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大气气溶胶浓度及其谱分布的某些特征 总被引：8，自引：1，他引：8
本文简要描述了光电仪器测量大气气溶胶粒子的工作原理;根据实测结果对不同大气条件下气溶胶粒子的浓度、谱分布特征进行了分析。结果表明,对于洁净大气和浑浊大气而言,气溶胶粒子的浓度和谱分布都有着明显的差别,相对变化最大的是那些半径处于0.2—1.0微米范围内的粒子;实际大气中粒子谱的演变过程是复杂的,并且具有多峰分布特征;相对湿度对气溶胶粒子物理特征的影响是明显的,并且这种影响主要是改变粒子的谱分布和折射指数。 相似文献
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本文利用离散功率谱、周期图分析方法对南京地区1951—1980年6月上旬30年的旬平均大气折射指数N单位多频振动进行了分析,结果发现,30年中折射指数N单位值主要振动周期为5年,N单位值的峰值年与降水量峰值年相当吻合。 相似文献
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利用西藏高原上四个站常规探空资料，应用大气折射指数理论和统计学方法得出：利用两层指数模式拟合实际的大气折射指数垂直分布可保证精度。由于地面气象要素日较差，年较差较大，折射指数日变化、年变化在对流层低层幅度最大，气压、温度、水汽压的分布，变化决定了折射指数的分布变化，不论日际变化，还是年际变化，水汽压都占主导地位。 相似文献
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电磁波在大气中传播,随着大气中的温度、压力、湿度高度的增加可以有不同的变化,因此产生了折射指数随高度的不同分布,致使雷达波在传播时有弯曲现象,一般分为标准大气折射、临界折射、超折射、负折射和零折射(见图1),其中超折射在雷达探测中经常遇到,因此须加以识别。 相似文献
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不同下垫面大气边界层湍流的混沌特性研究 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
根据３ 种不同观测资料,计算和分析了有关诊断具有耗散结构的系统混沌运动的特征量：功率谱、关联维数、Ｌｙａｐｕｎｏｖ 指数和关联熵。结果表明：尽管下垫面明显不同,大气边界层湍流均为混沌运动。 相似文献
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粒子尺度谱和复折射率指数是描述大气气溶胶的基本物理参数,也是遥感大气气溶胶光学厚度的基本假定量,决定了光学厚度遥感的准确程度。本文分析了中国气溶胶遥感网反演的北京周边的沙尘和霾天气下大气气溶胶的体积谱和复折射指数,结果表明:沙尘和霾天气下气溶胶的体积谱均呈现双峰对数正态分布,霾气溶胶粒子体积谱在细模态(0.1～1μm)和粗模态(1～10μm)的占比大体相当,沙尘气溶胶粒子体积谱中粗模态占比远远高于细模态,以粗粒子为主;将实际测量的复折射率同HITRAN 2008数据库中各种类型的气溶胶复折射率光谱数据相比,类沙尘粒子的复折射指数同沙尘气溶胶最为接近,水溶性粒子同霾气溶胶最为接近,在大气气溶胶遥感中如果缺少复折射率的光谱数据,可考虑将类沙尘粒子和水溶性粒子的复折射率光谱数据(0.2～40μm)外推近似代替沙尘和霾气溶胶用于紫外和红外遥感。本研究可为利用紫外光谱和红外光谱定量遥感沙尘和霾气溶胶研究提供参考和依据。 相似文献
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用时－空谱分析方法分析了３２．５°Ｎ纬圈上的１９８０－１９８３年逐日大气折射指数Ｎ单位的变化。结果表明：大气折射指数的变化主要受东进的纬向移动的天气系数影响，主要体现在中，长周期上。此外，地理环境主要影响气候区域的分布。 相似文献
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本文利用Mie散射理论计算了不同复折射指数不同谱分布几种气溶胶对Dobson分光光度计和宽带滤光片光度计臭氧总量测值的影响。 相似文献
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WAVELET CHARACTERISTICS OF RAINFALL VARIATION IN THE THREE GORGE REGION OF CHANGJIANG RIVER* 
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下载免费PDF全文 Making the climatic diagnosis of Changjiang Three Gorge Region by the maximum entropy spectrum analysis and wavelet analysis,we discovered that the main periods of the annual and wintertime precipitation variation in the east subregion differ from that in the west subregion.The former is a period of about 2 years,and the latter is about 5-6 years.Their wavelet patterns are also apparently different between two subregions:the alternate positive and negative wavelet patterns for the west,but not so regular for the east.These provide a climatic background for the implementation of Three Gorge Project.We also found that the historical reason of the main periods by combing synthetically spectrum analysis and wavelet analysis could be realized.In addition we suggest a gist of the climate forecast by analogy analysis based on the 2-dimensional wavelet figures. 相似文献
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该文分析了1885~2000年长江中下游梅雨特征量的基本统计特征及其相互关系，在此基础上研究了梅雨较长时间尺度的变化特征。结果发现:①梅雨量的大小与梅雨期的长短和出梅日期的早晚为显著的正相关；②梅雨的主要周期为3 a、6 a和8 a，它们分别与低纬100 hPa高度场、热带系统以及全球陆地温度的变化有关；③控制入梅、出梅和梅雨期6 a左右周期的气候因素是相同的，而3 a左右的周期可能受到不同气候因素的影响；④长江中下游梅雨在近116年期间，经历了6个不同的气候阶段。 相似文献
