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1.
本文对 Ｉ Ｓ Ｏ１４０００ 环境管理系列标准与 Ｉ Ｓ Ｏ９０００ 族标准进行比较,阐述两套标准的共同点与差异,实施两套标准应做好协调工作 相似文献
2.
为共享海洋地理空间信息,实现渔业信息的标准化,以中国远洋渔业数据库为数据源,基于对海洋渔业专用物标信息的分类及IHO S-57电子海图等国际标准,提出了符合国际标准的渔业专用扩展物标类目及其属性设计方案。构建了海洋渔业电子海图数据专用物标,分别为海洋经济物种、海况环境、渔船、渔具等4个类目,并对其属性一一进行了扩展。研究结果将有助于统一和规范渔业专用信息的存储、管理、表达与应用,推动海洋渔业电子海图产品的标准化,从而为渔业资源、渔场地形、渔场底质、渔场环境、渔情预报等工作提供基础性信息服务支持。 相似文献
3.
把国际标准与国内电子海图的技术实践相结合,通过各类海图数据源的集成,形成由海图、陆图、国际标准数据、外军数据、商用数据等组成的数字海图调用与显示平台,实现了不同数据源的管理、存储与查询。按照SIMS技术体系,建立了与数字海图相关的空间数据通用调显引擎,实现了多元海图数据的集成。为研制与海图相关的各类舰载、机载、导航等应用系统打下坚实的基础,为融合外版的电子海图提供了技术保障平台。 相似文献
4.
1 我国渔政管理信息系统的概况 自1984年,我国开始筹建渔业管理信息系统工程,并已在国家渔政局和3个海区渔政局装备了MV系列小型机,沿海重点省、市配备了DESKTOP系列和PC系列微型机。今后将逐步向渔业重点市、县、渔港和渔业公司推广。整个系统由渔政管理信息子系统、生产指挥和渔情测报子系统、办公室事务处理子系统组成。 相似文献
5.
中国海洋卫星遥感技术进展 总被引：9，自引：1，他引：8
新中国成立70年来,中国在海洋卫星遥感技术领域取得了丰硕成果。中国制定了长远的自主海洋卫星发展规划,构建了海洋水色、海洋动力环境和海洋监视监测三大系列的海洋卫星,逐步形成了以中国自主卫星为主导的海洋空间监测网,在中国海洋资源与环境监测、海洋防灾减灾、海洋安全管理等方面发挥了重要作用。本文回顾了中国在海洋水色、海洋微波(海洋动力环境)卫星遥感技术的发展历程,重点介绍了中国在海洋卫星遥感技术领域所取得的新成果,并对中国海洋卫星遥感技术的未来发展进行了展望。 相似文献
6.
全面收集1988—2025年中国地球观测卫星(和飞船)计划,包括历史的、运行中的和列入未来计划的。详细介绍风云卫星系列(FY-n)、海洋卫星系列(HY-n)、资源卫星系列(ZY-n)、环境卫星系列(HJ-n)、中国遥感卫星系列(CRS-n)、灾害监测星座/北京小卫星(DMC/BJ-1)、神舟飞船系列(SZ-n)和天宫空间站系列(TG-n)等8个卫星(和飞船、空间站)系列。这些卫星(和飞船、空间站)系列都提供对海洋的观测,从而构成中国卫星海洋观测系统。按装载的传感器分类,进而给出中国的海色、海表温度、海面高度、海面风场和合成孔径雷达(SAR)卫星观测系统。对中国海洋观测卫星与国际海洋观测卫星装载的传感器性能作了比较和讨论,指出差距。列出目前在轨运行的中国海洋卫星观测系统38个传感器及其类似的国外卫星传感器。 相似文献
7.
