crystals were recovered.The barite crystals were examined under scanning electron microscopy.About 61%of the total barites crystals contained detectable Sr by energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry.Barite crystals could be classified into four groups based on their morphology:1) bladed;2) ovoid or rounded;3) arrow-like;and 4) irregularly shaped.The arrow-like barite crystals in natural environment has never been reported before.In addition,about a half of the studied crystals showed features of dissolution as cavities or holes inside of the crystals or around their edges.We found that differential dissolution of barite crystals is consequence of heterogeneous Sr distribution in barite crystals.Our results would help in understanding the biogeochemical processes of marine barite formation and preservation in seawater and marine sediments. 相似文献
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Runnels are characteristic erosional features on karstified soluble rocks and can occasionally develop on less soluble rocks (i.e. sandstones and granites) but are poorly reported in Malaysia. This research summarizes boulder distribution, size, petrology and runnel morphology in a Pleistocene post-glacial mudflow on Mount Kinabalu. The goal is to investigate the runnel formation on granites. Colonization of boulders by cyanobacteria, mosses, lichens and higher plants is observed and related to rock surface meso-scale and micro-scale features. The coarse porphyritic texture of the granite contributes to the fragmentation and mechanical weathering of large K-feldspar crystals in the runnels. The damp runnel micro-environment is preferentially covered with mosses further enhancing weathering and erosion. As runnels deepen, the remnant protruding fins of rock weaken and may break off. The runnels are subaerial pseudokarst features, not the result of dissolution. 相似文献
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Qian Xinxin Zhao Yicong Santini Claire-Lise Pan Hongmiao Xiao Tian Chen Haitao Song Tao Li Jinhua Alberto Francois Brustlein Sophie Wu Long-Fei 《中国海洋湖沼学报》2021,39(6):2005-2014
Journal of Oceanology and Limnology - Magnetotactic bacteria (MTB) synthesize intracellular magnetic organelles, magnetosomes, which consist of magnetic crystals that are enveloped in a membrane.... 相似文献
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为探讨山东蒙阴金刚石的形成条件和生长过程,总结了前人对金刚石晶体形态、表面形貌、内部生长特征和包裹体的研究成果。结果表明,蒙阴金刚石晶体形态以平面八面体、阶梯状八面体、八面体与曲面菱形十二面体聚形和曲面菱形十二面体四类形态为主,晶体上常见与晶体的生长过程或与晶体形成后的塑性变形、溶蚀作用有关多种类型表面形貌,晶体内部可见两期生长或多期生长结构,晶体中常见的包裹体类型有石墨、橄榄石、铬铁矿、镁铝榴石、铬透辉石等。多样化的晶体特征指示了金刚石形成和生长过程中物理化学条件变化的复杂性。 相似文献
6.
Zuxing Chen Zhigang Zeng Xiaoyuan Wang Yuxiang Zhang Xuebo Yin Shuai Chen Yao Ma Xiaohui Li Hanyan Qi 《中国海洋大学学报(英文版)》2017,16(6):1097-1108