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H J P M Mommersteeg M F Loutre R Young T A Wijmstra H Hooghiemstra 《Climate Dynamics》1995,11(1):4-24
Frequency analysis was applied to different time series obtained from the 975 ka pollen record of Tenagi Philippon (Macedonia, Greece). These time series are characteristic of different vegetation types related to specific climatic conditions. Time control of the 196 m deep core was based on 11 finite 14C dates in the upper 17 m, magnetostratigraphy and correlation with the marine oxygen isotope stratigraphy. Maximum entropy spectrum analyses and thomson multitaper spectrum analysis were applied using the complete time series. Periods of 95–99, 40–45, 24.0–25.5 and 19–21 ka which can be related to orbital forcing, as well as periods of about 68, 30 ka and of about 15.5, 13.5, 12 and 10.5 ka were detected. The detected periods of about 68, 30 ka and 16, 14, 12, 10.5 ka are likely to be harmonics and combination tones of the periods related to orbital forcing. The period of around 30 ka is possibly a secondary peak of obliquity. To study the stability of the detected periods through time, analysis with a moving window was employed. Signals in the eccentricity band were detected clearly during the last 650 ka. In the precession band, detected periods of about 24 ka show an increase in amplitude during the last 650 ka. The evolution of orbital frequencies during the last 1.0 Ma is in general agreement with the results of other marine and continental time series. Time series related to different climatic settings showed a different response to orbital forcing. Time series of vegetational elements sensitive to changes in net precipitation were forced in the precession and obliquity bands. changes in precession caused changes in the monsoon system, which indirectly had a strong influence on the climatic history of Greece. Time series of vegetational elements which are more indicative of changes in annual temperature are forced in the eccentricity band. 相似文献
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江南地区近50年地面气温的变化特征 总被引：8，自引：4，他引：4
利用近50年(1951—1999年)中国160个测站的气温资料,通过距平、二项式系数加权平均法、最大熵谱、小波分析等方法,对江南地区气温的年际和年代际变化等特征进行了分析。结果表明,近50年间江南四季气温的变化趋势有所不同,春、夏、秋、冬季气温的气候趋势系数分别为0．16,-0．08,-0．02和0．29,冬季及春季变暖较明显．夏秋季则稍稍变凉。各季气温变化的周期也不相同,夏季气温异常表现为3．6年的主周期和2．5年、5年的次周期,冬季气温异常表现为6．3年主周期和3．3年的次周期。 相似文献
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通过对层云的云滴大小的分布观测,揭示了其滴谱常里单峰偏态分布。这种谱的经常出现,表明它是一种优势谱。它的稳定性,从统计物理角度看也表示云体处于一种平衡态,而平衡态则对应某种熵达到极大值。 本文指出的熵是云滴表面自由能所对应的熵。文中用熵极大原理导出了稳定层云的云滴谱方程(公式11),並且用资料证实了这一理论与事实相符。 相似文献
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从服务新型城镇化进程出发,本文基于气候条件与人类活动的相互作用关系,同时考虑气候的资源和灾害双重属性,识别并构建了包含气候资源供给、气候灾害限制和城镇化协调发展水平三方面要素的气候承载力评价指标体系,进而采用熵权法、耦合协调度模型和GIS技术等方法实现了指标的量化,形成了气候承载力的综合评价指标和模型。以皖江城市带为例,应用该套指标方法探讨了气候承载力的空间格局与关键影响因子,结果表明,皖江城市带城镇化发展格局与气候承载力分布较为一致,气候承载力较高的地区意味着可容纳的城市发展负荷量较高,而与之对应的这些地区城镇化集聚程度也较高;但气候承载力水平空间差异显著,区域整体气候承载力还有待进一步优化提升。根据城镇化集聚度和气候承载力特点,将皖江城市带分为4个等级和12种类型,并进一步揭示了不同类型地区存在的承载力"短板"和问题现状。 相似文献
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基于1961—2019年全国1903个气象站点的气候数据以及1115条茶树分布站点记录,利用最大熵模型和GIS技术筛选影响茶树种植的主导气候因子,根据自然间断点分级法将中国大陆茶树气候适宜性划分为不适宜区、次适宜区、适宜区和高适宜区4个等级,厘定不同区划等级的主导气候因子阈值。结果表明:影响中国大陆地区茶树种植分布的主导气候因子为多年平均极端最低气温、春霜冻频率、年平均气温、年降水量和3—9月平均相对湿度。模型区划结果与名茶之乡、地理标志茶叶所在地吻合较好。茶树适生区的北界总体呈现出由东部高纬度向西部低纬度降低的分布态势,北界界限移动较明显地区主要分布在东部高纬度省份。整体茶树适生区质心的年代际变化较为平缓,除20世纪60—70年代和80—90年代的适生区范围有所缩小外,其他相邻年代际间茶树适生区的面积均呈现出不同程度的增长趋势,与质心迁移情况相吻合。 相似文献
