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1.
Using saline tracers to evaluate preferential recharge in fractured rocks,Floyd County,Virginia, USA
Potassium chloride (KCl) and potassium bromide (KBr) tracers were used to explore the role of geologic structure on groundwater recharge and flow at the Fractured Rock Research Site in Floyd County, Virginia, USA. Tracer migration was monitored through soil, saprolite, and fractured crystalline bedrock for a period of 3 months with chemical, physical, and geophysical techniques. The tracers were applied at specific locations on the ground surface to directly test flow pathways in a shallow saprolite and deep fractured-rock aquifer. Tracer monitoring was accomplished with differential electrical resistivity, chemical sampling, and physical monitoring of water levels and spring discharge. KCl, applied at a concentration of 10,000 mg/L, traveled 160 m downgradient through the thrust fault aquifer to a spring outlet in 24 days. KBr, applied at a concentration of 5,000 mg/L, traveled 90 m downgradient through the saprolite aquifer in 19 days. Tracer breakthrough curves indicate diffuse flow through the saprolite aquifer and fracture flow through the crystalline thrust fault aquifer. Monitoring saline tracer migration through soil, saprolite, and fractured rock provided data on groundwater recharge that would not have been available using other traditional hydrologic methods. Travel times and flowpaths observed during this study support preferential groundwater recharge controlled by geologic structure. 相似文献
2.
Mountain Lake in Giles County, Virginia, USA, has a documented history of severe natural lake-level changes involving groundwater seepage that extends over the past 4,200?years. The natural lake was full during a large part of the twentieth century but dried up completely in September 2008 and levels have yet to recover. The objective of the study was to understand the hydrogeologic factors that influence lake-level changes using a daily water balance, electrical resistivity, water sampling and geochemical analysis, and well logging. Results from the water balance demonstrate the seasonal response to precipitation of a forested first-order drainage system in fractured rock. The resistivity surveys suggest discrete high-permeability areas may provide pathways for lake drainage. Imagery, well logs, and field observations appear to confirm the presence of a fault which crosses the Eastern Continental Divide to the east of the lake that had not previously been discussed in literature on the lake; the position of the lake within local and intermediate groundwater flow systems is considered. Historical data suggest that either significant precipitation or artificial intervention to mitigate seepage would be required for lake-level recovery in the near future. 相似文献
3.
岩体裂隙系统渗流场与应力场耦合模型 总被引：15，自引：0，他引：15
仵彦卿 《地质灾害与环境保护》1996,7(1):31-34
岩体系统具有复杂的结构。一般认为，岩体系统是非均质各向异性不连续的多相介质体系。当岩体以裂隙为主，且其分布较密集时，可将岩体系统看作等效连续多相介质体系。本文运用等效连续介质理论，提出了两种岩体裂隙系统渗流场与应力场耦合模型：一是以渗透水压力与隙变形关系、应力与渗透系统数关系为基础，建立渗透系数张量计算公式，进而建立等效效连续介质渗流为数学模型。以裂隙岩体应变张量分析为基础，建立裂隙岩体效应力张量 相似文献
4.
Ground penetrating radar (GPR) has proved to be an extremely useful geophysical tool, in conjunction with direct geological data, to develop a realistic, macroscopic, subjective-based conceptual model of aquifer architecture within a shallow coastal alluvial plain. Subsequent finite-difference groundwater modelling has not only enabled determination of the dominant groundwater flow paths for the plain, but has also quantified the effects of within-facies and between-facies sedimentary heterogeneity on those flow paths. The interconnection of narrow, unconfined alluvial channels and a broad, semi-confined alluvial delta is ensuring that most fresh groundwater that enters the plain in the form of precipitation or recharge from lateral bedrock hills, is discharged into the eastern coastal wetlands via that alluvial delta aquifer. 相似文献
5.