To reveal the petrogenesis of rhyolite from the southwestern Okinawa Trough, the mineral chemistry of plagioclase, orthopyroxene, amphibole, quartz and Fe-Ti oxide phenocrysts were analyzed using an electron microprobe, and in suit Sr and Ba contents of plagioclase analysed by LA-ICPMS were chosen for fingerprinting plagioclases of different provenances. Results indicate an overall homogeneous composition for each of the mineral phases except for plagioclase phenocrysts which have a wide range of composition(An=39~88). Plagioclase crystals characterized by An contents of 70 are not in equilibrium with their whole-rock compositions, and coarse-sieved plagioclase phenocryst interiors record high An contents(70) and Sr/Ba ratios(7), which are similar to the those of plagioclase crystals in basalt. Therefore, these crystals must have been introduced to the rhyolitic magma from a more mafic source. Equilibrium temperatures estimated using orthopyroxene-liquid, iron–titanium oxide, titanium-in-quartz and amphibole geothermometers show consistent values ranging from 792 to 869℃. The equilibrium pressure calculated using amphibole compositions is close to 121 MPa which corresponds to an approximate depth of 4 km. The fO_2 conditions estimated from Fe-Ti oxides and amphiboles plot slightly above the NNO buffer, which indicates that the rock formed under more oxidized conditions. Our results suggests that petrogenesis of the rhyolite due to basaltic magma ascend with the high An and Sr/Ba plaigoclases from deep magma chamber into the shallow chamber where the fractional crystallization and crustal assimilation happened. It also indicates that a two-layer magma chamber structure may occur under the southwestern Okinawa Trough. 相似文献
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在鲁西地区新太古代晚期(五台期)峄山花岗岩的黑石查和望子山花岗质岩体的岩石中,钾长石粗大斑晶内有自形程度较高的斜长石等矿物包裹体沿其环带定向排列.根据野外观察及岩石、矿物学特征测试分析,钾长石斑晶属于岩浆结晶形成的原生斑晶,受化学成分及侵位结晶过程中的物理化学条件影响,钾长石的生长速度大于其成核密度,因而形成粗大斑晶.估算岩浆温度＞950℃,钾长石斑晶快速生长时岩浆温度为750℃,过冷度△T≈150℃,基质结晶时岩浆温度为600℃,△T≈300℃. 相似文献
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渝东石柱地区志留系龙马溪组页岩地层发育特殊的纤维状方解石脉体。为揭示其流体来源及形成机理，结合岩石学及地球化学特征等开展系统分析。研究表明，纤维状方解石脉（FCV）以顺层或近平行层面充填于黑色粉砂质页岩和泥质粉砂岩微裂缝中，脉体宽0.1~4.0 cm、横向延伸一般为0.5~8.0 m。纤维状方解石晶体以柱状、纤维状垂直裂缝壁生长为主，多与石英共生产出。晶体表面洁净，局部见方解石压力影、机械双晶及晶体间锯齿状晶界。阴极发光下纤维状方解石呈暗红色-橘红色；碳-氧同位素分析表明δ13CPDB略偏负、δ18OPDB负异常明显（δ13CPDB、δ18OPDB平均值分别为-1.549‰及-12.654‰），指示其形成过程中受温度升高影响明显；流体包裹体均一温度平均值为159.5℃。结合区域构造-热演化史分析，结果表明石柱地区龙马溪组FCV形成流体具造山带同构造期超高压有机流体性质特征，为中-晚三叠世印支期同构造作用驱动深部流体叠加生烃超高压释放导致水力压裂所致，裂缝的开启导致孔隙流体的过饱和及纤维状方解石的快速沉淀。 相似文献
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张国栋 《成都信息工程学院学报》1998,(4)
对由六角形冰晶粒子组成的冰云的１４种冰晶尺度分布,分别用等效球Ｍｉｅ理论和射线光学理论计算了它们在从可见光到近红外谱区的１７个波长上的散射特性参量。并利用由等效球Ｍｉｅ理论获得的散射参数及冰晶尺度分布特征参量ｒｅ（有效半径）建立了冰云光学特性的参数化公式。这些参数化公式的最大相对误差小于５％。 相似文献
10.
作者的研究表明,在非本征激发区,矿物热电系数随着活化温度的增高而增大;在本征激发区,随活化温度的增高而减小。矿物晶体中所含杂质的种类和含量多少决定矿物的导电类型。矿物热电系数可广泛应用于地质找矿和矿床评价中,以黄铁矿为例,在同一水平面上的含金矿脉,矿脉中黄铁矿热电系数正值高时,其矿石含金量也高。应用黄铁矿热电系数的正高值、混合型和负值可确定矿体和矿体的剥蚀深度。 相似文献
11.