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We extend the analysis of the thermodynamics of the climate system by investigating the role played by processes taking place at various spatial and temporal scales through a procedure of coarse graining. We show that the coarser is the graining of the climatic fields, the lower is the resulting estimate of the material entropy production. In other terms, all the spatial and temporal scales of variability of the thermodynamic fields provide a positive contribution to the material entropy production. This may be interpreted also as that, at all scales, the temperature fields and the heating fields resulting from the convergence of turbulent fluxes have a negative correlation, while the opposite holds between the temperature fields and the radiative heating fields. Moreover, we obtain that the latter correlations are stronger, which confirms that radiation acts as primary driver for the climatic processes, while the material fluxes dampen the resulting fluctuations through dissipative processes. We also show, using specific coarse-graining procedures, how one can separate the various contributions to the material entropy production coming from the dissipation of kinetic energy, the vertical sensible and latent heat fluxes, and the large scale horizontal fluxes, without resorting to the full three-dimensional time dependent fields. We find that most of the entropy production is associated to irreversible exchanges occurring along the vertical direction, and that neglecting the horizontal and time variability of the fields has a relatively small impact on the estimate of the material entropy production. The approach presented here seems promising for testing climate models, for assessing the impact of changing their parametrizations and their resolution, as well as for investigating the atmosphere of exoplanets, because it allows for evaluating the error in the estimate of their thermodynamical properties due to the lack of high-resolution data. The findings on the impact of coarse graining on the thermodynamic fields on the estimate of the material entropy production deserve to be explored in a more general context, because they provide a way for understanding the relationship between forced fluctuations and dissipative processes in continuum systems. 相似文献
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John W. Strohbehn 《Boundary-Layer Meteorology》1973,4(1-4):397-422
This paper reviews the effect of clear-air turbulence on line-of-sight electromagnetic propagation, with particular attention paid to remote probing. General relations for the amplitude and phase covariance function of an electro-magnetic wave propagated over a line-of-sight path are given. It is shown that theoretically it is possible to invert measured quantities such as the amplitude covariance function to obtain information about the refractive index spectrum, or the intensity of the refractive index fluctuations along the path. However, it is shown that practical considerations may make these theoretical possibilities difficult to achieve in practice. 相似文献