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1.
We examine 800-year time series of internally generated variability in both a coupled ocean-atmosphere model where water
vapor anomalies are not allowed to interact with longwave radiation and one where they are. The ENSO-like phenomenon in the
experiment without water vapor feedback is drastically suppressed both in amplitude and geographic extent relative to the
experiment with water vapor feedback. Surprisingly, the reduced amplitude of ENSO-related sea surface temperature anomalies
in the model without water vapor feedback cannot be attributed to greater longwave damping of sea surface temperature. (Differences
between the two experiments in radiative feedback due to clouds counterbalance almost perfectly the differences in radiative
feedback due to water vapor.) Rather, the interaction between water vapor anomalies and longwave radiation affects the ENSO-like
phenomenon through its influence on the vertical structure of radiative heating: Because of the changes in water vapor associated
with it, a given warm equatorial Pacific sea surface temperature anomaly is associated with a radiative heating profile that
is much more gravitationally unstable when water vapor feedback is present. The warm sea surface temperature anomaly therefore
results in more convection in the experiment with water vapor feedback. The increased convection, in turn, is related to a
larger westerly wind-stress anomaly, which creates a larger decrease in upwelling of cold water, thereby enhancing the magnitude
of the original warm sea surface temperature anomaly. In this manner, the interaction between water vapor anomalies and longwave
radiation magnifies the air-sea interactions at the heart of the ENSO phenomenon; without this interaction, the coupling between
sea surface temperature and wind stress is effectively reduced, resulting in smaller amplitude ENSO episodes with a more limited
geographical extent.
Received: 26 March 1999 / Accepted: 25 October 1999 相似文献
2.
基于Prata晴空大气下行长波辐射参数化方案,针对其在高原地区及可降水量较小地区理论精度较差的缺点,考虑不同高度的大气柱发射的长波辐射量不同,提出了三种考虑气压的大气下行长波辐射参数化方案,通过全球ERA-5再分析数据进行最小二乘拟合确定经验常数并在全球不同区域对其适用性进行了分析.模拟结果表明,考虑气压的参数化方案有... 相似文献
3.
We report the analysis of two 20-year simulations performed with the low resolution version of the IPSL coupled ocean-atmosphere
model, with no flux correction at the air-sea interface. The simulated climate is characterized by a global sea surface temperature
warming of about 4 °C in 20 years, driven by a net heat gain at the top of the atmosphere. Despite this drift, the circulation
is quite realistic both in the ocean and the atmosphere. Several distinct periods are analyzed. The first corresponds to an
adjustment during which the heat gain weakens both at the top of the atmosphere and at the ocean surface, and the tropical
circulation is slightly modified. Then, the surface warming is enhanced by an increase of the greenhouse feedback. We show
that the mechanisms involved in the model share common features with sensitivity experiments to greenhouse gases or to SST
warming. At the top of the atmosphere, most of the longwave trapping in the atmosphere is driven by the tropical circulation.
At the surface, the reduction of longwave cooling is a direct response to increased temperature and moisture content at low
levels in the atmospheric model. During the last part of the simulation, a regulation occurs from evaporation at the surface
and longwave cooling at TOA. Most of the model drift is attributed to a too large heating by solar radiation in middle and
high latitudes. The reduction of the north–south temperature gradient, and the related changes in the meridional equator-to-pole
ocean heat transport lead to a warming of equatorial and subtropical regions. This is also well demonstrated by the difference
between the two simulations which differ only in the parametrization of sea-ice. When the sea-ice cover is not restored to
climatology the model does not maintain sea-ice at high latitudes. The climate warms more rapidly and the water vapor and
clouds feedback occurs earlier.
Received: 24 May 1996 / Accepted: 29 November 1996 相似文献
4.