基于对国内外渔业电子海图系统发展现状的研究,提出了开发新型渔业电子海图系统的构成、总体方案和功能模型,采用IHO S-57海图国际标准即海道测量数据传输标准(Transfer Standard for Digital Hydrographic Data)的电子海图,介绍了应用Visual C++2010开发环境和ECIVMS组件进行系统开发的关键技术和方法。本系统的设计与实现结果表明,软件已实现了海图物标图层显示、渔业信息查询、渔区数据库管理、渔区及作业安全等深线标绘、遥感影像加载,实时潮汐计算及海况信息叠加显示等主要功能,为渔业信息组网服务及构建一体化信息获取、存储、处理、表达、传输和发布平台提供了基础支持。 相似文献
8.
冰心中的气候环境记录与全球变化研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
冰心是高分辨地记录全球变化的主要信息载体之一。本文总结了冰心中提取古气候和古环境信息的系列记录，包括同位素、微量气体、阴阳离子、微粒、生物和有机质等。着重讨论了由这些记录提取的古气候和古环境变化方面的研究进展，并提出了今后的研究重点。 相似文献
9.
S-100 是海洋测绘地理空间数据新的国际标准,其重要性不言而喻。 然而由于该标准出现时间不长,并且抽象难以理解,为此,在深入学习 ISO 19100 系列标准、IHO 相关标准的基础上,对 S-100 进行了分析总结。 首先指出了 S-57 存在的问题,分析了 S-100 的主要优点;对 S-100 标准中涉及但并未解释清楚的一些重要 ISO 术语进行了阐释;分析了该标准的总体框架结构;对标准中的注册机制、坐标参照系、数据模型、元数据和产品规范等五大关键内容进行了分析;最后,探讨了 S-100 对我国海洋测绘研究和应用带来的机遇与挑战。 相似文献
10.
2011年伊始,打造山东半岛蓝色经济区上升为国家战略,青岛市海洋与渔业局积极围绕全市蓝色经济区建设的总体要求,深入贯彻落实科学发展观,以加强科学管海用海为首要任务,以推进集中集约用海为重要抓手,以世界眼光和国际标准谋划和推进各项海洋工作,发挥本土优势、立足进位争先,着力强化海洋事务综合协调,着力统筹海洋开发与管理,着力提升海洋行政执法效能,进一步加快海域使用管理示范区和海洋生态文明示范区建设,为圆满完成十二五规划任务开好局、起好步,努力开创青岛市海洋工作新局面。 相似文献
11.
《Marine Policy》2014
Mitigating the environmental impact of commercial fishing, by avoiding, minimizing and compensating for adverse effects, is core business for fisheries management authorities globally. The complex interplay of ecological, economic, and social considerations has often resulted in bycatch management being reactive, confrontational and costly. In many cases it has been difficult to demonstrate success and to establish whether bycatch management has been efficient or effective. This article proposes standards for bycatch management following reviews of literature, international agreements and Australian domestic fishery management policies, and consideration by many technical experts and several stakeholder representatives. The standards have been developed using Australian Commonwealth fisheries – and the international fisheries agreements to which Australia is party – as a baseline, but should be applicable to both domestic and regional/international governance systems. The proposed standards involve quantifying fisheries bycatch, agreeing on operational objectives, assessing the effects of fishing on bycatch populations, establishing the cost-effectiveness of mitigation measures, and evaluating performance. The standards encourage domestic management measures that are consistent with the guidance and requirements of international agreements and regional fisheries management organisations. The importance of engaging stakeholders throughout the process is recognised. The standards provide a framework for measuring performance and a checklist of actions for managing bycatch at a fishery level. They have the potential to facilitate the development of more strategic and effective approaches to bycatch management, with defined goals, monitoring systems, and adaptive decision-making. This review of past bycatch management, including the application of the proposed standards to the mitigation of shark bycatch in an Australian longline fishery, demonstrates that the proposed standards are operationally feasible but that they have not always been applied. Specifically, monitoring the performance of bycatch management measures has not always followed their implementation. 相似文献
12.
