共查询到20条相似文献，搜索用时 31 毫秒
1.
A coupled 3-dimensional physical, chemical and biological model system, NORWECOM (the NORWegian ECOlogical Model system), is validated and used to identify and quantify the short-term variability of the different water masses being transported into and out of Skagerrak. The model system is a nesting between a coarse grid model set up for an extended North Sea, and a fine grid defined in the Skagerrak/Kattegat area.Originating from the extensive SKAGEX (SKAGerrak EXperiment) database, several interesting events have been identified and become the focus of the modeling. Through interactive use of the SKAGEX data set and NORWECOM, it is possible to gain a new insight into a very complex hydrodynamic system, an insight that is hard to achieve based on measurements only. 相似文献
2.
Decadal long simulations of mesoscale structures in the northern North Sea/Skagerrak using two ocean models 总被引：2，自引：2，他引：0
We consider results from two 27-year-long simulation pairs derived using two different ocean models. We focus on the Skagerrak/North
Sea area. Each pair consists of the two terrain-following coordinate models ROMS and MIPOM. The first pair utilizes an eddy-permitting
grid, that is, a grid in which the Rossby radius is barely resolved. The second pair utilizes an eddy-resolving grid in which
the Rossby radius is truly resolved. The goal is to compare the quality of the two models and the two pairs. To this end we
derive statistical properties such as probability density functions and compare them with similar statistics derived from
observations. Thereby we obtain insight into whether a truly eddy-resolving model is required to realistically capture the
mesoscale statistics. We find that eddy resolution is critical to get the mesoscale statistics correct, in particular, the
strength of the current jets. Our results also indicate that the improvement gained by employing the eddy-resolving grid is
mostly due to a better resolved topography. In particular, we find that this is the case in areas exhibiting prominent topographic
features, such as the deep Norwegian Trench cutting into the heart of the northern North Sea/Skagerrak area. The results also
highlight the advantage of first performing quality assurance investigations when implementing a new model for a new area. 相似文献
3.
A finite element model of the Irish and Celtic Sea regions with a range of grid resolutions is used to examine the influence of resolution upon the higher harmonics of the tide in the region. Comparisons are also made with published results from finite difference models of the area, and observations. Calculations using fine near-shore elements with non-zero water depths in coastal regions were found to be more accurate and less time consuming than those using a zero coastal water depth. A detailed examination of the spatial variability of the higher harmonics in near-shore regions of the eastern Irish Sea particularly the Solway and Morecambe Bay showed significant small-scale variability. This together with the variation in higher harmonics in the eastern Irish Sea and adjacent estuaries, clearly shows the need for an unstructured grid model of the region that can include the estuaries. To match the high resolution of the model in near-shore regions accurate high-resolution topography is required. 相似文献
4.
We assess the performance of an eddy-recognizing numerical ocean model in simulating the pattern and variability of the hydrography
in the Skagerrak/northern North Sea area. The model we use is a version of the widely used Princeton ocean model employing
a terrain-following vertical coordinate. Results from a series of five multi-year simulations of the mesoscale response are
described. The simulations differ in their representation of the lateral freshwater supply to the model ocean of which the
first is a reference simulation. The next four are variations in which the river discharges and/or the Baltic outflow are
given more realistic representations. For validation, we have used in situ hydrographic data. A novelty is that we use the
concepts of freshwater height and potential energy anomaly as objective validation tools. We find that, in general, the model
faithfully reproduces many of the observed hydrographic features including their mean patterns and their variance. Not surprisingly,
we find that the Baltic outflow is by far the most significant freshwater source in terms of its influence on the hydrography
in the area, a result corroborating earlier findings. The best validation is obtained when all freshwater supply is made as
realistic as possible, in particular the Baltic outflow. We also find that the large scale cyclonic circulation and the location
of fronts are robust characteristics of the Skagerrak/northern North Sea circulation given the impact changes in the freshwater
input has on the hydrography. Finally, we find that a further exploration of the impact of the lateral open boundary forcing,
e.g., the input of Atlantic water, is needed. 相似文献
5.