利用美国国家大气研究中心(NCAR)和宾夕法尼亚州立大学(PSU)联合研制的第5代中尺度气象模式系统MM5对2006年12月24—27日江苏及其周边地区出现的一次罕见持续性大雾进行数值模拟和诊断分析, 同时对影响大雾过程的辐射条件进行敏感性试验。结果表明:形成持续性大雾的主要原因是大气层结稳定, 水汽充沛, 同时, 地面和大气的长波辐射冷却是雾形成和发展的最重要因素; 而日出后太阳短波辐射加热和热量湍流输送是辐射雾消散的主要原因。在大雾发展和维持期间, 雾区近地层基本上为弱的水汽辐合区; 在大雾减弱和消散期间, 雾区大部分为弱的水汽辐散区。大范围的下沉辐散运动有利于中低层大气增温, 与近地层的辐射降温相配合, 加上近地层弱冷平流作用, 使低层大气降温, 有助于逆温形成, 而深厚逆温层的存在, 对雾区的长时间维持起着决定性作用。 相似文献
5.
污染大气边界层的长波冷却率模式 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
考虑大气气溶胶在长波窗区的散射和吸收作用以及水汽的连续吸收作用，建立了一个适用于污染大气边界层的长波冷却率模式。计算结果表明：当单位面积气柱中气溶胶含量为７８５．９ｍｇ／ｍ２时，气溶胶的作用可使到达地面的长波向下辐射增大３９Ｗ／ｍ２。在大气窗区，大气气溶胶和水汽的连续吸收对长波冷却率的影响是同等重要的。在水汽含量和气溶胶浓度较大的大气边界层内，水汽连续吸收的冷却率最大时可达１．３Ｋ／ｄ，气溶胶的冷却率最大时可达到１．６６Ｋ／ｄ，二者对长波冷却率的贡献均不容忽视 相似文献
6.
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8.
Michael Tjernström 《Boundary-Layer Meteorology》1988,44(3):207-230
A higher order closure mesoscale model is used to study the influence of different surface properties on stratiform boundary-layer clouds. The model is hydrostatic, has a terrain-following coordinate system and a sub-grid scale condensation scheme. It also has a radiation parameterisation for shortwave and longwave radiation in order to calculate radiative cooling/heating. The simulations show the effects on a cloud field when cool or cold air is advected over warm water, the possible influence of local circulation systems on cloud fields in situations with weak synoptic forcing and the influence on a cloud field by growing internal boundary layers. Some of the results are compared with simpler physical models, and limitations in those are demonstrated. 相似文献
9.
The intertropical convergence zone (ITCZ) in atmospheric general circulation models (coupled to slab ocean) shift southwards in response to northern extratropical cooling. Previous studies have demonstrated the utility of diagnosing the atmospheric energy fluxes in interpreting this teleconnection. This study investigates the nature of global energy flux changes in response to North Atlantic high latitude cooling applied to the Community Atmosphere Model version 3 coupled to a slab ocean, focusing on key local and remote feedbacks that collectively act to alter the energy budget and atmospheric energy transport. We also investigate the relative roles of tropical sea surface temperature (SST) and energy flux changes in the ITCZ response to North Atlantic cooling. Using a radiative kernel technique, we quantify the effects of key feedbacks—temperature, cloud and water vapor, to the top-of-the-atmosphere radiative flux changes. The results show only partial local energy flux compensation to the initial perturbation in the high latitudes, originating from the negative temperature feedback and opposed by positive shortwave albedo and longwave water vapor feedbacks. Thus, an increase in the atmospheric energy transport to the Northern extratropics is required to close the energy budget. The additional energy flux providing this increase comes from top-of-the-atmosphere radiative flux increase over the southern tropics, primarily from cloud, temperature and longwave water vapor feedbacks, and largely as a consequence of increased deep convection. It has been previously argued that the role of tropical SST changes was secondary to the role played by the atmospheric energy flux requirements in controlling the ITCZ shifts, proposing that the SST response is a result of the surface energy budget and not a driver of the precipitation response. Using a set of idealized simulations with the fixed tropical SSTs, we demonstrate that the ITCZ shifts are not possible without the tropical SST changes and suggest that the tropical SSTs are a more suitable driver of tropical precipitation shifts compared to the atmospheric energy fluxes. In our simulations, the ITCZ shifts are influenced mainly by the local (tropical) SST forcing, apparently independent of the actual high latitude energy demand. 相似文献
10.