为促进国际海底区域资源开发和环境保护的协调可持续发展,提高我国在相关领域的话语权和执行力,文章系统分析国际海底区域环境保护制度的发展特征及其存在的问题,总结我国对国际海底区域环境保护的实践和展望,并提出对策建议。研究结果表明:国际海底区域环境保护制度经历萌芽、成形、发展和充实4个阶段,发展特征主要包括理念的更新、原则的完善以及义务和责任的明确,然而至今在规章环境保护条款、《联合国海洋法公约》非缔约国的环境保护权责和相关利益平衡等方面仍存在问题;我国从参与制定相关制度和开展国内法探索等方面积极实践国际海底区域环境保护;未来应从制定环境保护标准、探索政策环境和平衡各方利益等方面完善国际海底区域环境保护制度,我国应继续参与相关国际法律制度的制定以及完善国内海洋环境保护制度。 相似文献
13.
Aquatic nonindigenous species (ANS) have dramatic impact on environmental, economic, social, cultural, and human health values in a variety of coastal, estuarine, and inland ecosystem. Despite efforts to develop biosecurity risk assessment frameworks for the improvement of ANS management, responsible agencies lack a standardized framework to identify and mitigate risk from ANS. This paper reviews the biosecurity risk assessment frameworks of seven international bodies, four regional bodies, and three countries and highlights the similarities, differences and deficiencies in their respective frameworks. Specific deficiencies found by the review include: (i) a lack of national implementation of the international and regional frameworks; (ii) gaps in ANS knowledge; (iii) insufficient guidance for various components of the risk assessment; (iv) limited number and scope of standards and measures related to ANS; and (v) inconsistent terminology between frameworks. To reduce the risk of ANS introductions, this paper concludes with a set of six recommendations to develop aquatic biosecurity risk frameworks that are both comprehensive and precautionary while also in accord with mandates established by other international bodies such as the World Trade Organization. 相似文献
14.
《Marine Policy》2002,26(2):103-106
Interest in deep-sea mining developed in the early 1970s, with a focus on manganese nodules in international waters. Mining may actually occur first, however, on rich polymetallic sulfide deposits associated with hydrothermal vents within exclusive economic zones. Even though mining for polymetallic sulfides may not take place for several years, precautionary performance standards, environmental regulations, and the establishment of Marine Protected Areas may help guide the marine mining industry toward a goal of minimizing environmental impacts. Once substantial investments in prospecting and exploring a potential mining site are made, implementation of environmental regulations may prove to be much more difficult. 相似文献
15.
《Marine Policy》2017
Robust environmental management of deep-sea mining projects must be integrated into the planning and execution of mining operations, and developed concurrently. It should follow a framework indicating the environmental management-related activities necessary at each project phase, and their interrelationships. An environmental management framework with this purpose is presented in this paper; it facilitates the development of environmental information and decision-making throughout the phases of a mining project. It is based environmental management frameworks used in allied industries, but adjusted for unique characteristics of deep-sea mining. It defines the gathering and synthesis of information and its use in decision-making, and employs a conceptual model as a growing repository of claim-specific information. The environmental management activities at each phase have been designed to enable the implementation of the precautionary approach in decision making, while facilitating review of adaptive management measures to improve environmental management as the quantity and quality of data increases and technologies are honed. This framework will ensure fairness and uniformity in the application of environmental standards, assist the regulator in its requirements to protect the environment, and benefit contractors and financiers by reducing uncertainty in the process. 相似文献
16.
天然气水合物是一种高效清洁的新能源,分布广、规模大,势必成为未来的主流能源。在当前能源紧缺和环境问题日益突出的影响下,世界各国都对潜力巨大的天然气水合物产生了浓厚兴趣。文章对全球主要国家的天然气水合物研究进展进行阐述,并提出：对我国天然气水合物重点目标区加大研究力度;加大海域和陆域天然气水合物的资源调查力度,寻找更多可供试采的水合物矿区;与国际接轨,加强国际合作;考虑经济问题,以期实现低成本、高效率的开发模式;把环境安全放在突出位置,尽可能避免水合物开采带来的环境及地质灾害问题等建议。以期能为未来我国天然气水合物的勘查试采工作提供有益帮助。 相似文献
17.
