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1.
今后几年的月球探测和月球科学 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
近年来月球探测已经进入了一个全新的时代。特别是1990年以来，多个月球探测计划已经被成功实现，而且另外还有多个探测计划也在准备当中，并将在未来的几年内发射升空。在这种背景之下，中国的航天机构和有关的科学家也开始积极酝酿和开发自己的月球探测计划。这些月球探测计划将利用卫星上搭载的各种仪器探测和测量月球的地质和地理特性、化学成分和矿物组成、月球物理学特征以及包含地球大气在内的地月空间环境和行星际空间环境；进一步研究月球的起源和演化，探明月面环境，研究太阳等离子体物理，提供月面天文台和月面长期科研基地的候选地址，调查月球上的可利用资源，为将来开发月球提供充实的背景资料。参与新一轮的月球探测同样也为中国天文学研究带来了新的机会。 相似文献
2.
月球激光测距 (LLR)代表了单光子探测技术的高峰 ,是国际激光测距界奋斗的目标。本文回顾了月球激光测距的现状以及它所特有的技术难度 ,同时介绍了我们为增加月球激光测距回波光子数所提出的一些可能的改进方法。特别介绍了在月球激光测距中利用月面反射器近旁的月面扩展源探测与计算大气倾斜量 ,进而对测月的激光束实施大气倾斜量实时改正这样一个全新的概念。最后介绍了云南天文台的激光测距系统以及它的近期工作目标。 相似文献
3.
月球激光测距的现状及可能的改进方法 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
月球激光测距（LLR）代表了单光子探测技术的高峰，是国际激光测距界奋斗的目标。本文回顾了月球激光测距的现状以及它所持有的技术难度，同时介绍了我们为增加月球激光测距回波光子数所提出的一些可能的改进方法。特别介绍了在月球激光测距中利用月面反射器近旁的月面扩展源探测与计算大气倾斜量，进而对测月的激光束实施大气倾斜量实时改正这样一个全新的概念，最后介绍了云南天文台的激光测距系统以及它的近期工作目标。 相似文献
4.
借助光压将探测器推向月球 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
若采用圆型限制性三体问题模型，从近地停泊轨道上发射一个月球探测器，其最小初始速度必须使相应的Jacobi常数C小于某一临界值C2。但这仅仅是探测器可能飞向月球的必要条件，而且这样飞向月球耗时过长。若采用Hohmann转移轨道，则需要获得较大的变轨冲量，能量消耗较大。如果需要仔细探测地月空间环境，而又不必很快地飞往月球，那么采用较大的太阳帆板，并使其法向有一特殊指向，可借助太阳光压加速引导探测器在不长的时间内飞向月球。利用相应的分析和计算，证实上述考虑是有效的，而且若使太阳帆板截面积大到一定程度（如果技术上能实现），则无需任何动力，也可借助光压将探测器推向月球，就像一条太空帆船（简称太空帆）。 相似文献
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历时5个多月的中国月球探测工程标识征集活动于2006年2月10日评选揭晓,由上海设计师顾永江设计的书法作品最终入选。这是中国第一次采用全国征集方式为重大航天探索工程设计标志。中国月球探测工程标志图案简洁明了,凸现中国特色。它以我国书法的笔调抽象地画月球,人的脚印踏上月面,圆弧的起笔处自然形成龙头,象征中国天如巨龙腾空而起,落笔的飞白由一群和平鸽构成,表述了中国人国平利用空间的美好愿望。整体图形由一弧两点巧妙形成古文“月”字写意的笔触旨在传达一种探索的信念。中国“嫦娥”1号卫星及运载火箭将于今年年底运抵发射场区2007年春择机发射。为了使广大青少年读者明了探月的科学意义,我邀请中国科学院院士、中国探月工程首席科学家欧阳自远先生撰写了面这篇文章。 相似文献
7.
对月球形状的估算 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
1799年,Laplace发现月球的3个主惯量矩,与月球的轨道和自转状态并不相符.有些学者认为,这可能是现在的月球仍保留了早期的"化石"形状.大约在三十多亿年前,月球曾经离地球很近并且转得较快,然后月球逐渐迁移远离地球并且转动得慢了下来.在此迁移的较早时期,月球受到了引潮力和自转离心力的作用,成为一个椭球体.并且很快凝固.所幸的是,固态月球的岩石圈较为稳定,使我们现在仍然能够看到很早时期月球的形状.文中利用月球天平动参数以及引力场系数,计算了椭球体3个主向径a,b,c的长度和月球的平衡潮形状,得到如下3个结论:(1)开始时月球离地球是非常近的,大约在三十亿年前月球可能已经冷却和固化,现在的月球基本上保留了凝结时的形状.(2)证明了液态月球的潮汐形变是月球平衡潮高度的1.934倍.因此用月球引力场推算月球形状时,必需考虑到流体勒夫数hf=1.934的影响.(3)根据月球三个主轴a,6,c的长度之差,推算了月球临凝固时的月地距离为1.7455×1O8m,自转周期为3.652 day.从而推算出月球临凝固时的恒星月长度为8.34day.因此在月球凝结时,月球被锁定在与自转速率比为2:1的共振轨道上. 相似文献
8.