A. P. Karageorgis H. G. Kaberi A. Tengberg V. Zervakis P. O. J. Hall Ch. L. Anagnostou 《Continental Shelf Research》2003,23(17-19):1787
The seasonal vertical distribution of particulate matter (PM) was studied in two contrasting areas: (a) the mesotrophic Skagerrak (in the North Sea); and (b) the oligotrophic northeastern Aegean Sea (eastern Mediterranean). Similarities and differences of the PM distribution in the two areas are assessed with respect to the prevailing hydrographic conditions and the PM composition. Hydrographic conditions in both of the areas are characterised by strong density gradients, resulting from the inflow of low-salinity water, i.e. Baltic Sea water and Black Sea water for the Skagerrak and the northeastern Aegean Sea, respectively.Enhanced primary production and particles mainly of biogenic origin characterise the mesotrophic Skagerrak, whereas five-fold lower particle concentrations appeared in the oligotrophic Aegean Sea. The input of riverine particulates was limited in both of the areas. In the Skagerrak, the strong stratification resulted in particle accumulation on/above the pycnocline and the development of pronounced intermediate nepheloid layers (INLs). The pycnocline-related INLs were formed entirely by dinoflagellates. The pycnocline hindered the vertical movement and sinking rates of particles, thus favouring primary production. Particle horizontal advection along the density discontinuities was probably enhanced. This pattern was not observed in the stratified waters of the northeastern Aegean Sea, probably due to the very low particle concentrations and/or the fact that phytoplankton maxima appeared in deeper waters. Pronounced INLs were identified in the Skagerrak below the pycnocline; these are attributed to accumulated or advected dinoflagellate skeletal remains mixed with clay mineral particles. This was revealed only by means of SEM observations. X-ray diffraction analysis could not provide information on the type of phytoplankton present, because dinoflagellates form their skeletons from organic material. Frontal stations in the northeastern Aegean Sea exhibited pronounced vertical movement of particles towards the deeper waters. Benthic nepheloid layers (BNL) were observed in the Skagerrak; these were related to the resuspended fine-grained surface sediments. In the northeastern Aegean Sea, although near-bottom current velocities were sufficient to resuspend surface sediments, resuspension occurred only episodically. The BNLs here are related mostly to near-bottom phytoplankton growth. 相似文献
6.
A hydrodynamic model of the Venice Lagoon and the Adriatic Sea has been developed in order to study the exchanges at the inlets of the Venice Lagoon, a complex morphological area connecting the sea and the lagoon. The model solves the shallow water equations on a spatial domain discretized by a staggered finite element grid. The grid represents the Adriatic Sea and the Venice Lagoon with different spatial resolutions varying from 30 m for the smallest channels of the lagoon to 30 km for the inner areas of the central Adriatic Sea. Data from more than ten tide gauges displaced in the Adriatic Sea have been used in the calibration of the simulated water levels. After the calibration, the tidal wave propagation in the North Adriatic and in the Venice Lagoon is well reproduced by the model. To validate the model results, empirical flux data measured by acoustic Doppler current profiler probes installed inside the inlets of Lido and Malamocco have been used and the exchanges through the three inlets of the Venice Lagoon have been analyzed. The comparison between modeled and measured fluxes at the inlets outlines the efficiency of the model to reproduce both tide- and wind-induced water exchanges between the sea and the lagoon. Even in complex areas, where highly varying resolution is needed, the model is suitable for the simulation of the dominating physical processes. 相似文献
7.
Climate change accentuates the need for knowing how temperature impacts the life history and productivity of economically and ecologically important species of fish. We examine the influence of temperature on the timing of the spawning and migrations of North Sea Mackerel using data from larvae CPR surveys, egg surveys and commercial landings from Danish coastal fisheries in the North Sea, Skagerrak, Kattegat and inner Danish waters. The three independent sources of data all show that there is a significant relationship between the timing of spawning and sea surface temperature. Large mackerel are shown to arrive at the feeding areas before and leave later than small mackerel and the sequential appearance of mackerel in each of the feeding areas studied supports the anecdotal evidence for an eastward post-spawning migration. Occasional commercial catches taken in winter in the Sound N, Kattegat and Skagerrak together with catches in the first quarter IBTS survey furthermore indicate some overwintering here. Significant relationships between temperature and North Sea mackerel spawning and migration have not been documented before. The results have implications for mackerel resource management and monitoring. An increase in temperature is likely to affect the timing and magnitude of the growth, recruitment and migration of North Sea mackerel with subsequent impacts on its sustainable exploitation. 相似文献
8.