Evaluation of the impacts of climate changes on the coastal Chaouia aquifer, Morocco, using numerical modeling 总被引：3，自引：1，他引：2
The aquifer of the Chaouia Coast, Morocco constitutes an example of groundwater resources subjected to intensive and uncontrolled withdrawals in a semi-arid region. The analysis of the trends of precipitation and piezometric levels of the Chaouia coastal aquifer, with the use of moving averages, emphasized the impact of the climate on the groundwater resources of the system. The results showed that the periods 1977–1993 and 1996–2000 are characterized by a deficit in precipitation, although the precipitation increased slightly during the periods 1973–1977 and 1993–1996. Numerical modeling of the Chaouia aquifer showed that the groundwater resources of this system are less sensitive to the variations in precipitation. Severe degradation of the resource is related to intensive pumping during the periods of drought, which has forced abandonment of wells due to seawater intrusion. 相似文献
6.
Alternative water resources in granitic rock: a case study from Kinmen Island,Taiwan 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
Tai-Sheng Liou Yuan-Hsi Lee Li-Wei Chiang Wayne Lin Tai-Rong Guo Wen-Shan Chen Jeng-Ming Chien 《Environmental Earth Sciences》2010,59(5):1033-1046
Kinmen Island is a small, tectonically stable, granitic island that has been suffering from a scarcity of fresh water resources
due to excessive annual evapotranspiration over annual precipitation. Recent studies further indicate that shallow (0–70 m)
sedimentary aquifers, the major sources of groundwater supply, have already been over-exploited. Therefore, this preliminary
study is to investigate the existence of exploitable water resources that can balance the shortage of fresh water on this
island. Site characterization data are obtained from island-wide geophysical surveys as well as small-scale tests performed
in a study area formed by three deep (maximum depth to 560 m) vertical boreholes installed in mid-east Kinmen northeast to
Taiwu Mountain. Vertical fracture frequency data indicate that the rock body is fractured with a spatially correlated pattern,
from which three major fracture zones (depths 0–70, 330–360, and below 450 m) can be identified. Geologic investigations indicate
that the deepest fracture zone is caused by the large-scale, steeply dipping Taiwushan fault. This fault may have caused a
laterally extensive low-resistivity zone, a potential fractured aquifer, near Taiwu Mountain. The middle fracture zone is
induced by the Taiwushan fault and intersects the fault approximately 21 m southeast of the study area below a depth of 350 m.
Slug testing results yield fracture transmissivity varying from 4.8 × 10−7 to 2.2 × 10−4 m2/s. Cross-hole tests have confirmed that hydraulic connectivity of the deeper rock body is controlled by the Taiwushan fault
and the middle fracture zone. This connectivity may extend vertically to the sedimentary aquifers through high-angle joint
sets. Despite the presence of a flow barrier formed by doleritic dike at about 300 m depth, the existence of fresh as well
as meteoric water in the deeper rock body manifests that certain flow paths must exist through which the deeper fractured
aquifers can be connected to the upper rock body. Therefore, groundwater stored within the Taiwushan fault and the associated
low-resistivity zone can be considered as additional fresh water resources for future exploitation. 相似文献
7.
Huang Xiangui Ping Jianhua Leng Wei Yu Yan Zhang Min Zhu Yaqiang 《Hydrogeology Journal》2021,29(6):2149-2170
Studies on groundwater recharge are essential for sustainable exploitation of groundwater resources, especially in areas of extensive groundwater exploitation such as the Anyanghe River alluvial fan (ARAF) in the North China Plain (NCP). However, the recharge sources and processes and the contribution of each recharge flow component remain unclear. This study used hydrochemistry, stable isotopes, and tritium to investigate sources and underlying processes of groundwater recharge, along with the steady flow Mixing Cell Model (MCMsf) to quantify the proportion of each source flow for the shallow confined groundwater system in the medial fan. The results showed that groundwater mainly originates from precipitation occurring on the eastern Taihang Mountain area with average elevation estimated at 700–1,000 m above sea level during the East Asia summer monsoon period since 1952. Recharge mechanisms are: (1) river water seepage for the unconfined aquifers of the proximal and medial fan; (2) lateral flow for the confined aquifers of the medial and distal fan; and (3) precipitation infiltration for the phreatic water system. The MCMsf simulation showed that the shallow confined groundwater system in the central zone of the medial fan mainly recharged by the lateral flow from the proximal fan, a constant and considerable recharge flow from the southwestern and southern hills, and river water seepage in the medial fan; the lateral recharge flow from the Zhanghe alluvial aquifer was insignificant by comparison. The results of this study can act as a valuable reference for sustainable groundwater management in the ARAF.
