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Spatial variation of the surface micro‐relief in a Sharkey clay soil was investigated. The micro‐relief measurements of the soil surface were obtained using an automated infrared laser system and evaluated with methods of Fourier analysis. The authors illustrate the spectral technique with a simple example and then use the technique to interpret the surface micro‐relief patterns of soil samples subjected to three simulated rainstorm intensities. The periodicity of the soil surface micro‐relief in the longitudinal direction was 80–120 mm. The periodic surface micro‐relief patterns immediately following the rainstorm are shown to be an early manifestation of the cracking pattern. Published in 2006 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
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G. Öberg 《洁净——土壤、空气、水》1998,26(3):137-144
Chloride is ubiquitous in soil, but the past years of research have revealed that organic matter also contains chlorine, in amounts similar to that of phosphorus. Hence, one of the major constituents of soil organic matter has previously been overlooked, and still very little is known about the turnover of organic chlorine in soil. In spite of the obvious connection between chloride and organic chlorine, organic chlorine rarely is considered when the biogeochemical cycling of chloride is in focus, and chloride rarely is taken into account when the occurrence and formation of natural organic chlorine compounds are in focus. The aim of the paper is to review ten years of research concerning the biogeochemical cycling of organic chlorine in soil, and to tie the biogeochemical cycling of organic chlorine to that of chloride. 相似文献
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Soil radiocarbon analysis and soil dating 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Based on14C dating principles, techniques of measuring14C concentrations in pedogenic organic materials have been well established. Basic lines of soil sample pretreatment for radiocarbon analysis by liquid scintillation are shown. Possible influences of lithogenic carbon on the results obtained are discussed.Soil organic matter14C analysis results can-according to the radiocarbon dating formula-be interpreted as minimum ages of the soil under investigation if strong evidence for autochthonous pedogenic origin of the material is given. In case of fossil soils, minimum age is maximum estimate for period of burial. The gap existing between minimum age and true age can be reduced by special techniques of fractionation, as well as by taking account of additional pedological information on turnover features of the material. Discussion of possible soil organic matter turnover mechanisms leads to a theory of rates of decomposition high in the initial stages and slowing down to nearly zero with time.Application of14C techniques to humus dynamics until now yielded apparently contradictory results on relative ages of different humic matter fractions., Enrichment of old material in the HCl hydrolysis residue fraction, however, has been observed in all instances.Mathematical modelling of soil radiocarbon response on varying turnover parameters results in estimates of turnover time and migration speed of soil organic matter in total as well as fractions thereof.
Zusammenfassung Ausgehend von den Grundlagen der14C Datierung wird das Verfahren der14C Messung an organischem Bodenmaterial mit Hilfe der Flüssigkeits Szintillations Methode kurz erläutert. Ernste meßtechnische Probleme liegen heute nicht mehr vor. Als Mangel wird die uneinheitliche Probenvorbereitung bei CaCO3 haltigen und CaCO3 freien Proben empfunden.Die bodendynamisch bedingte altersmäßige, Inhomogenität der Proben ermöglicht es nicht, das wahre Alter einer Probe, d. h. das Alter des ältesten Teils der in der Probe enthaltenen organischen Stoffe nach der Datierungsformel zu berechnen. Eine genaue Analyse zeigt vielmehr, daß der nach der Formel berechnete Wert nur als Minimalabschätzung für das Alter der Probe gesichert ist. Das so ermittelte Minimalalter der untersuchten organischen Substanz ist gleichzeitig ein Minimalalter für den zugehörigen Boden, falls feststeht, daß das erfaßte Material autochthon pedogen ist und weder aus dem Ausgangsmaterial stammt noch durch Lateraltransport in den Boden gelangte. Das Minimalalter fossiler Böden ist gleichzeitig eine Maximalabschätzung, ihrer Überdeckungszeit.Durch Isolierung einer an älterem Material angereicherten Fraktion der organischen Substanz und ihre gesonderte Untersuchung kann ein Minimalalter für den untersuchten Boden gewonnen werden, das dem wahren Alter näher kommt. Erfolge wurden bisher mit der Rückstandsfraktion von HCl Hydrolysen erzielt. Die Frage nach der Fraktion höchsten Alters ist noch offen.Über das durch Fraktionierungsmethoden gewonnene Maß hinaus kann Aufschluß über die Größe der Differenz zwischen Minimalalter und wahrem Alter im wesentlichen nur durch bodenkundlich theoretische Information über Turnover und Abbauverhalten der organischen Substanz gewonnen werden. Zwei Ansätze werden vorgestellt und diskutiert. 