《Ocean & Coastal Management》1999,42(9):767-789
The experience of 19 donor agencies and international organizations with evaluation of ICM initiatives is surveyed to analyze the differences in the evaluative purposes and methodologies and their relevance to a “learning-based approach” to ICM. We group evaluation into three broad categories: performance evaluation, management capacity assessment and outcomes evaluation. Performance evaluations address the quality of project implementation, and the degree to which project goals are achieved. Management capacity assessments are conducted to determine the adequacy of management structures and governance processes as these relate to generally accepted international standards and experience. Outcome assessments evaluate the impacts of a coastal management initiative upon coastal resources and the associated human society(s). The survey show that most donor evaluations emphasize performance evaluation, but usually combine elements of all three types. There is strong interest among international donors investing in coastal management in learning from and advancing coastal management practice. If donors are to maximize leaning and commit to an adaptive approach to ICM they will need to modify the manner in which project monitoring and evaluations are conducted, analyzed and distributed. A number of modifications to current approaches to evaluation are suggested in the paper. 相似文献
18.
《Marine Policy》2014
Developments in fisheries governance in recent decades—notably the 1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea and its implementing agreements—have established a framework of principles, standards, institutions and regulations that is broader and more complex than traditional fisheries management, which has generally focused on individual target species. As this framework has evolved, a number of seafood eco-labelling schemes have also developed. These schemes aim to identify well-managed fisheries and give competitive advantage to their products, thus translating the environmental awareness of consumers into direct support for sustainable fishing practices. This paper evaluates a number of these schemes in the context of international fisheries governance principles and considers the conservation benefits that may result from sustainability certification of Pacific tuna fisheries. The paper briefly summarises developments in eco-labeling of Pacific tuna fisheries in relation to the evolution of fisheries management, where focus has shifted from the maximum sustainable yield of individual tuna species to ecosystem-based approaches that directly consider the broader environmental impacts of fishing. The paper discusses two different ‘Dolphin Safe’ eco-labels, the third-party scheme of the Earth Island Institute and the intergovernmental scheme of the Agreement on the International Dolphin Conservation Program, and two broader eco-labels offering sustainability certification of fisheries, ‘Friend of the Sea’ and the ‘Marine Stewardship Council’. The role played by seafood-industry associations with sustainability claims, such as the International Seafood Sustainability Foundation, is also considered. 相似文献
19.
《Ocean & Coastal Management》2006,49(9-10):739-763
The framework for management of the ocean and coasts of the Pacific Islands region has been evolving since the early 1970s when Pacific Island countries played a significant role in the negotiations leading to the 1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea. Commencing with a summary of the provisions of relevant international instruments, this paper presents a broad overview of regional arrangements for ocean and coastal management in the Pacific Islands region. It considers the work of the various regional intergovernmental organizations with active programmes in ocean research and governance and the consultative arrangements that support coordination and collaboration. Consultative arrangements involving other stakeholders, such as local, regional and international nongovernmental organizations are summarised. To improve environmental governance and address increasing environmental threats, particularly in relation to coastal area management, consultative arrangements need strengthening. This applies equally to national and regional level consultation. The institutional and policy framework for the management and conservation of oceanic fish stocks that Pacific Island countries have been refining over a period of 25 years is suggested as providing useful lessons for strengthening coastal management processes and strategies in the region. 相似文献
20.
《Marine Policy》2016
This paper surveys the current state and major trends in global fisheries; the environmental and social dimensions of fisheries; and explains how the international community has tried to meet the policy challenges associated with oceans and fisheries. The ocean and the freshwater ecosystems of the world make significant contributions to people's well-being via the many vital social and environmental services they provide (for example, food and nutrition, employment and incomes, carbon cycling and sequestration). The impact that the increase in fishing since the 1950s has had on wild fish stocks, and the significant increase in aquaculture production in the 20th century, have resulted in severe environmental impacts. This has significant effects on marine ecosystems and the health of oceans. The erosion of the resource undermines communities' long-term interests, including food security, employment, and income. Attempts by the global community to address challenges of sustainable production by improving the governance and management of fisheries resources range from national management of fisheries resources, to regional fisheries management organisations (RFMOs) for international fisheries stocks. These attempts have not always successfully met the challenge of balancing current and future use of fisheries. 相似文献