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1.
本研究通过将GOES-16 ABI观测亮温和ERA5再分析资料的全天空模拟亮温进行对比分析,发现观测亮温和模拟亮温对流低值区位置大体接近,也能够定性反映出对流从发展到减弱的日变化过程,但亮温低值区域的强度存在较大差异。即使把高分辨率ABI通道13观测亮温平均到ERA5分辨率(0.25°×0.25°),在热带对流区的低亮温强度仍然高于ERA5全天空模拟亮温。因此利用主成分分析(Principal Component Analysis,PCA)和离散傅里叶变换(Discrete Fourier Transform,DFT)对任意选择的两对流区域内的观测和模拟亮温进行了尺度分析和对比。在其中对流较强的区域内,当ABI观测亮温的主成分分量从1增加到9时,水平特征尺度从700 km逐渐减小到150 km。ERA5全天空模拟亮温从主成分1增加到4时,水平特征尺度从950 km减小到270 km空间尺度,但当主成分4增加到9时,特征尺度几乎不变。在对流较弱的另一区域也能够发现ERA5模拟亮温对对流水平特征尺度有明显高估。ERA5模拟亮温各主成分的相位和观测亮温存在2 h以内的误差。由于ERA5全天空... 相似文献
2.
J. Stein E. Richard J. P. Lafore J. P. Pinty N. Asencio S. Cosma 《Meteorology and Atmospheric Physics》2000,72(2-4):203-221
Summary ?Simulations of two heavy rainfall events south of the Alps have been conducted with a non-hydrostatic model at horizontal
resolutions ranging from 40 to 2.5 km. Emphasis is placed on the assessment of two recent model developments: a detailed explicit
mixed phase microphysical scheme and a two-way interactive grid nesting method. In the high-resolution simulations, the impact
of the ice phase was found to be quite substantial, accelerating the propagation of the surface front and modifying the spatial
distribution of the rainfall. Simulations carried out with two-way interactive grid nesting yielded more realistic overall
precipitation patterns, particularly at the finest horizontal resolution.
Received March 22, 1999/Revised June 28, 1999 相似文献
3.
Summary Three different climates have been identified by our evaluation of AVHRR (Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer) data
using APOLLO (AVHRR Processing scheme Over Land, Clouds and Ocean) for a five-years cloud climatology of the Alpine region.
The cloud cover data from four layers were spatially averaged in boxes of 15 km by 14 km. The study area only covers 540 km
by 560 km, but contains regions with moderate, Alpine and Mediterranean climate. Data from the period July 1989 until December
1996 have been considered. The temporal resolution is one scene per day, the early afternoon pass, yielding monthly means
of satellite derived cloud coverages 5% to 10% above the daily mean compared to conventional surface observation. At non-vegetated
sites the cloudiness is sometimes significantly overestimated. Averaging high resolution cloud data seems to be superior to
low resolution measurements of cloud properties and averaging is favourable in topographical homogeneous regions only. The
annual course of cloud cover reveals typical regional features as foehn or temporal singularities as the so-called Christmas
thaw. The cloud cover maps in spatially high resolution show local luff/lee features which outline the orography. Less cloud
cover is found over the Alps than over the forelands in winter, an accumulation of thick cirrus is found over the High Alps
and an accumulation of thin cirrus north of the Alps.
Received December 17, 1999 Revised July 18, 2000 相似文献
4.
G. Birnbaum 《Theoretical and Applied Climatology》2003,74(3-4):255-271
Summary ?To analyse the applicability of a limited-area atmosphere model to the Southern Ocean, a one-year simulation for 1985 is
performed using the REgional MOdel REMO at 55-km horizontal grid-spacing implemented for the Antarctic regions of the Weddell,
Bellingshausen and Amundsen Seas. To evaluate the performance of REMO, a comparison of model results to observations and to
reanalysis/analysis data sets is carried out. REMO is initialized and driven at the lateral and lower boundaries by data of
the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) reanalysis (ERA15).