A variable mesh finite element model of the Irish and Celtic Sea regions with/without the inclusion of the Mersey estuary is used to examine the influence of grid resolution and the Mersey upon the higher harmonics of the tide in the region. Comparisons are made with observations and published results from finite difference models of the area. Although including a high resolution representation of the Mersey had little effect upon computed tides in the western Irish Sea it had a significant effect upon tidal currents in the eastern Irish Sea. In addition the higher harmonics of the M2 tide in near-shore regions of the eastern Irish Sea particularly the Solway and Mersey estuary together with Morecambe Bay showed significant small scale variability. The Mersey was used to test the sensitivity to including estuaries because high resolution accurate topography was available. The results presented here suggest that comparable detailed topographic data sets are required in all estuaries and near-shore regions. In addition comparisons clearly show the need for an unstructured grid model of the region that can include all the estuaries. Such an unstructured grid solution was developed here within a finite element approach, although other methods in particular the finite volume, or coordinate transformations/curvilinear grids and nesting could be applied. 相似文献
9.
Storm surge computations for the west coast of Britain using a finite element model (TELEMAC) 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
An unstructured mesh finite element model of the sea region off the west coast of Britain is used to examine the storm surge event of November 1977. This period is chosen because accurate meteorological data to drive the model and coastal observations for validation purposes are available. In addition, previous published results from a coarse-grid (resolution 7 km) finite difference model of the region and high-resolution (1 km) limited area (namely eastern Irish Sea) model are available for comparison purposes. To enable a “like with like” comparison to be made, the finite element model covers the same domain and has the same meteorological forcing as these earlier finite difference models. In addition, the mesh is based on an identical set of water depths. Calculations show that the finite element model can reproduce both the “external” and “internal” components of the surge in the region. This shows that the “far field” (external) component of the surge can accurately propagate through the irregular mesh, and the model responds accurately, without over- or under-damping, to local wind forcing. Calculations show significant temporal and spatial variability in the surge in close agreement with that found in earlier finite difference calculations. In addition, root mean square errors between computed and observed surge are comparable to those found in previous finite different calculations. The ability to vary the mesh in nearshore regions reveals appreciable small-scale variability that was not found in the previous finite difference solutions. However, the requirement to perform a “like with like” comparison using the same water depths means that the full potential of the unstructured grid model to improve resolution in the nearshore region is inhibited. This is clearly evident in the Mersey estuary region where a higher resolution unstructured mesh model, forced with uniform winds, had shown high topographic variability due to small-scale variations in topography that are not resolved here. Despite the lack of high resolution in the nearshore region, the model showed results that were consistent with the previous storm surge models of the region. Calculations suggest that to improve on these earlier results, a finer nearshore mesh is required based upon accurate nearshore topography. 相似文献
10.
The characteristics of a global set-up of the Finite-Element Sea-Ice Ocean Model under forcing of the period 1958–2004 are presented. The model set-up is designed to study the variability in the deep-water mass formation areas and was therefore regionally better resolved in the deep-water formation areas in the Labrador Sea, Greenland Sea, Weddell Sea and Ross Sea. The sea-ice model reproduces realistic sea-ice distributions and variabilities in the sea-ice extent of both hemispheres as well as sea-ice transport that compares well with observational data. Based on a comparison between model and ocean weather ship data in the North Atlantic, we observe that the vertical structure is well captured in areas with a high resolution. In our model set-up, we are able to simulate decadal ocean variability including several salinity anomaly events and corresponding fingerprint in the vertical hydrography. The ocean state of the model set-up features pronounced variability in the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation as well as the associated mixed layer depth pattern in the North Atlantic deep-water formation areas. 相似文献
11.
The South China Sea is a large marginal sea surrounded by land masses and island chains, and characterized by complex bathymetry and irregular coastlines. An unstructured-grid SUNTANS model is employed to perform depth-averaged simulations of the circulation in the South China Sea. The model is tidally forced at the open ocean boundaries using the eight main tidal constituents as derived from the OSU Tidal Prediction Software. The model simulations are performed for the year 2005 using a time step of 60 s. The model reproduces the spring-neap and diurnal and semidiurnal variability in the observed data. Skill assessment of the model is performed by comparing model-predicted surface elevations with observations. For stations located in the central region of the South China Sea, the root mean squared errors (RMSE) are less than 10 % and the Pearson’s correlation coefficient (r) is as high as 0.9. The simulations show that the quality of the model prediction is dependent on the horizontal grid resolution, coastline accuracy, and boundary locations. The maximum RMSE errors and minimum correlation coefficients occur at Kaohsiung (located in northern South China Sea off Taiwan coast) and Tioman (located in southern South China Sea off Malaysia coast). This may be explained with spectral analysis of sea level residuals and winds, which reveal dynamics at Kaohsiung and Tioman are strongly influenced by the seasonal monsoon winds. Our model demonstrates the importance of tidally driven circulation in the central region of the South China Sea. 相似文献
12.