14C Analysen der klassischen Fraktionen der organischen Substanz haben keine, für alle Böden, ja nicht einmal eine für alle Profilbereiche desselben Bodens gleiche Rangfolge der Fraktionen bezüglich ihres14C Gehaltes erbracht. Die aus dieser Ergebnislage erwachsenden Schwierigkeiten für ein Verständnis der biochemischen Humusdynamik werden unter Verweis auf die Literatur angedeutet.Versuche, mit mathematischen Modellen die Wechselbeziehungen zwischen der Dynamik der organischen Substanz des Bodens und seiner14C Konzentrationen in verschiedenen Profiltiefen zu erhellen, werden vorgestellt. Fortschritte auf diesem Gebiet könnten sowohl die Genauigkeit der Altersschätzung mit der14C Methode erhöhen als auch zu einer konsistenten Interpretation der14C Ergebnisse in der Erforschung der Humusdynamik führen.相似文献
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基于杭州市丰富的场地钻孔剪切波速资料,采用3种常见的剪切波速与埋深回归分析模型,分析杭州地区5类常规土在场地分类和场地未分类情况下的最优拟合公式和预测范围,并对推荐模型进行可靠性验证,对常规粉质粘土和粉砂进行地区差异性分析。研究结果表明:本文推荐的剪切波速与埋深关系公式具有良好的可靠性;地区、岩土类型和预测深度均对剪切波速与埋深关系模型的可靠性产生显著影响,故应用时应优先选用本地区统计模型,如若未有,则需根据已有资料,对选用模型进行岩土类型和适应预测深度范围验证,以保证所选模型的可靠性;受地区、岩土类型和预测深度的影响,考虑场地分类并不一定提高统计模型的预测精度,在实际工程应用中具有不确定性。 相似文献
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《华南地震》2015,(3)
收集了2008年以来北海市城区44个工程场地地震安全性评价中的土层剪切波速测试资料,采用幂函数模型分别对粘土、粗砂、砾砂、其它土类的土层剪切波速与埋深进行加权回归分析,得到不同土类的模型参数及拟合优度指标(判定系数R2和误差标准差σ),并对回归方程和回归系数进行了显著性检验;最后将土层剪切波速预测值与实测值进行对比,验证回归关系式的合理性和适用性。结果表明:北海市城区土层剪切波速与埋深呈现出较好的幂函数关系,拟合优度均在0.81以上;给出的土层剪切波速回归关系式能较好地预测出不同埋深土层剪切波速,特别是在土层中部和底部推测结果准确性更高,其推测结果可供北海市城区缺乏剪切波速测试资料的场地参考使用。 相似文献
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In the exploration of the hidden Haihe fault, radon and mercury in soil gas were measured by using FG-3017 radon detector and XG-4 mercury analyzer. In this paper, based on the measurement results of 12 fault gas profiles, and integrating with the exploration results of artificial seismic prospecting, the relationship between anomalous site of fault gas and fault location is analyzed. Using the relationship between anomalous strength of fault gas and fault activity, the activity of Haihe fault is studied, thus the location and activity segmentation of the Haihe fault in Tianjin region are presented. This study shows that the method of fault gas detection can not only identify the preliminary location of fault, but also make preliminary segmentation of fault activity. The fault detected by the method of fault gas measurement is shown as a band. Through contrasting with exploration results of artificial seismic prospecting and analyzing, we find that the fault is located inside the band. According to the measurements of soil gas radon, the Haihe fault can be divided into east and west segments and the activity of the east segment of Haihe fault is stronger than that of the west segment. This is only a relative result, and it is difficult to judge whether the fault is active or not with this result. 相似文献
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地基液化导致沉箱码头破坏及地基加固方法的非线性数值分析 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
地震作用引发的地基液化,往往导致沉箱基础的破坏。本文基于Biot两相饱和多孔介质动力耦合理论,采用FE-FD耦合数值分析方法,对液化海床沉箱基础的地震反应进行非线性有效应力分析。在数值分析过程中,建立了以土骨架位移和超静孔隙水压力表达的us-pw动力固结方程和循环弹塑性本构模型,该方法能够很好地模拟地震作用下沉箱码头的动力特性及液化破坏的影响。通过数值模拟计算,分析了采用碎石桩进行置换砂区域的防液化加固方法,并就碎石桩处理区域的选择提出了建议。 相似文献
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Michael J. Kirkby 《地球表面变化过程与地形》2015,40(1):138-139
To celebrate World Soil Day 2014, this editorial summary and Special Issue draws together a number of the most significant contributions that have appeared in Earth Surface Processes and Landforms since 2010. As a group they show the increasing importance of interdisciplinary work in this area of overlap, and point to significant opportunities for future research development, particularly with respect to integrated modelling and interactions with climate change. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
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通过对西安市3个主要地貌单元共309个钻孔剪切波速资料的分析整理,采用指数和线性拟合两种方法对测点较多的细砂、中砂、粗砂、黄土、粉质粘土、古土壤、卵石等土类的剪切波速VS与土层深度H的关系进行统计回归,得到其经验关系式;将实测剪切波速值与利用上述统计结果得到的预测值进行对比检验,两者差别不大。说明区分地貌单元和各类土层的VS与H经验关系可靠且符合当地岩土特征,可用于西安地区一般建筑的工程勘察与地震安全性评价工作。 相似文献
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Yuyuan Li Ru Gao Rui Yang Hongan Wei Yong Li Heai Xiao Jinshui Wu 《洁净——土壤、空气、水》2013,41(11):1100-1107
The impacts of soil P leaching on water eutrophication have widely been concerned. However, there is no dependable method to quantitatively estimate the P leaching risk of soils. In this study, a simple soil column method was developed using two calcareous Fluvisols, silt loam and loam. The soil column was 20 cm in length and 5 cm in diameter, and distilled water was continuously supplied from the top. The volume and dissolved reactive P (DRP) concentrations of leachate were measured. Results showed that DRP concentrations in leachate increased slowly for the low soil Olsen‐P levels but rapidly for the high Olsen‐P levels. According to these two‐phase changes in the DRP versus soil Olsen‐P contents, the thresholds of P leaching risk were estimated to be 41.1 and 62.3 mg P kg?1 (Olsen‐P) for silt loam and loam, respectively. The P leaching intensity of soils increased by 3‐ to 540‐fold if the soil Olsen‐P contents accumulated from 6.6 to 155.5 mg P kg?1. The outcomes derived from this study regarding the determination of P leaching threshold and intensity by the soil column method also need a further verification on more soils with a wide range of physical and chemical properties. 相似文献