Overall, REMO is an appropriate tool for further climate studies in Antarctic regions. It reproduces reasonably well basic
spatial patterns and the seasonal cycle of the atmospheric circulation. However, the simulated mean sea level pressure (MSLP)
is predominantly lower than the MSLP provided by observations and by ERA. Considerable temperature differences in the lower
troposphere over sea ice in winter cause discrepancies between the REMO and ERA pressure fields in the mid-troposphere too.
The precipitation rate P of the REMO simulation agrees qualitatively well with main features of the observed climatological
spatial distribution described in literature. The seasonal cycle of P in the inner Weddell Sea reflects the Antarctic semi-annual
oscillation. Concerning the forcing fields, the ERA sea ice surface temperatures in winter are generally higher than satellite
derived surface temperatures. Although the differences are 10 to 15 K in the southern Weddell Sea, this deficiency of the
ERA data hardly influences the mean large-scale circulation.
Received October 10, 2001; revised April 22, 2002; accepted May 12, 2002 相似文献
5.
Climate mode simulations using MM5 have been conducted over Western Europe on a 45-km grid driven by ECMWF’s ERA40 reanalysis data. We focus our validation on the Alpine region and the Alpine foreland. A reference experiment comprising the years of 1991 to 2000 shows reasonable correspondence to station measurements and a gridded precipitation climatology of the Alps. Also, the mean monthly diurnal cycle of near-surface temperature and dew point temperature verified in the Alpine foreland compares quite well to station data showing some minor discrepancies mainly in the afternoon that seem to be common to regional models. Furthermore, a set of sensitivity experiments was conducted for the years of 1996 to 1999. This set was spanned on the one hand by three convection schemes to get an estimate of the possible range of simulated precipitation amounts inherent to the MM5-system. On the other hand, two different formulations of the horizontal numerical diffusion were investigated with respect to their influence on simulated precipitation in mountainous terrain. It was found that the impact of the formulation of numerical diffusion is similarly large as the sensitivity to the convection scheme, with computing diffusion along the terrain-following coordinate surfaces being clearly worse than computing it in a truly horizontal manner. 相似文献
6.
H. Kraus C. M. Ewenz M. Kremer J. M. Hacker 《Meteorology and Atmospheric Physics》2000,73(3-4):157-175
Summary In Southern Australia summertime deep cold fronts are frequently preceded by a shallow cold frontal line connected to a prefrontal
lower tropospheric trough. The advance of this line defines a “cool change” which in many cases causes severe weather events.
The goal of this paper is to analyze the multi-scale structure of these cool changes using aircraft observations and synoptic-scale
analyses. The aircraft measurements on cross-frontal tracks of horizontal lengths of up to 300 km are performed with an average
resolution of 3 to 4 m along the track. Thus a multi-scale analysis from micro-scale events up to the synoptic-scale phenomena
can be presented. All flights and thus all meso- and micro-scale analyses are performed over water only. The obviously very
different characteristics of the cool change structure elements over land are not investigated.
The synoptic analyses for one very typical case show a prefrontal trough as characterized by its position in relation to the
main deep cold front, its source region in Western Australia and its extent to the southeast. Fields of strong wind shear,
temperature gradients, vertical wind and Q-vectors are displayed.
The meso-β-scale x, z-cross-sections derived from two aircraft missions (data of the second one in brackets) show: a shallow cold front with a
160 (60) km wide transition zone in which the near surface potential temperature drops rather steadily by 9 °C (20 °C); a
shallow feeder flow topped by a strong inversion with a vertical gradient of potential temperature up to 5 °C/100 m between
the top of the feeder flow at 400 (200) m and 1500 (700) m; a cross-frontal circulation expressed by the ageostrophic wind
components u
ϕ,subscale and w with a center at 1200 m over the frontal edge of the feeder flow (for one mission only); a strong shear of the along-frontal
wind component v
ϕ with a large increase of the negative v
ϕ-values with height, which very well fits to the synoptic-scale view of the wave structure of the geostrophic wind (well-known
from the upper level synoptic charts) at different heights; a jet core of this along-frontal wind in the center of the cross-frontal
circulation, again for one mission only.