用有限长圆柱状模拟小冰晶的非球形性，用T－矩阵理论研究了随机取向小圆柱状冰晶多色粒子光散射的线偏振特征，强调了在红外谱区波长从大气红外短波窗区（λ=3.979μm)到远红外λ=30μm的光散射，考虑了31种粒子的谱分布和10种圆柱状纵横比。广泛的计算结果表明，圆柱状小冰粒在红外谱区的线偏振强烈地依赖于波长和折射指数、粒子的纵横比和谱分布。与文献中类似的工作比较，获得了一些新的和有意义的结果。 相似文献
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西秦岭温泉花岗岩体岩石学特征及岩浆混合标志 总被引：14，自引：5，他引：9
温泉花岗岩体由酸性端元的寄主岩石和暗色微细粒镁铁质包体群及基性岩墙群组成。无岩浆混合作用或岩浆混合作用较弱区段，寄主岩石以似斑状二长花岗岩为主．显示正常的花岗岩结构构造岩浆混合作用强烈区段。岩石的异常结构构造十分发育．矿物之间自形程度差异显著．常见包晶反应、包含结构、交代边、熔蚀边、交代蚕食的港湾状结构构造及交代缝合线、矿物镶边、斜长石异常环带和矿物残留等，多见指示岩浆混合的标志性矿物针状磷灰石。暗色微粒包体中多见寄主二长花岗岩中的捕掳晶。包体的形态、结构构造以及与寄主岩石强烈地成分交换等均是岩浆混合作用的标志。 相似文献
14.
Geology and fluid inclusion of Wadi Sharis Neoproterozoic orogenic gold deposits in northwestern Yemen 
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下载免费PDF全文 Moteea A． Al-Shameery 《世界地质(英文版)》2011,14(1):21-28
The Wadi Sharis orogenic gold deposit in northwestern Yemen is related to the fault and shear zones vein at medium depth in the crust in the Neoproterozoic meta-sedimentary and meta-volcanosedimentary succession of greenschist to amphibolite facies metamorphism.Three distinct fluid inclusion types have been identified in the gold-bearing quartz sulphide veins of the deposit:(1) type I:vapour-liquid two-phase(VH2O-LH2O),(2) type II:three-phase CO2(VCO2-LH2O-LCO2) and(3) type III:vapour-rich(LCO2-VCO2) inclusions.Six analysis of individual fluid inclusion indicate the fluid inclusions comprise mainly of H2O and CO2.Formation P-T conditions recorded by fluid inclusions in quartz crystals correspond to 180℃-380℃ and up to 130 MPa,as indicated by high-density CO2 bubbles(up to 0.98 g/cm3) observed in some inclusions.The estimated crystallization pressures correspond to approximately 4-10 km of overburden,assuming a lithostatic load.The salinity ranges from 0 to 22 wt%.The deposit holds at 0.2-5 g/t Au and contains low-moderate salinity. 相似文献
15.
Characterization of calcium deposition induced by Synechocystis sp. PCC6803 in BG11 culture medium 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Calcium carbonate （CaCO3） crystals in their preferred orientation were obtained in BG11 culture media inoculated with Synechocystis sp. PCC6803 （inoculated BG11）. In this study, the features of calcium carbonate deposition were investigated. Inoculated BGll in different calcium ion concentrations was used for the experimental group, while the BGll culture medium was used for the control group. The surface morphologies of the calcium carbonate deposits in the experimental and control groups were determined by scanning and transmission electron microscopy. The deposits were analyzed by electronic probe micro-analysis, Fourier transform infrared spectrum, X-ray diffraction, thermal gravimetric analysis and differential scanning calorimetry. The results show that the surfaces of the crystals in the experimental group were hexahedral in a scaly pattern. The particle sizes were micrometer-sized and larger than those in the control group. The deposits of the control group contained calcium （Ca）, carbon （C）, oxygen （O）, phosphorus （P）, iron （Fe）, copper （Cu）, zinc （Zn）, and other elements. The deposits in the experimental group contained Ca, C, and O only. The deposits of both groups contained calcite. The thermal decomposition temperature of the deposits in the control group was lower than those in the experimental group. It showed that the CaCO3 deposits of the experimental group had higher thermal stability than those of the control group. This may be due to the secondary metabolites produced by the algae cells, which affect the carbonate crystal structure and result in a close-packed structure. The algae cells that remained after thermal weight loss were heavier in higher calcium concentrations in BGll culture media. There may be more calcium- containing crystals inside and outside of these cells. These results shall be beneficial for understanding the formation mechanism of carbonate minerals. 相似文献
16.