日本SELENE月球探测计划和卫星间多普勒跟踪的数学模型 总被引：11，自引：0，他引：11
日本月球探测计划（SELENE）定于2004年夏季利用HIIa火箭发射一组共3颗绕月人造卫星。他们是主卫星、跟踪中断卫星和空间VLBI电波源。其主要科学目标之一是利用对绕月卫星的多普勒跟踪数据精确测定月球重力场,研究月球的起源与演化。SELENE计划中实现这个科学目标的关键技术是引入中继卫星,目的在于当处于低轨道的主卫星飞行到月球背面地面观测站无法观测时,采用卫星间跟踪方法（SST）,建立地面站与主卫星之间的联系,以得到月球背面重力场的直接测量数据。介绍了几种典型的四程卫星间多普勒跟踪模式和相应的数学模型,并针对SELENE计划中采用的特殊四程多普勒跟踪模式建立了卫星相对观测站速度与跟踪信号多普勒频移之间的转换关系。提出了利用GEODYNⅡ定轨分析软件处理SELENE多普勒跟踪数据的流程。 相似文献
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Mahesh Anand 《Earth, Moon, and Planets》2010,107(1):65-73
One of the most exciting recent developments in the field of lunar science has been the unambiguous detection of water (either
as OH or H2O) or water ice on the Moon through instruments flown on a number of orbiting spacecraft missions. At the same time, continued
laboratory-based investigations of returned lunar samples by Apollo missions using high-precision, low-detection, analytical
instruments have for the first time, provided the absolute abundance of water (present mostly as structurally bound OH− in mineral phases) in lunar samples. These new results suggest that the Moon is not an anhydrous body, questioning conventional
wisdom, and indicating the possibility of a wet lunar interior and the presence of distinct reservoirs of water on the lunar
surface. However, not all recent results point to a wet Moon and it appears that the distribution of water on the Moon may
be highly heterogeneous. Additionally, a number of sources are likely to have contributed to the water inventory of the Moon
ranging from primordial water to meteorite-derived water ice through to the water formed during the reaction of solar-wind
hydrogen with the lunar soil. Water on the Moon has implications for future astrobiological investigations as well as for
generating resources in situ during future exploration of the Moon and other airless bodies in the Solar System. 相似文献
12.
William T. WALLACE Lawrence A. TAYLOR Yang LIU Bonnie L. COOPER David S. McKAY Bo CHEN Antony S. JEEVARAJAN 《Meteoritics & planetary science》2009,44(7):961-970
Abstract— NASA plans to resume human exploration of the Moon in the next decade. One of the pressing concerns is the effect that lunar dust (the fraction of the lunar regolith <20 μm in diameter) will have on systems, both human and mechanical, due to the fact that various problems were caused by dust during the Apollo missions. The loss of vacuum integrity in the lunar sample containers during the Apollo era ensured that the present lunar samples are not in the same condition as they were on the Moon; they have been passivated by oxygen and water vapor. To mitigate the harmful effects of lunar dust on humans, methods of “reactivating” the dust must be developed for experimentation, and, ideally, it should be possible to monitor the level of activity to determine methods of deactivating the dust in future lunar habitats. Here we present results demonstrating that simple grinding, as a simple analog to micrometeorite crushing, is apable of substantially activating lunar dust and lunar simulant, and it is possible to determine the level of chemical activity by monitoring the ability of the dust to produce hydroxyl radicals in aqueous solution. Comparisons between ground samples of lunar dust, lunar simulant, and quartz reveal that ground lunar dust is capable of producing over three times the amount of hydroxyl radicals as lunar simulant and an order of magnitude more than ground quartz. 相似文献
13.