A very striking example of a micro-scale event is an approximately 1 km wide head of a frontal squall line. It shows dramatic
changes of all meteorological parameters. The event is displayed in a horizontal domain of 4 km with full resolution (∼ 4 m).
Derivatives of the measured parameters in the cross-frontal direction add information to the space series of the parameters
themselves. Deformation frontogenesis of potential temperature and specific humidity show very large values on the scale resolved
here. Fortunately the squall line could be sampled again at the same height, but in a somewhat degenerated state 1? h later.
Received September 3, 1999 Revised December 14, 1999 相似文献
7.
袁招洪 《Acta Meteorologica Sinica》2015,73(4):648-666
为研究不同分辨率和微物理方案对飑线阵风锋模拟的影响,利用WRF中尺度数值预报模式,对2009年6月5日发生在上海的一次飑线过程分别进行了3、1、0.5 km水平分辨率和一、二阶矩微物理方案的理想试验。结果表明,模式水平分辨率和微物理方案对模拟飑线阵风锋有明显的影响。随模式水平分辨率的提高,模式模拟的飑线弓状回波结构更精细。与3 km分辨率相比,1和0.5 km分辨率模式能很好模拟出飑线后部下沉气流和前部上升气流,模拟的冷池前沿最大风速相对更接近实况。二阶矩微物理方案更能模拟出飑线弓状回波前强后弱的结构特征和飑线过境地面降温幅度,模拟的飑线移动速度、冷池面积和强度、冷池前沿最大风速和雨水蒸发率等均小于一阶矩微物理方案的模拟值。采用1和0.5 km模式水平分辨率及二阶矩微物理方案模式模拟的飑线与WSR-88D多普勒天气雷达探测实况更接近。模式分辨率的提高有利于模拟飑线的维持。对业务数值预报模式模拟飑线阵风锋而言,在计算条件允许的情况下,模式水平分辨率达1 km并采用二阶矩微物理方案可能是需要的。结果还表明,冷池前沿最大风速、冷池强度、模式底层降温幅度、飑线移动速度与雨水蒸发率存在对应的变化趋势,飑线移动速度的变化对飑线阵风锋地面大风的预报有指示意义。改善数值模式对飑线阵风锋预报性能除需关注模式水平分辨率和微物理方案外,还需关注数值模式对雨水蒸发率的模拟能力。 相似文献
8.
A suite of high-resolution (10 km) simulations were performed with the International Centre for Theoretical Physics (ICTP) Regional Climate Model (RegCM3) to study the effect of various lateral boundary conditions (LBCs), domain size, and intermediate domains on simulated precipitation over the Great Alpine Region. The boundary conditions used were ECMWF ERA-Interim Reanalysis with grid spacing 0.75°, the ECMWF ERA-40 Reanalysis with grid spacing 1.125 and 2.5°, and finally the 2.5° NCEP/DOE AMIP-II Reanalysis. The model was run in one-way nesting mode with direct nesting of the high-resolution RCM (horizontal grid spacing Δx = 10 km) with driving reanalysis, with one intermediate resolution nest (Δx = 30 km) between high-resolution RCM and reanalysis forcings, and also with two intermediate resolution nests (Δx = 90 km and Δx = 30 km) for simulations forced with LBC of resolution 2.5°. Additionally, the impact of domain size was investigated. The results of multiple simulations were evaluated using different analysis techniques, e.g., Taylor diagram and a newly defined useful statistical parameter, called Skill-Score, for evaluation of daily precipitation simulated by the model. It has been found that domain size has the major impact on the results, while different resolution and versions of LBCs, e.g., 1.125° ERA40 and 0.7° ERA-Interim, do not produce significantly different results. It is also noticed that direct nesting with reasonable domain size, seems to be the most adequate method for reproducing precipitation over complex terrain, while introducing intermediate resolution nests seems to deteriorate the results. 相似文献
9.