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Soil air permeability plays a decisive role in the effectiveness of soil vapour extraction (SVE) for the removal of volatile organic contaminants (VOCs) from soil. The objective of this work is to study the change of the soil air permeability during continuous venting and removal of contaminant from a polluted soil. SVE pilot experiments were conducted to investigate the interaction of soil air permeability with total liquids saturation. Oppositely to previous studies, air permeability was measured by fitting pressure data measured in a 3D laboratory venting pilot to an analytical airflow solution. The experimental correlation was compared with two different correlations published previously. A difference was observed between measured and calculated air relative air permeabilities especially for low water saturation degrees. The importance of the correct estimate of relative permeability was then illustrated by comparing vacuums and streamlines calculated using measured permeability and permeability values estimated with the two correlations tested here. Results show that an inappropriate assessment of relative permeability may engender significant errors in designing an SVE system. The second part of this work reports on the influence of air permeability change on the prediction capability of an SVE mathematical model. A significant difference between simulated breakthrough curves, estimated using firstly the relationship established experimentally and secondly the two other correlations, was observed. These results lead us to say that inadequate characterization of the air permeability change may generate significant errors in removal rate and closure time estimates. 相似文献
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In seismology and seismic engineering soils and structures are modeled as oscillators characterized by modal (resonance) frequencies, shapes and damping. In 1973 Cole proposed the RandomDec technique to estimate both the damping and the fundamental mode of structures from the recorded time series at a single point, with no need for spectral analyses. Here we propose a number of modifications to the original RandomDec approach, that we group under the name DECÓ, which allow to determine the damping as a function of the frequency and therefore the damping of all the vibration modes. However, the motion of structures is so amplified at the resonance frequencies that detecting the characteristic parameters by recording ambient vibrations is relatively easy. More interesting is to apply the DECÓ approach to the soil in the attempt to estimate the mode damping from single station measurements. On soils, the resonance frequencies are normally identified as peaks in the horizontal to vertical spectral ratios of microtremors. However, at these frequencies what is observed is a local minimum in the vertical spectral component, sometimes associated to local maxima in the horizontal components, whose visibility depend on the specific amount of SH and Love waves at the site. The determination of soil damping is therefore a much less trivial task on soils than on structures. By using microtremor and earthquake recordings we estimate the soil damping as a function of shear strain and observe that this is one order of magnitude larger than what is measured in the laboratory on small scale samples, at least at low-intermediate strain levels. This has severe consequences on the numerical seismic site response analyses and on soil dynamic modeling. 相似文献
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Soil hydrophobic effects on infiltration and catchment runoff 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
After dry summers or drought, eucalypt forest soils at two sites in southeastern Australia developed hydrophobic or non-wetting surface characteristics that reduced infiltration, measured using a sprinkling infiltrometer. At one site the development of hydrophobic conditions caused the rainfall to runoff conversion efficiency of a forested catchment to increase from 5 per cent to 15 per cent. Under non-hydrophobic conditions at this site, grassland always generated more runoff than forest. However, one major rainfall-runoff was recorded at a time of highly hydrophobic forest soil conditions and this storm generated greater runoff on the forested catchment than the grassland catchment. At the second site forest soils have naturally highly conductive surface layers because of a dense network of macropores and pathways for preferential flow. Hydrophobic conditions produced by drought caused soil water movement to be confined to only a few of the larger macropores exposed to surface ponded water. Even so, infiltration rates remained relatively high so that the impacts of hydrophobic soils were not translated into increased catchment runoff as at the first site. 相似文献