碳是自然界中常见的一种元素,其以单矿物(如石墨、金刚石)、化合物形式(如碳酸盐、二氧化碳)及生物体中的有机碳等多种形式存在。随着越来越多的深入研究,碳质物或石墨化的作用和地位也引起了广泛的关注。石墨碳质物出现在不同地壳深度的断裂带或俯冲带岩石中,特别是在一些大地震断裂带中富集。在地质变质作用过程中,随着温度的增加,非晶形碳质物转变为晶形有序化的石墨,且其石墨化过程不可逆,因此其拉曼光谱峰可定量记录峰期变质作用温度;同时,在变形过程中,石墨的特殊结构性能和力学属性能有效降低岩石强度,促进塑性变形,在快速滑动面或地震滑动面中,起到固体润滑剂作用,因此,地壳中的石墨物质对于岩石强度弱化和地震断裂滑动及演化过程具有重要意义。石墨碳质物具有低溶解性和低移动性,常作为碳汇稳定存在于深部地壳中,在地质时间尺度上,一旦碳及石墨化共同参与到岩石中,一些主要的地质过程(如俯冲作用、断裂作用、风化侵蚀、生物作用)致使石墨碳质物通过形成和破坏过程富集或释放碳到地球表面(大气圈),将显著地影响碳循环。 相似文献
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前言为了形象地表示晶体形态,需绘制晶体立体图(又称测晶投影或斜视投影)。绘图时要将晶体向前倾斜一定角度并向左旋转一定角度。由于作图方法不同,晶体所旋转的角度也略有不同:晶轴架绘图法是将晶体向前倾9°26′,向左旋转18°20′;心射极平投影法是将晶体向前倾9°30′,向左旋转19°10′;而极射赤平投影法是将晶体向前倾10°,向左旋转20°。晶体经过这样的倾伏和旋转后,再置于人们视线前方的无限远处(这里说的是假定无限远,其 相似文献
19.
游戏化学习是将计算机游戏应用于教学的一种新的教育手段,相比于传统的课件教学方式,使用虚拟沙盒更能培养学生的动手能力和团队协作能力,甚至能让学生参与游戏化课件的制作与完善。基于虚拟沙盒构建的虚拟地理环境能为地学知识的游戏化学习提供充分的技术条件,为地学知识教学提供了新的方式。大陆漂移模拟、溶洞现象模拟和矿物晶体虚拟仿真等典型应用体现了基于虚拟地理环境的游戏化学习系统的典型特征。 相似文献
20.
柴达木盆地北缘鹰峰环斑花岗岩体的岩相学特征 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
野外调查表明,鹰峰环斑花岗岩体形成于中元古代,位于柴北缘构造带,呈透镜状夹持在剪切带间。同时代侵入的还有辉绿岩墙和石英闪长岩奥长花岗斑岩脉,构成双峰式岩石组合。该环斑花岗岩多具无奥环结构,卵形钾长石球斑十分发育,其体积分数多在50%~60%,粒径多在2~3 cm,常以多晶集合体出现,出溶作用十分强烈。基质结构有中粗粒、细粒和显微文象结构等。石英、钾长石都具两个或多个世代,黑云母多结晶较晚。按矿物定量分类多属石英正长岩和石英二长岩类。与典型环斑花岗岩相比,该岩体有出露面积小,岩石类型单调,球斑含量大,大小较均匀且为多晶集合体,出溶作用强烈,基质结构多样,变质变形明显等特征。这些特征部分起因于加里东期的改造,部分是该地区元古代岩浆作用个性的表现。 相似文献