The MM5 modelling system has been used to perform regional climate simulations over Western Europe on a 45-km grid for the years 1971 to 2000. We focus our analysis on the impact of the driving input data on simulated precipitation in the Alpine area. Using ERA40 reanalysis data, the MM5 climatology of precipitation compares reasonably well with an observational climatology for the Alpine region. Switching to an ECHAM5 climate simulation as driving data induces excessive overprediction by up to 80% in the colder seasons there, primarily over the Alpine slopes. The large-scale flow provided by the global datasets revealed moderate differences indicating an increased number of low-pressure systems travelling from the Atlantic into the Alpine region for ECHAM5 compared with ERA40. Mean seasonal 700-hPa wind speeds correspondingly showed higher values for the ECHAM5 driven simulation in the central Alps. Partitioning three-hourly 700-hPa winds according to direction and speed in the central Alps specifically revealed a distinct shift to stronger westerly and north-westerly winds. Furthermore, aggregating three-hourly rainfall amounts to the same wind direction and wind speed intervals as for the wind statistics revealed strongly intensified precipitation due to the overly intense westerly winds, implying too intense orographic precipitation enhancement. 相似文献
10.
One of the main concerns in regional climate modeling is to which extent limited-area regional climate models (RCM) reproduce
the large-scale atmospheric conditions of their driving general circulation model (GCM). In this work we investigate the ability
of a multi-model ensemble of regional climate simulations to reproduce the large-scale weather regimes of the driving conditions.
The ensemble consists of a set of 13 RCMs on a European domain, driven at their lateral boundaries by the ERA40 reanalysis
for the time period 1961–2000. Two sets of experiments have been completed with horizontal resolutions of 50 and 25 km, respectively.
The spectral nudging technique has been applied to one of the models within the ensemble. The RCMs reproduce the weather regimes
behavior in terms of composite pattern, mean frequency of occurrence and persistence reasonably well. The models also simulate
well the long-term trends and the inter-annual variability of the frequency of occurrence. However, there is a non-negligible
spread among the models which is stronger in summer than in winter. This spread is due to two reasons: (1) we are dealing
with different models and (2) each RCM produces an internal variability. As far as the day-to-day weather regime history is
concerned, the ensemble shows large discrepancies. At daily time scale, the model spread has also a seasonal dependence, being
stronger in summer than in winter. Results also show that the spectral nudging technique improves the model performance in
reproducing the large-scale of the driving field. In addition, the impact of increasing the number of grid points has been
addressed by comparing the 25 and 50 km experiments. We show that the horizontal resolution does not affect significantly
the model performance for large-scale circulation. 相似文献
11.
The effects of changing horizontal resolution are studied using ensembles of seasonal simulations made by a relatively recent
version of the ECMWF model. The model is integrated at T63, TL159 and TL319 spectral resolutions. The last corresponds approximately to a 0.56° latitude-longitude grid and may be considered, by
climate modelling standards, as very high resolution. Though, on average, no dramatically large differences in ensemble mean
quantities are found between the three resolutions, some monotonic (systematic) differences with increasing resolution are
evident. Whilst the better representation of orography with increasing resolution accounts for many differences between the
resolutions considered, not all variations can be associated with changes in local orographic features. The existence of systematic
changes with resolution indicates that the development of numerical models, especially physical parametrizations, should be
carried out simultaneously at various resolutions. The study indicates that the highest model resolution does not always give
the best results in terms of verification. In addition, reanalysis parameters that are mainly driven by model physics may
not be optimal for the verification in such resolution studies.
Received: 11 August 2000 / Accepted: 13 February 2001 相似文献
12.