In Situ Biological Contamination Studies of the Moon: Implications for Planetary Protection and Life Detection Missions 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Daniel P. Glavin Jason P. Dworkin Mark Lupisella David R. Williams Gerhard Kminek John D. Rummel 《Earth, Moon, and Planets》2010,107(1):87-93
NASA and ESA have outlined visions for solar system exploration that will include a series of lunar robotic precursor missions
to prepare for, and support a human return to the Moon, and future human exploration of Mars and other destinations, including
possibly asteroids. One of the guiding principles for exploration is to pursue compelling scientific questions about the origin
and evolution of life. The search for life on objects such as Mars will require careful operations, and that all systems be
sufficiently cleaned and sterilized prior to launch to ensure that the scientific integrity of extraterrestrial samples is
not jeopardized by terrestrial organic contamination. Under the Committee on Space Research’s (COSPAR’s) current planetary
protection policy for the Moon, no sterilization procedures are required for outbound lunar spacecraft, nor is there a different
planetary protection category for human missions, although preliminary COSPAR policy guidelines for human missions to Mars
have been developed. Future in situ investigations of a variety of locations on the Moon by highly sensitive instruments designed
to search for biologically derived organic compounds would help assess the contamination of the Moon by lunar spacecraft.
These studies could also provide valuable “ground truth” data for Mars sample return missions and help define planetary protection
requirements for future Mars bound spacecraft carrying life detection experiments. In addition, studies of the impact of terrestrial
contamination of the lunar surface by the Apollo astronauts could provide valuable data to help refine future Mars surface exploration plans for a human mission to Mars. 相似文献
14.
M. Massironi L. Giacomini S. Ferrari E. Martellato G. Cremonese S. Marchi A. Coradini 《Earth, Moon, and Planets》2010,107(2-4):267-297
Age of geological units, surface mineralogical composition, volcanism, tectonics and cratering are major keys for unravelling the geodynamic and geological history of a planet. Thanks to the extensive exploration of the 1960s and 1970s and the compositional mapping of the 1990s missions (Galileo, Clementine and Luna Prospector), the Moon has a unique geological dataset among the extraterrestrial Solar System bodies. The recent and on-going missions, along with the future plans for lunar exploration, will together acquire an extraordinary amount of data. This should provide a solid basis to meet broad objectives like the constraints on the heterogeneity of Lunar composition and the presence of water deposits, the understanding of volcanic and tectonic evolution as well as more specific issues such as the genetic classification of volcanic domes, origin of the dark-halos craters, lava flow emplacement mechanisms, and the kinematics and deformational styles of tectonic structures. The Italian small mission MAGIA (Missione Altimetrica Gravimetrica geochImica lunAre) will be equipped with an integrated context camera and imaging spectrometer, a high resolution camera and a radar altimeter. The spatial and spectral resolution of these instruments will provide data products complementing past and ongoing Lunar mission data, particularly for the polar regions where a full resolution coverage is planned. A general review of some still unanswered questions on lunar surface composition, cold traps, volcanism, tectonics and cratering records is presented here in order to illustrate the potential contribution of MAGIA to these subjects. 相似文献
15.
D. J. Loftus J. C. Rask C. G. McCrossin E. M. Tranfield 《Earth, Moon, and Planets》2010,107(1):95-105
The chemical reactivity of lunar dust is an important topic of inquiry, of fundamental scientific value and of practical relevance
to human exploration of the Moon. Lunar specimens brought back to Earth by the Apollo astronauts provide a key resource for
ground-based studies which help to define the initial avenues of inquiry. Even among the limited samples obtained from equatorial
exploration sites, however, chemical reactivity analyses indicates that lunar dust is heterogeneous, a finding that parallels
heterogeneity revealed by remote sensing studies. The region-to-region variability of lunar dust argues that a full understanding
of its chemical reactivity will require in situ analysis, on a region-to-region basis. The data from such investigations will
help to shape our understanding of the potential for lunar dust toxicity, and will provide insight into the types of reactions
that may occur with when lunar dust interacts with organic molecules on the surface of the Moon. 相似文献
16.
The study of the elements and molecules of astrobiological interest on the Moon can be made with the Gas Analysis Package
(GAP) and associated instruments developed for the Beagle 2 Mars Express Payload. The permanently shadowed polar regions of
the Moon may offer a unique location for the “cold-trapping” of the light elements (i.e. H, C, N, O, etc.) and their simple
compounds. Studies of the returned lunar samples have shown that lunar materials have undergone irradiation with the solar
wind and adsorb volatiles from possible cometary and micrometeoroid impacts. The Beagle 2’s analytical instrument package
including the sample processing facility and the GAP mass spectrometer can provide vital isotopic information that can distinguish
whether the lunar volatiles are indigenous to the moon, solar wind derived, cometary in origin or from meteoroids impacting
on the Moon. As future Lunar Landers are being considered, the suite of instruments developed for the Mars Beagle 2 lander
can be consider as the baseline for any lunar volatile or resource instrument package. 相似文献
17.