The study of water masses is important as they transport water properties affecting the biosphere and ocean dynamics. In this study, we revisit water masses in the Caribbean Sea using climatology and 11 months of observations at different depths from 3 moorings placed in the Guajira upwelling region, providing some new findings. The Caribbean Surface Water (CSW) seasonal variability is studied at the mixed layer depth. Salinity differences between CSW and the saltier North Atlantic Subtropical Underwater (SUW) determine static stability spatial and temporal variations, with implications for regional ocean dynamics. Besides, we assess the climatologic distribution of water masses below the salinity maximum using the optimum multiparameter analysis and the Thermodynamic Equation of Seawater 2010, defining their source water indices when entering the Caribbean Sea. The SUW, with its core at ~ 150 m depth, occupies 16% of the Caribbean Sea volume, complemented by 38% of Antarctic Intermediate Water, with its core at ~ 700 m depth and North Atlantic Deep Water, which as bottom water occupies 46% of the volume. Hydrographic observations do not differ from climatology, regardless of their large sub-annual variations decreasing with depth. Daily time series of dominant water fractions at different depths correlate at each mooring, indicating a common forcing. Besides, rotated wind stress, which is an indicator of the Guajira upwelling, correlates regularly with water mass fractions down to 700 m depth. However, during strong wind shifts, upwelling seems to affect them down to 1450 m depth.
相似文献13.
Cecilia E. Enriquez Georgy I. Shapiro Alejandro J. Souza Andrei G. Zatsepin 《Ocean Dynamics》2005,55(5-6):476-489
A three dimensional structure of mesoscale circulation in the Black Sea is simulated using the Proudman Oceanographic Laboratory
Coastal Ocean Modelling System. A number of sensitivity tests reveal the response of the model to changes in the horizontal
resolution, time steps, and diffusion coefficients. Three numerical grids are examined with x-fine (3.2 km), fine (6.7 km) and coarse (25 km) resolution. It is found that the coarse grid significantly overestimates
the energy of the currents and is not adequate even for the study of basin-scale circulation. The x-fine grid, on the other hand, does not give significant advantages compared to the fine grid, and the latter is used for
the bulk of simulations. The most adequate parameters are chosen from the sensitivity study and used to model both the basin-scale
circulation and day-to-day variability of mesoscale currents for the months of May and June of 2000. The model is forced with
actual wind data every 6 h and monthly climatic data for evaporation, precipitation, heat fluxes and river run-off. The results
of the fine grid model are compared favourably against the satellite imagery. The model adequately reproduces the general
circulation and many mesoscale features including cyclonic and anticyclonic eddies, jets and filaments in different parts
of the Black Sea. The model gives a realistic geographical distribution and parameters of mesoscale currents, such as size,
shape and evolution of the eddies. 相似文献
14.
Station Helgoland Roads in the south-eastern North Sea (German Bight) hosts one of the richest long-term time series of marine
observations. Hydrodynamic transport simulations can help understand variability in the local data brought about by intermittent
changes of water masses. The objective of our study is to estimate to which extent the outcome of such transport simulations
depends on the choice of a specific hydrodynamic model. Our basic experiment consists of 3,377 Lagrangian simulations in time-reversed
mode initialized every 7 h within the period Feb 2002–Oct 2004. Fifty-day backward simulations were performed based on hourly
current fields from four different hydrodynamic models that are all well established but differ with regard to spatial resolution,
dimensionality (2D or 3D), the origin of atmospheric forcing data, treatment of boundary conditions, presence or absence of
baroclinic terms, and the numerical scheme. The particle-tracking algorithm is 2D; fields from 3D models were averaged vertically.