T. Halenka J. Kalvová Z. Chládová A. Demeterová K. Zemánková M. Belda 《Theoretical and Applied Climatology》2006,86(1-4):125-145
Summary We analyze daily precipitation and temperature extremes over the Czech Republic in a regional climate simulation for the 40-year
period of 1961–2000 carried out with the RegCM3 regional climate model. The model is run at 45 km grid interval and is driven
by NCEP/NCAR reanalysis lateral boundary conditions. Comparison with station data shows that the model performs reasonably
well in simulating the frequency of daily precipitation events of medium to high intensity as well as the precipitation intensities
(return levels) of long return periods, with the exception of mountain stations. While this is attributed mainly to the relatively
coarse representation of topography across the area of the Czech Republic, the parameterization of convection can be another
reason. The model underestimates daily maximum temperature (especially in the warm seasons) and as a result the occurrence
of heat waves (high temperature episodes). The performance of the model improves in the simulation of daily minimum temperature
and cold wave events. In order to apply this regional model to the simulation of extreme events over the complex terrain as
for Czech Republic we recommend that a higher resolution is used in order to better describe the topography of the Czech Republic
and that the daily maximum temperature bias is reduced. 相似文献
13.
On the role of resolution and topography in the simulation of East Asia precipitation 总被引：13，自引：0，他引：13
Xuejie Gao Ying Xu Zongci Zhao J. S. Pal F. Giorgi 《Theoretical and Applied Climatology》2006,86(1-4):173-185
Summary In this paper, we investigate the role that horizontal resolution plays in the simulation of East Asia precipitation. Two
sets of numerical experiments are performed using the Regional Climate Model (RegCM2) nested in one-way mode within the CSIRO
global coupled atmosphere-ocean model. In the first set we use the actual RegCM2 topography at the selected model resolutions,
which are 45, 60, 90, 120, 180, 240 and 360 km. In the second set of the experiments, the same coarse CSIRO model topography
is used in all simulations using the different resolutions of the first set. The results demonstrate that the simulation of
East Asian precipitation improves as the horizontal resolution is increased. Moreover, it is shown that the simulations using
a higher resolution along with the coarse CSIRO topography perform better than the simulations using a coarser model resolution
with corresponding model topography. This suggests that over East Asia adequate spatial resolution to resolve the physical
and dynamical processes is more important than topography. Lastly, the results indicate that model resolutions of 60 km or
higher are needed to accurately simulate the distribution of precipitation over China and East Asia. 相似文献
14.
极轨气象卫星S-NPP、MetOp-A和FY-3B上搭载的微波湿度计观测资料可以反映出台风周围水汽和云雨结构。本文使用权重函数峰值在800 hPa附近的微波湿度计通道观测资料和ERA5再分析资料全天空模拟亮温,以飓风Sandy和Isaac为例,对用方位谱台风中心位置定位方法得到的观测和模拟中心位置进行了比较。利用下午星S-NPP搭载的先进技术微波探测仪(Advanced Technology Microwave Sounder,ATMS)和上午星MetOp-A搭载的微波湿度计(Microwave Humidity Sounder,MHS)观测亮温得到的飓风Sandy(Isaac)中心位置与最佳路径平均相差35.8 km(32.9 km),但用ERA5全天空模拟亮温得到的飓风Sandy(Isaac)中心位置与最佳路径平均相差73.3 km(82.1 km)。若按照热带风暴和台风等级来划分,ATMS和MHS观测和模拟亮温得到的台风中心位置与最佳路径的平均距离对热带风暴分别是36.5 km和105.9 km,对台风分别是25.8 km和56.4 km。若用FY-3B搭载的微波湿度计(以MWHS表示)替换ATMS,所得结果类似。ERA5作为全球大气再分析资料的典型代表,用方位谱台风中心位置定位方法得到的台风中心位置误差较大的原因是ERA5再分析资料全天空模拟亮温在台风中的分布结构与观测亮温相差较大,而模拟亮温与冰水路径分布结构极为相似。研究对台风数值预报中的全天空模拟亮温资料同化具有一定的参考意义。 相似文献
15.