A method is presented for the parameterization of subgrid-scale processes in the framework of a three-dimensional micro-scale model which simulates the initiation of precipitation in the planetary boundary layer. The method uses truncated second-order moment equations which involve combinations of dynamical, thermodynamical and water variables; the water variables include water vapor, cloud droplets and rain water, with the hypothesis of a Marshall-Palmer raindrop distribution.The method is applied to the case of a trade-wind cumulus layer where water vapor content is artificially increased. As some approximations concerning the water variables are not easy to verify by experimental methods, results should be considered only as indicative; they show the extent to which a more complete parameterization of subgrid-scale processes may compensate for the inevitable lack of spatial resolution in an atmospheric boundary-layer model. 相似文献
11.
在研究水云的微物理性质与光学性质关系的基础上，提出了三种用于长波区域窄带和宽带水云光学性质计算的参数化方案，研究了应用不同的水云光学性质参数化方案和不同的宽带数目对云辐射性质的影响。分析了云滴的散射作用对有云大气中长波辐射通量和冷却率的影响。 相似文献
12.
The longwave (0-2380 cm-1) cooling rate due to water vapor in the troposphere and the stratosphere has been calculated by a new infrared transmission model in this paper. An exact scheme is used for treating the integration over wavenumber and the inhomogeneous path in the atmosphere. It is shown that the atmospheric window region (730-1200 cm-1) (mainly water vapor continuum) plays an important role in the total cooling near the surface, about 72% of the total cooling lying in this region at the height of 1 km; the CG approximation used for an inhomogeneous path is fairly applicable for calculating the cooling rate due to water vapor, with a maximum error of 0.16 K/day throughout the troposhere and the stratosphere; on the other hand, the error due to the diffusivity factor of 1.66 appears to be slightly larger near the surface. In this study, the influences on the calculation of above infrared cooling rate, of the temperature-dependence of the absorption coefficients of water vapor, the upper level cutoff and the integration step for altitude, and the substitution of the quasi-grey approximation for the exact integration over wavenumber, are also examined. 相似文献
13.
大气凝结水汽汇、凝结潜热作用与积云对流参数化 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
从引入包含质量(水汽)源、汇的连续方程出发,重新推导出大尺度凝结降水和积云对流凝结降水之水汽汇起作用的热力学方程,从而重新给出气压、气温预报方程及地面气压与高空位势高度预报方程。发现,在此基础上,才能实现凝结3个作用:气块水汽质量流失与气压降低;气块虚温降低;加热气块;和通过大气运动方程,实现大气凝结潜热“热机”作功。这时,对于预报气压、气温场,积云对流参数化方案中的参数在凝结3个作用中保持一致。否则,通过积云对流参数化方案,虽可以近似实现对于预报气压和气温场的凝结3个作用,但不可能调好参数的降水物理特性及其时空分布特征。且对于静力模式预报地面气压和高空位势高度场,不可能实现上述的第一凝结作用。最后表明,当模式分辨率提高到只用降水显式方案、不再用积云对流参数化方案后,则必须引入包含水汽源、汇的连续方程。因在热带海洋面上的水蒸发过程,水汽进入大气将改变地面气压场,且蒸发潜热可分为内潜热(水汽内能)和外潜热(水汽压力能),内潜热立即成为大气热能的一部分,而外潜热直接对大气层作功,使得大气位能增加。文中研究了大气中的大尺度凝结降水和积云对流凝结降水对气压场与位势高度场的影响。一般积云对流参数化方案都已考虑内潜热对大气的加热作用,但还须考虑因凝结与降水造成地面气压场及高空位势高度场的变化,后者应是外潜热作用的结果。在上述研究过程中,必须引入考虑凝结作用的连续方程,且最终可以改变有降水(包括大尺度凝结降水和积云对流凝结降水)发生时的数值预报模式动力框架。 相似文献
14.