相似文献8.
Borehole geophysical logging of four production wells completed in Precambrian metagranite in Fauquier County, Virginia (USA), was conducted to characterize stratigraphy, collect water-bearing fracture orientations and describe vertical hydraulic gradients in the vicinity of each borehole. Long-term (48–90 h) single-well pump test data were reevaluated for each well to better characterize this locally important aquifer system. Single-well aquifer test analyses indicate mid-to-late-time infinite acting radial flow conditions within the fractured rock aquifer, followed by increasing late-time contribution of stored groundwater from recharge boundaries. Later-time pump test results are believed to indicate that water-bearing fractures within the metagranite are ultimately recharged by groundwater stored within the regolith. Assumptions about the presence of a recharge boundary sourced by the regolith were tested with a simple groundwater flow model that was calibrated to observed drawdown data associated with one of the long-term pump tests. This study identifies fracturing associated with shear-related metamorphic fabrics in the wellbore and demonstrates the significance of these fractures as mechanisms for accessing groundwater. Results from this investigation indicate that shear-related metamorphic fabrics can be important structures for integrating transmissive fracture networks within the Marshall Metagranite and possibly within other Blue Ridge basement rocks possessing similar metamorphic history.
相似文献9.
仵彦卿 《水文地质工程地质》1997,(5)
岩体是由裂隙和其间的岩块组成。当岩块处于近乎隔水状态时，岩体中的渗流可看作为裂隙网络流。本文通过分析岩体裂隙网络渗流场、应力场以及它们之间的相互力学关系，提出了岩体渗流场与应力场耦合的裂隙网络模型及数值计算方法。 相似文献
10.
Unconsolidated sand, gravel and clay deposits near Beihai and in the Leizhou Peninsula in southern China form an unconfined
aquifer, aquitard and a confined aquifer. Water and soil samples were collected from the two aquifers in the coastal Beihai
area for the determination of chemical compositions, minerals and soluble ions. Hydrogeochemical modeling of three flow paths
through the aquitard are carried out using PHREEQC to determine water–rock interactions along the flow paths. The results
indicate that the dissolution of anorthite, fluorite, halite, rhodochrosite and CO2, and precipitation of potash feldspar and kaolinite may be occurring when groundwater leaks through the aquitard from the
unconfined aquifer to the confined aquifer. Cation exchanges between Na and Ca can also happen along the flow paths. 相似文献
11.
12.
韩家哨村位于河北滦县李家屿灰场北部谷地,地势低于灰场,距离约800m。灰场运行期间,该区地下水出现水位升高及水质变差等问题。本文从水文地质条件角度,详细研究灰水的运移途径及其对该区地下水的影响。韩家哨村区域地下水系统分为上层滞水和孔隙一裂隙（溶隙）潜水含水层系统。潜水含水层系统水力传导系数为172．6～203．4m^2／d。地下水补给主要来源于韩家哨村以南坝后地形较高区域及灰水。灰水渗漏优势区韩家哨村南部宽约200m的带状区域。灰场堆灰形成新的地下水分水岭致使灰水在20副坝坝前垂直下渗进入风化带,沿白云岩裂隙（溶隙）补给潜水含水层,并向韩家哨村区域流动补给孔隙含水层,改变后的潜水部分通过民井向外排泄。 相似文献
13.
Two international inter-comparison exercises devoted to dissolved gases and isotope analyses in groundwater, used as tools for groundwater dating were organized in 2012 in France (IDES – Université Paris Sud – CNRS and OSUR – Université Rennes 1 – CNRS). The goal was to compare sampling and analytical protocols through results obtained by the community of groundwater dating laboratories. The two exercises were: GDAT1 on three supply boreholes in a homogeneous sand-aquifer of Fontainebleau (Paris Basin, France) and GDAT2 on two supply boreholes (shallow and deep) in a fractured rock aquifer in French Brittany. This two-step exercise is the first exercise which included a large number of gases and isotopes usually used in groundwater as dating tools and also permit to discuss the uncertainties related to sampling protocols issuing from each laboratory methods. The two tests allowed 31 laboratories from 14 countries to compare their protocols for both sampling and analyses. This paper presents the participants and parameters measured, and focuses on the validation of the sampling strategy. Two laboratories analyzed CFC and SF6 samples collected at regular intervals during the sampling operations in order to verify water homogeneity. The results obtained by the two “reference” laboratories along with monitoring of field parameters showed no clear trend of gas concentration or physic-chemical properties. It can be concluded that the pumped groundwater composition remained constant during sampling. This study also shows the potential for relatively constant pumped groundwater composition from a specific well despite the complexity and/or mixing processes that may occur at a larger scale in the aquifer. 相似文献
14.