Summary The local wind system in the upper Isar Valley (Bavarian Alps) near Mittenwald has the peculiarity that regularly strong foehn-like
nocturnal flows occur, mainly during clear nights in autumn and winter. We will refer to this phenomenon as “Minifoehn”, as
its properties are similar to the classical deep foehn in the sense that its breakthrough into the Isar Valley usually brings
a striking increase in temperature and a concomitant decrease in relative humidity. Numerical simulations with the MM5 model
reveal that this phenomenon is related to a nocturnal drainage flow originating from a plateau south of Mittenwald. This flow
is driven by the temperature difference between this plateau (1180 m) and the free atmosphere above Mittenwald (920 m, 15 km
north of the plateau) at the same level. The air masses flow through two different valleys that merge again further downstream.
The upper part of one of the two drainage currents goes over a small mountain ridge (1180 m) south-west of Mittenwald and
then descends into the Isar Valley, leading to an advection of potentially warm air towards Mittenwald. This branch of the
drainage current constitutes the Minifoehn. The remaining part of the drainage current flows through a narrow gap towards
the Isar Valley and then joins the drainage flow of this valley. As these air masses are significantly cooler than the Minifoehn
branch, large horizontal temperature gradients can be found around Mittenwald.
The dynamical behaviour of the cold air flow turns out to be qualitatively consistent with shallow-water theory only in the
absence of a forcing by large-scale winds. Otherwise, gravity-wave induced pressure perturbations interact with the drainage
flow and modify the low-level flow field. The simulations show that the gravity waves are excited by the mountain range that
separates the two valleys mentioned above. Moreover, the simulations indicate that the structure of this nocturnal wind system
is not very sensitive to the direction of synoptic-scale winds as long as they come from the southern sector. On the other
hand, ambient northerly winds are able to prevent the drainage flow and therefore the local foehn effects in the Isar Valley
provided that synoptic winds are strong enough. The results of the MM5 simulations are in good agreement with the measurements
and observations described in part 1 of this study. 相似文献
16.
Summary ?This paper describes a numerical study of the major spiral rainband in typhoon Flo (1990) using the Meteorological Research
Institute Mesoscale Nonhydrostatic Model (MRI-NHM). The effects of precipitation schemes and horizontal resolution on the
representation of the simulated rainband are discussed.
Dynamic and thermodynamic structures of the simulated major rainband to the north of the storm center are well represented
in the model with a 5 km horizontal resolution. The structures are consistent with observational results reported for other
tropical cyclones. Among the realistic features are: a cold pool and convergence on the inner side of the band; convergence
above low-level inflow layers; and the outward slope of the updraft with height. The band is caused by the motion of the storm
through its surroundings where horizontal wind has vertical shear.
The simulation of the structure and precipitation pattern associated with the major rainband depends on the precipitation
scheme rather than the horizontal resolution. The band appears more realistic when using explicit cloud microphysics as a
precipitation scheme, rather than moist convective adjustment. This result is attributable to the difference in scheme triggering.
In the simulation with moist convective adjustment, the elimination of vertical instability in low-level atmosphere is excessive,
suppressing band formation. The overall structure of the band is also more realistic in the simulation using explicit cloud
microphysics, because a cold pool exists in the lower layers and the vertical axis of upward flow tilts outward. This result
suggests that prediction will partly depend on variables associated with cloud microphysics, such as the mixing ratio of cloud
water.
The horizontal grid distance, which varied between 5 and 20 km, quantitatively influenced the rainfall amount, although the
large-scale band structure remained unchanged. The rainfall amount increased as the grid interval was reduced from 20 to 10-km
but decreased as the interval was further reduced from 10 to 5 km.
Received March 20, 2001; revised August 20, 2001 相似文献
17.