The Third GABLS Intercomparison Case for Evaluation Studies of Boundary-Layer Models. Part B: Results and Process Understanding 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
Fred C. Bosveld Peter Baas Gert-Jan Steeneveld Albert A. M. Holtslag Wayne M. Angevine Eric Bazile Evert I. F. de Bruijn Daniel Deacu John M. Edwards Michael Ek Vincent E. Larson Jonathan E. Pleim Matthias Raschendorfer Gunilla Svensson 《Boundary-Layer Meteorology》2014,152(2):157-187
We describe and analyze the results of the third global energy and water cycle experiment atmospheric boundary layer Study intercomparison and evaluation study for single-column models. Each of the nineteen participating models was operated with its own physics package, including land-surface, radiation and turbulent mixing schemes, for a full diurnal cycle selected from the Cabauw observatory archive. By carefully prescribing the temporal evolution of the forcings on the vertical column, the models could be evaluated against observations. We focus on the gross features of the stable boundary layer (SBL), such as the onset of evening momentum decoupling, the 2-m minimum temperature, the evolution of the inertial oscillation and the morning transition. New process diagrams are introduced to interpret the variety of model results and the relative importance of processes in the SBL; the diagrams include the results of a number of sensitivity runs performed with one of the models. The models are characterized in terms of thermal coupling to the soil, longwave radiation and turbulent mixing. It is shown that differences in longwave radiation schemes among the models have only a small effect on the simulations; however, there are significant variations in downward radiation due to different boundary-layer profiles of temperature and humidity. The differences in modelled thermal coupling to the land surface are large and explain most of the variations in 2-m air temperature and longwave incoming radiation among models. Models with strong turbulent mixing overestimate the boundary-layer height, underestimate the wind speed at 200 m, and give a relatively large downward sensible heat flux. The result is that 2-m air temperature is relatively insensitive to turbulent mixing intensity. Evening transition times spread 1.5 h around the observed time of transition, with later transitions for models with coarse resolution. Time of onset in the morning transition spreads 2 h around the observed transition time. With this case, the morning transition appeared to be difficult to study, no relation could be found between the studied processes, and the variation in the time of the morning transition among the models. 相似文献
15.
K. Lindberg 《Meteorology and Atmospheric Physics》2003,84(3-4):285-292
Summary In this note a recent parameterization of surface infrared irradiance as a function of screen temperature and precipitable water is studied. The primary purpose is to investigate whether this parameterization supports previous studies of the surface infrared radiation that show a positive water vapor/infrared radiative feedback on large scale surface temperature perturbations. The parameterization studied here, which uses screen temperature and precipitable water as input, has been shown previously to resemble observations very well compared with other simple parameterizations of the irradiance. The results of the present study, where precipitable water has been parameterized as a function of screen temperature, provide supporting evidence for a positive value of the water vapor/infrared radiative feedback. The estimated magnitude of the feedback lies within the range of previous studies.Revised April 2, 2002; accepted March 11, 2003
Published online: August 7, 2003 相似文献
16.
利用毫米波云雷达、微波辐射计联合反演方法,对2015年11月11日安徽寿县的一次层状云过程的云参数进行了反演,将所得云参数加入到SBDART辐射传输模式中,进行辐射通量计算,并将计算的地面辐射通量与观测的地面辐射通量进行了对比分析。研究表明:1)利用毫米波雷达和微波辐射计数据联合反演的云参数比较可靠;2)利用SBDART模式并结合反演的云参数,可以准确实时地计算地面及其他高度层的长短波辐射通量;3)在反演的云参数中,光学厚度对地面各种辐射通量的影响是最大的,云层的光学厚度越大,到达地面的太阳短波辐射越小,地面反射短波辐射也越小。另外云底温度越高,云体向下发射的红外长波辐射越大。地面向上的长波辐射是地面温度的普朗克函数,随地面温度而变;4)云对地面的短波辐射强迫为负值,对地面有降温的作用。云对地面的长波辐射强迫是一个正值,对地面有一个增温的作用;5)云对地面的净辐射强迫随时间变化很大,它的正负与太阳高度角和云参数有关。 相似文献
17.
J. M. Edwards S. Basu F. C. Bosveld A. A. M. Holtslag 《Boundary-Layer Meteorology》2014,152(2):189-211
Large-eddy simulation in the GABLS3 intercomparison is concerned with the developed stable boundary layer (SBL) and the ensuing morning transition. The impact of radiative transfer on simulations of this case is assessed. By the time of the reversal of the surface buoyancy flux, a modest reduction of the lapse rate in the developed SBL is apparent in simulations that include longwave radiation. Subsequently, with radiation, the developing mixed layer grows significantly more quickly, so that four hours after the transition the mixed layer is roughly 40 % deeper; the resulting profiles of potential temperature and specific humidity are in better agreement with observations. The inclusion of radiation does not substantively alter the shape of turbulent spectra, but it does indirectly reduce the variance of temperature fluctuations in the mixed layer. The deepening of the mixed layer is interpreted as a response to the reduction of the strength of the capping inversion, resulting from cumulative radiative cooling in the residual layer and around the top of the former SBL. Sensitivity studies are performed to separate the two effects. Solar radiative heating of the atmosphere has a smaller impact on the development of the mixed layer than does longwave radiative cooling and slightly reduces its rate of growth, compared to simulations including longwave radiation alone. These simulations demonstrate that nocturnal radiative processes have an important effect on the morning transition and that they should be considered in future large-eddy simulations of the transition. 相似文献
18.