裂隙岩体的防渗加固是影响工程稳定和安全的关键技术问题之一。在以往微生物加固砂土技术基础上,将微生物加固技术应用于裂隙岩体灌浆加固,研究结果表明,(1) 加固前围压对裂隙岩样的水力开度影响很大,加固后裂隙被碳酸钙沉积物充填,岩样的渗流由裂隙渗流转变为孔隙渗流,单位渗流量和渗透系数由围压和渗透水压共同控制;(2) 微生物灌浆加固后,不同围压和渗透水压力作用下裂隙岩样的单位时间渗流量减小了80.12%～90.04%,渗透系数可达到10–6 cm/s数量级;(3) 裂隙岩样灌浆加固过程中微生物诱导产生的CaCO3沉积物具有较好胶结作用,将劈裂岩样胶结为一个整体,达到了加固防渗效果。研究成果可为裂隙岩体的灌浆加固提供较好的参考。 相似文献
15.
16.
Dynamics and anthropogenic impacts of multiple karst flow systems in a mountainous area of South China 总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5
Mingming Luo Zhihua Chen Robert E. Criss Hong Zhou He Huang Zhaofeng Han Tingting Shi 《Hydrogeology Journal》2016,24(8):1993-2002
The Xiangxi River basin, South China, is a steep terrane with well-developed karst features and an important Cambrian-Ordovician aquifer. Meteoric water in this mountainous area features a mean δ18O elevation gradient of –2.4?‰/km. This gradient was used to estimate mean recharge elevations of 760 m for Shuimoxi (SMX) spring, 1,060 m for Xiangshuidong (XSD) spring, and 1,430 m for drill hole ZK03, indicating multiple flow paths in the Cambrian-Ordovician karst aquifer. Mean residence times of 230 and 320 days and ～2 years were estimated for these features, respectively, using the damped running average model that predicts the isotopic variations in groundwater from those in precipitation. Groundwater in the regional karst flow system has the longest residence time, the highest recharge elevation, the longest flow paths, the lowest addition of anthropogenic components, and the greatest amount of water–rock interaction as indicated by its higher dissolved solids, Mg2+ concentrations and Mg/Ca ratios than the springs. In contrast, the local and shallow karst flow systems respond rapidly to recharge events. Artificial tracer tests prove that these shallow karst systems can also quickly transmit anthropogenic contaminants, indicating that they are highly vulnerable to human impacts, which include the enrichment of NO3 –. The intensity of water–rock interaction and groundwater vulnerability are mainly determined by the structure and dynamics of the multiple karst flow systems. 相似文献
17.
Estimating the hydraulic properties of fractured aquifers is challenging due to the complexity of structural discontinuities that can generally be measured at a small scale, either in core or in outcrop, but influence groundwater flow over a range of scales. This modeling study uses fracture scanline data obtained from surface bedrock exposures to derive estimates of permeability that can be used to represent the fractured rock matrix within regional scale flow models. The model is developed using PETREL, which traditionally benefits from high resolution data sets obtained during oil and gas exploration, including for example seismic data, and borehole logging data (both lithological and geophysical). The technique consists of interpreting scanline fracture data, and using these data to generate representative Discrete Fracture Network (DFN) models for each field set. The DFN models are then upscaled to provide an effective hydraulic conductivity tensor that represents the fractured rock matrix. For each field site, the upscaled hydraulic conductivities are compared with estimates derived from pumping tests to validate the model. A hydraulic conductivity field is generated for the study region that captures the spatial variability of fracture networks in pseudo-three dimensions from scanline data. Hydraulic conductivities estimated using this approach compare well with those estimated from pumping test data. The study results suggest that such an approach may be feasible for taking small scale fracture data and upscaling these to represent the aquifer matrix hydraulic properties needed for regional groundwater modeling. 相似文献
18.