Numerical simulation of seasonal distribution of precipitation over the eastern Mediterranean with a RCM 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
Regional climate model (RCM) RegCM3 with 50 km horizontal resolution driven from the lateral boundaries by the data from NCEP/NCAR
re-analysis is used in a series of ten climate downscaling experiments over the eastern Mediterranean (EM) region. Results
of the experiments are characterized by seasonal precipitation patterns with notable offshore precipitation zones positioned
~50 km westward of a less intense precipitation zone over the coastal area. Atmospheric processes determining the distribution
of seasonal precipitation patterns in the EM are analyzed based on results of the RCM experiments performed. Level of success
of the model representation of the actual precipitation over the ECM appears to be depending on that of precipitation balance
over different parts of the domain. Excessive moisture convergence over a sub-area usually takes place at the expense of moisture
divergence from neighboring areas. Synoptic mechanism causing formation of the precipitation zone in the offshore zone appears
to be associated with the role of meridionally oriented atmospheric trough systems extending from Scandinavia or Siberia to
the EM during the period with rainy events. In such situations, air flows with strong northern components lead to intense
transport of cold air masses to the EM. Meeting of the cold air masses the warm and humid air over the sea surface in the
offshore zone causes formation of persistent squall lines and heavy rains there. Such processes may continue quite long as
long as the troughs are stationary. 相似文献
18.
Summary A severe localized windstorm, with near-surface winds > 60 ms−1, occurred in an isolated valley within the Alpine mountains (> 1800 m) of central Norway on 31 January 1995. A multi-scale
numerical simulation of the event was performed with the Naval Research Laboratory (NRL)’s Coupled Ocean/Atmosphere Mesoscale
Prediction System (COAMPS), configured with four nested grids telescoping down to 1-km horizontal resolution. The windstorm
occurred in response to topographic blocking and deformation of a lower-tropospheric warm front and attendant jet (> 35 ms−1 at 2 km). The key findings are: i) mountain wave resonance and amplification arising from the interaction of the surface-based
front and jet with complex orography, ii) sensitivity of the wave response to differential diabatic heating (vertical) gradients
above the front, and iii) trapped response within the layer of large frontal stratification in the lower troposphere and subsequent
amplification consistent with the theoretically-established two-layer windstorm analogue of Durran (1986).
Received September 29, 1999 Revised December 30, 1999 相似文献
19.
A. S. Broad 《Meteorology and Atmospheric Physics》2000,72(1):1-11
Summary. ?A hydrostatic numerical model is used to simulate the lee wave event IOP3 (0000 GMT to 1200 GMT 15th October 1990) from the PYREX mountain experiment. Results from integrations at different horizontal resolutions are used
to investigate the effect on surface pressure drag and the vertical flux of horizontal momentum due to orographically forced
gravity waves. In particular, results showing the dependence on resolution of the partitioning between resolved and parametrized
wave drag and fluxes are presented. With the model horizontal gridlength changing from 50 km to 10 km the majority of wave
momentum flux changes from being parametrized to becoming resolved. More significantly, there is a change in the profile of
flux with height. At 50 km resolution the largest inferred mean flow decelerations are at lower stratospheric level due to
the parametrization scheme. At 10 km resolution this is shifted, with less deceleration high up and more wave deceleration
lower down in the troposphere. Numerical weather prediction models are now beginning to take account of such low level drag
with beneficial results.
Received March 2, 1999/Revised July 15, 1999 相似文献
20.
A novel downscaling approach of the ERA40 (ECMWF 40-years reanalysis) data set has been taken and results for comparison with
observations in Norway are shown. The method applies a nudging technique in a stretched global model, focused in the Norwegian
Sea (67°N, 5°W). The effective resolution is three times the one of the ERA40, equivalent to about 30 km grid spacing in the
area of focus. Longer waves (<T42) in the downscaled solution are nudged towards the ERA40 solution, and thus the large-scale
circulation is similar in the two data sets. The shorter waves are free to evolve, and produce high intensities of winds and
precipitation. The comparison to observations incorporate numerous station data points of (1) precipitation (#357), (2) temperature
(#98) and (3) wind (#10), and for the period 1961–1990, the downscaled data set shows large improvements over ERA40. The daily
precipitation shows considerable reduction in bias (from 50 to 11%), and twofold reduction at the 99.9 percentile (from −59
to −29%). The daily temperature showed a bias reduction of about a degree in most areas, and relative large RMSE reduction
(from 7.5 to 5.0°C except winter). The wind comparison showed a slight improvement in bias, and significant improvements in
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