The temperature biases of 28 CMIP5 AGCMs are evaluated over the Tibetan Plateau(TP) for the period 1979–2005. The results demonstrate that the majority of CMIP5 models underestimate annual and seasonal mean surface 2-m air temperatures(T_(as)) over the TP. In addition, the ensemble of the 28 AGCMs and half of the individual models underestimate annual mean skin temperatures(T_s) over the TP. The cold biases are larger in T_(as) than in T_s, and are larger over the western TP. By decomposing the T_s bias using the surface energy budget equation, we investigate the contributions to the cold surface temperature bias on the TP from various factors, including the surface albedo-induced bias, surface cloud radiative forcing, clear-sky shortwave radiation, clear-sky downward longwave radiation, surface sensible heat flux, latent heat flux,and heat storage. The results show a suite of physically interlinked processes contributing to the cold surface temperature bias.Strong negative surface albedo-induced bias associated with excessive snow cover and the surface heat fluxes are highly anticorrelated, and the cancelling out of these two terms leads to a relatively weak contribution to the cold bias. Smaller surface turbulent fluxes lead to colder lower-tropospheric temperature and lower water vapor content, which in turn cause negative clear-sky downward longwave radiation and cold bias. The results suggest that improvements in the parameterization of the area of snow cover, as well as the boundary layer, and hence surface turbulent fluxes, may help to reduce the cold bias over the TP in the models. 相似文献
19.
Michael Tjernström 《Boundary-Layer Meteorology》1988,44(1-2):33-72
A higher order closure mesoscale model is used to study the influence of terrain height differences on the meso--scale on stratiform boundary-layer clouds. The model is hydrostatic, has a terrain-following coordinate system and a sub-grid scale condensation scheme. It also has a radiation parameterisation for shortwave and longwave radiation in order to calculate radiative cooling/heating. The simulations show that the cloud base height variations induced by the terrain can be much larger than motivated by terrain height variations alone. It is also shown how this behavior is dependent on upstream boundary-layer conditions and/or changes in the turbulence field. Other features studied include the wave in the lee of a ridge/hill and the associated lifting of the cloud base. The results are compared with some simpler physical models, and limitations in those models are demonstrated. 相似文献
20.
Observations show that the surface diurnal temperature range (DTR) has decreased since 1950s over most global land areas due to a smaller warming in maximum temperatures (T max) than in minimum temperatures (T min). This paper analyzes the trends and variability in T max, T min, and DTR over land in observations and 48 simulations from 12 global coupled atmosphere-ocean general circulation models for the later half of the 20th century. It uses the modeled changes in surface downward solar and longwave radiation to interpret the modeled temperature changes. When anthropogenic and natural forcings are included, the models generally reproduce observed major features of the warming of T max and T min and the reduction of DTR. As expected the greenhouse gases enhanced surface downward longwave radiation (DLW) explains most of the warming of T max and T min while decreased surface downward shortwave radiation (DSW) due to increasing aerosols and water vapor contributes most to the decreases in DTR in the models. When only natural forcings are used, none of the observed trends are simulated. The simulated DTR decreases are much smaller than the observed (mainly due to the small simulated T min trend) but still outside the range of natural internal variability estimated from the models. The much larger observed decrease in DTR suggests the possibility of additional regional effects of anthropogenic forcing that the models can not realistically simulate, likely connected to changes in cloud cover, precipitation, and soil moisture. The small magnitude of the simulated DTR trends may be attributed to the lack of an increasing trend in cloud cover and deficiencies in charactering aerosols and important surface and boundary-layer processes in the models. 相似文献