Hydrochemistry and origins of mineralized waters in the Puebla aquifer system,Mexico 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
Significant upward movement of mineralized water takes place in the Puebla aquifer system. Preferential groundwater flow paths
related to the geological structure and the lowering of the potentiometric surface are suspected to be the prime factors for
this intrusion. A combined approach of geochemical and isotope analyses was used to assess the sources of salinity and processes
that are controlling the changes in groundwater chemical composition in the Puebla aquifer. Geochemical and isotope data indicate
that the likely source of increased solutes is mineralized water from the dissolution of evaporites of the Cretaceous age
at the base of the Upper deep aquifer, which is deeper than the intakes of the shallow wells. Dedolomitization and cation
exchange seems also to occur along flow paths where sulphate concentrations tend to increase. The deep regional flow paths
controls the chemical stratification of groundwater in response to decreased heads through interconnecting vertical and horizontal
pathways, such as in the Fosa Atlixco. The results also suggest that high sulphate concentrations originating in the Lower
deep aquifer are currently affecting shallow production wells. It is concluded that hydrodynamic aspects together with hydrogeochemical
characteristics need to be taken into account to correctly explain the hydrochemical evolution in the stratified aquifer. 相似文献
19.
The Judea Group, a limestone and dolomite karstic aquifer of late Albian–Turonian age, is one of the most important sources
of water in Israel. In the western part of the country, the Judea Group aquifer is also known as the Yarkon–Taninim basin.
In the northern Negev, the Judea Group is a recipient for fresh water flowing southward from the Hebron Mountains and of brackish
paleowater flowing northward from Sinai. Very little is known of the hydraulic properties of this aquifer. In order to outline
assumed natural flow paths that existed in this karstic environment prior to groundwater exploitation, use was made of lithological,
structural, and paleomorphological features. A detailed hydrogeological conceptual model of the Judea Group aquifer in northern
Negev was established by the geological interpretation of high-resolution seismic reflection and by analysis of lithological
evidence from boreholes. Isopach, isolith-contour, and isolith-ratio maps were compiled for the main lithological components.
Increase in transmissivity values is inversely proportional with the cumulative thickness of argillaceous components. The
lithological and hydraulic evidence provides the basis for subdividing the subsurface into distinctive permeability zones
for the upper and lower sections of the aquifer; for outlining possible preferential groundwater flow paths for both subaquifers;
and for improving understanding of groundwater-salinty variations that result from lithological variability, direction of
groundwater flow paths, groundwater flow rates, and the duration of rock/water interactions. In an earlier conceptual model
of the basin, the Judea Group aquifer was regarded as a continuous and undisturbed entity. The present study reveals an intricate
groundwater flow pattern that is controlled by lithological and structural factors that create zones of preferential flow.
This interpretation bears on the overall evaluation of groundwater resources and their management and exploitation.
Received, December 1996 · Revised, October 1997, June 1998 · Accepted, July 1998 相似文献
20.
基于离散裂隙网络模型的裂隙水渗流计算 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
离散裂隙网络模型(Discrete Fracture Network（DFN）)是研究裂隙水渗流最为有效的手段之一。文章根据裂隙几何参数和水力参数的统计分布,利用Monte Carlo随机模拟技术生成二维裂隙网络,基于图论无向图的邻接矩阵判断裂隙网络的连通,利用递归算法提取出裂隙网络的主干网或优势流路径。基于立方定律和渗流连续性方程,利用数值解析法建立了二维裂隙网络渗流模型,分析不同边界条件下裂隙网络中的流体流动。结果表明,该方法可以模拟区域宏观水力梯度和边界条件下,裂隙网络水力梯度方向总的流量,以及节点的水位、节点间的流量和流动方向的变化特征,为区域岩溶裂隙水渗流计算提供了一种实用、可行的方法。 相似文献