The Flux of Lunar Meteorites onto the Earth 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Numerous new finds of lunar meteorites in Oman allow detailed constraints to be obtained on the intensity of the transfer of lunar matter to the Earth. Our estimates show that the annual flux of lunar meteorites in the mass interval from 10 to 1000 g to the entire Earth's surface should not be less than several tenths of a kilogram and is more likely equal to tens or even a few hundred kilograms, i.e., a few percent of the total meteorite flux. This corresponds to several hundred or few thousand falls of lunar meteorites on all of Earth per year. Even small impact events, which produce smaller than craters on the Moon smaller than 10 km in diameter, are capable of transferring lunar matter to the Earth. In this case, the Earth may capture between 10 to 100% of the mass of high-velocity crater ejecta leaving the Moon. Our estimates for the lunar flux imply rather optimistic prospects for the discovery of new lunar meteorites and, consequently, for the analyses of the lunar crust composition. However, the meteorite-driven flux of lunar matter did not play any significant role in the formation of the material composition of the Earth's crust, even during the stage of intense meteorite bombardment. 相似文献
18.
China's Lunar Exploration Program: Present and future 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
Yongchun Zheng Ziyuan Ouyang Chunlai Li Jianzhong Liu Yongliao Zou 《Planetary and Space Science》2008,56(7):881-886
China launched its first lunar probe, Chang’E-1, at 6:05 p.m. (10:05 GMT), October 24, 2007. Chang’E-1 blasted off on a Long March 3A carrier rocket from the No. 3 launch tower in the Xichang Satellite Launch Center of southwestern Sichuan Province. China National Space Administration performed the lunar orbit injection maneuver for Chang’E-1 at 11:25 a.m. on November 5, 2007 (China Standard Time). Chang’E-1 was injected into the lunar orbit after the maneuver, and will begin to explore the moon in the following 1 year. It is the first step into its ambitious three-phase moon mission, marking a new milestone in the Chinese space exploration history. 相似文献
19.
S.K Dunkin M GrandeI Casanova V FernandesD.J Heather B KellettK Muinonen S.S RussellR Browning N WalthamD Parker B KentC.H Perry B SwinyardA Perry J FeradayC Howe K PhillipsG McBride J HuovelinP Muhli P.J HakalaO Vilhu N ThomasD Hughes H AlleyneM Grady R LundinS Barabash D BakerP.E Clark C.D MurrayJ Guest L.C d'UstonS Maurice B FoingA Christou C OwenP Charles J LaukkanenH Koskinen M KatoK Sipila S NenonenM Holmstrom N BhandariR Elphic D Lawrence 《Planetary and Space Science》2003,51(6):435-442
The D-CIXS X-ray spectrometer on ESA's SMART-1 mission will provide the first global coverage of the lunar surface in X-rays, providing absolute measurements of elemental abundances. The instrument will be able to detect elemental Fe, Mg, Al and Si under normal solar conditions and several other elements during solar flare events. These data will allow for advances in several areas of lunar science, including an improved estimate of the bulk composition of the Moon, detailed observations of the lateral and vertical nature of the crust, chemical observations of the maria, investigations into the lunar regolith, and mapping of potential lunar resources. In combination with information to be obtained by the other instruments on SMART-1 and the data already provided by the Clementine and Lunar Prospector missions, this information will allow for a more detailed look at some of the fundamental questions that remain regarding the origin and evolution of the Moon. 相似文献
20.
M. P. Sinitsyn 《Earth, Moon, and Planets》2013,110(1-2):29-39
This article provides some astronomical background for a systematic study of the lunar regolith. The Moon, like other atmosphere-less bodies, is the subject to all kinds of cosmic radiation, which are imprinted in the lunar surface. Therefore, the study of the lunar regolith for signs of cosmic radiation can assist to trace the history of changes in these emissions over time. Mostly changes in the solar wind and galactic cosmic rays are very interesting at time intervals from a few tens of millions of years to several billion years. The paper develops the idea of paleoregolith, the possible location of which can be seen on the slopes of some craters (Euler, Bessel) in images obtained by camera of LRO spacecraft (LROC). Because of the complexities of placing a spacecraft on the slopes of craters, some other possible locations of paleoregolith are offered to consideration. To study the recent history of the evolution of the Moon and the inner planets (up to 200 million years) the stored information in impact and volcanic melts, which are widely represented in the LROC images, should be considered. 相似文献