Drift simulations were evaluated quantitatively in terms of the fraction of released particles that crossed each cell of a
network of receptor regions centred at the island of Helgoland. We found substantial systematic differences between drift
simulations based on each of the four hydrodynamic models. Sensitivity studies with regard to spatial resolution and the effects
of baroclinic processes suggest that differences in model output cannot unambiguously be assigned to certain model properties
or restrictions. Therefore, multi-model simulations are needed for a proper identification of uncertainties in long-term Lagrangian
drift simulations. 相似文献
15.
A detailed analysis of the short and medium term dynamics of the carbon exchange between the Baltic Sea and the North Sea is presented. To quantify the carbon fluxes distinguishing the Baltic and North Sea water masses, the salinity-based End Members (EM) method was successfully applied. The results of 0.63±0.25×1012 mol C year−1 identify the Baltic Sea as a net source of carbon for the North Sea. Dissolved organic carbon (DOC) was found to contribute significantly (22%) to the bulk of exported carbon. The levels determined suggest the hydrology-dependence of the carbon fluxes in the Danish Straits, which stimulates the high variability of carbon fluxes at both interseasonal and interannual scales. 相似文献
16.
Jon Albretsen 《Ocean Dynamics》2007,57(4-5):287-304
We perform eddy-permitting to eddy-resolving simulations of the Skagerrak/northern North Sea with a terrain-following numerical
ocean model. We demonstrate that realistic representations of freshwater input are not required when the focus is on modelling
mesoscale structures such as meanders and eddies. To arrive at this conclusion, we analyze the results using a recently developed
energy diagnostic scheme to study the sensitivity to realistic representations of the lateral freshwater flux provided to
the area from the Baltic Sea and by the major rivers. The scheme is suitable for analysis of growth of instabilities, and
it has four basic instability processes prominent. We recognize both horizontal and vertical shear instabilities. There are
two processes where average potential energy is converted to eddy kinetic energy, and they are related to the mean gradient
in surface elevation and the mean lateral density gradient, respectively. The latter process is known as frontal instability.
We demonstrate that the change in the eddy kinetic energy field is small, despite the large variations in the hydrographic
properties from experiment to experiment. Moreover, generation of eddy activity appears at the same locations and with approximately
the same strength regardless of actual representations of freshwater input. Furthermore, we find that vertical shear instability
dominates the energy conversion processes in the Norwegian Coastal Current. Finally, we find that the areas off the northwest
coast of Denmark recognized with enhanced eddy kinetic energy level is not caused by instability processes but eddy–eddy interaction
rooted in variations in the sea level. 相似文献
17.
This paper addresses the impact of atmospheric variability on ocean circulation in tidal and non-tidal basins. The data are generated by an unstructured-grid numerical model resolving the dynamics in the coastal area, as well as in the straits connecting the North Sea and Baltic Sea. The model response to atmospheric forcing in different frequency intervals is quantified. The results demonstrate that the effects of the two mechanical drivers, tides and wind, are not additive, yet non-linear interactions play an important role. There is a tendency for tidally and wind-driven circulations to be coupled, in particular in the coastal areas and straits. High-frequency atmospheric variability tends to amplify the mean circulation and modify the exchange between the North and the Baltic Sea. The ocean response to different frequency ranges in the wind forcing is area-selective depending on specific local dynamics. The work done by wind on the oceanic circulation depends strongly upon whether the regional circulation is tidally or predominantly wind-driven. It has been demonstrated that the atmospheric variability affects the spring-neap variability very strongly. 相似文献
18.
Here we present results of a 1-year realistic North Sea simulation from the new model GETM (general estuarine transport model) and assess the capabilities of this model by comparing them to model results from the well-known HAMSOM (Hamburg shelf sea and ocean model) model, in situ data from the North Sea project and satellite-derived sea-surface temperature data. The annual cycle and the spatial variability of stratification and mixing in the North Sea is simulated. It is shown that the new model is successful in reproducing the general temporal and spatial dynamics of the North Sea. The major advantages of GETM for achieving improved results in this simulation are the implementation of general vertical coordinates, of a state-of-the-art turbulence model and of higher-order advection schemes. By exploiting the full capabilities of these features a more realistic simulation could be achieved. We found that the greatest differences in the model results are produced by applying advection schemes of different complexity. Here we are able to demonstrate that better advection schemes lead to stronger horizontal gradients and stronger vertical stratification during summer. When comparing these results to measurements from the North Sea project and to satellite data, we find that these stronger gradients are more realistic. Therefore, we consider it as essential to use such high-order advection schemes if the spatial variability of estuarine or shelf seas like the North Sea is to be resolved adequately. The advanced turbulence closure scheme also contributed to more realistic simulation of the vertical stratification. Finally, general vertical coordinates better resolve the shallow regions, but are also useful for the deeper regions, as they allow a better estimation of sea-surface temperature compared to traditional coordinates.Responsible Editor: Phil Dyke 相似文献
19.
Data are presented on long-term salinity behaviour in San Francisco Bay, California. A two-level, width averaged model of the tidally averaged salinity and circulation has been written in order to interpret the long-term (days to decades) salinity variability. The model has been used to simulate daily averaged salinity in the upper and lower levels of a 51 segment discretization of the Bay over the 22-yr period 1967–1988. Monthly averaged surface salinity from observations and monthly-averaged simulated salinity are in reasonable agreement. Good agreement is obtained from comparison with daily averaged salinity measured in the upper reaches of North Bay.The salinity variability is driven primarily by freshwater inflow with relatively minor oceanic influence. All stations exhibit a marked seasonal cycle in accordance with the Mediterranean climate, as well as a rich spectrum of variability due to extreme inflow events and extended periods of drought. Monthly averaged salinity intrusion positions have a pronounced seasonal variability and show an approximately linear response to the logarithm of monthly averaged Delta inflow. Although few observed data are available for studies of long-term salinity stratification, modelled stratification is found to be strongly dependent on freshwater inflow; the nature of that dependence varies throughout the Bay. Near the Golden Gate, stratification tends to increase up to very high inflows. In the central reaches of North Bay, modelled stratification maximizes as a function of inflow and further inflow reduces stratification. Near the head of North Bay, lowest summer inflows are associated with the greatest modelled stratification. Observations from the central reaches of North Bay show marked spring-neap variations in stratification and gravitational circulation, both being stronger at neap tides. This spring-neap variation is simulated by the model. A feature of the modelled stratification is a hysteresis in which, for a given spring-neap tidal range and fairly steady inflows, the stratification is higher progressing from neaps to springs than from springs to neaps.The simulated responses of the Bay to perturbations in coastal sea salinity and Delta inflow have been used to further delineate the time-scales of salinity variability. Simulations have been performed about low inflow, steady-state conditions for both salinity and Delta inflow perturbations. For salinity perturbations a small, sinusoidal salinity signal with a period of 1 yr has been applied at the coastal boundary as well as a pulse of salinity with a duration of one day. For Delta inflow perturbations a small, sinusoidally varying inflow signal with a period of 1 yr has been superimposed on an otherwise constant Delta inflow, as well as a pulse of inflow with a duration of one day. Perturbations in coastal salinity dissipate as they move through the Bay. Seasonal perturbations require about 40–45 days to propagate from the coastal ocean to the Delta and to the head of South Bay. The response times of the model to perturbations in freshwater inflow are faster than this in North Bay and comparable in South Bay. In North Bay, time-scales are consistent with advection due to lower level, up-estuary transport of coastal salinity perturbations; for inflow perturbations, faster response times arise from both upper level, down-estuary advection and much faster, down-estuary migration of isohalines in response to inflow volume continuity. In South Bay, the dominant time-scales are governed by tidal dispersion. 相似文献
20.
This study examines the circulation and associated monthly-to-seasonal variability in the Caribbean Sea using a regional ocean
circulation model. The model domain covers the region between 99.0 and 54.0°W and between 8.0 and 30.3°N, with a horizontal
resolution of 1/6°. The ocean circulation model is driven by 6-hourly atmospheric reanalysis data from the National Center
for Environmental Prediction and boundary forcing extracted from 5-day global ocean reanalysis data produced by Smith et al.
(Mercator Newsletter 36:39–49, 2010), and integrated for 7 years. A comparison of model results with observations demonstrates that the regional ocean circulation
model has skill in simulating circulation and associated variability in the study region. Analysis of the model results, as
well as a companion model run that uses steady annual mean forcing, illustrates the role of Caribbean eddies for driving monthly-to-seasonal
circulation variability in the model. It is found that vertically integrated transport between Nicaragua and Jamaica is influenced
by the interaction between the density perturbations associated with Caribbean eddies and the Nicaraguan Ridge. The impact
of Caribbean eddies squeezing through the Yucatan Channel is also discussed. 相似文献