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1.
玛曲高寒草甸地表辐射与能量收支的季节变化 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
利用中国科学院黄河源区气候与环境综合观测研究站2010年观测资料,分析了玛曲高寒草甸地表辐射与能量收支的季节特征。结果表明:玛曲高寒草甸入射太阳辐射与净辐射年累积量分别为6482.2和2577.2MJ.m-2.a-1;年平均地表反照率为0.25,生长期平均地表反照率为0.22;全年入射太阳辐射的38%转换为地表长波辐射,明显高于低海拔地区的草地;净辐射占入射太阳辐射的38%,低于全球以及低海拔地区的草地;在冻结期,感热通量占净辐射的93%,在生长期,潜热通量占净辐射的62%。 相似文献
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土壤冻融过程显著影响地表含水量和能量收支变化。利用玛曲2017年8月至2018年7月的土壤温度/湿度、涡动观测资料以及公用陆面模式(Community Land Model,CLM)最新版本CLM5.0的模拟资料,其中冻结过程阶段的辐射和能量通量使用模式模拟的数据,通过分析土壤冻融过程中土壤温湿度、地表能量平衡各分量的时间演变特征,探讨冻融过程中地表水热交换的特征。数据分析表明：(1)土壤冻融过程包括冻结过程、完全冻结、消融过程及完全消融四个阶段,各阶段中的土壤温度/湿度、辐射和能量通量存在明显的日变化,在冻结过程和消融过程阶段,土壤湿度随土壤温度变化显示出明显的日冻融循环。(2)冻融过程通过影响表层土壤水分影响地表辐射收支和能量分配。冻融过程中土壤中的水相变为冰,改变下垫面性质影响地表辐射收支。土壤中的液态水通过相变影响地表潜热通量,完全消融(冻结)阶段,地气之间能量交换以潜热(感热)通量为主。相比于以潜热通量为主的冻结过程阶段,消融过程阶段净辐射通量逐渐增大,地气之间能量交换主要受感热通量影响。土壤中水分的昼融夜冻导致频繁的潜热通量释放影响地表热通量。土壤热通量在冻结过程(G 相似文献
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《高原气象》2020,(4)
利用青海玛沁微气象观测站降雪过程的观测数据,探讨了积雪覆盖对土壤温度,土壤体积含水量、土壤热通量及地表能量交换的影响。结果表明:积雪覆盖对浅层土壤温度的影响较为显著,而对深层土壤温度的影响十分微弱。地表有积雪覆盖时,浅层土壤温度日平均值升高,日变化幅度减小,日最低值升高,温度梯度绝对值减小。土壤完全冻结状态下土壤体积含水量几乎不受积雪覆盖影响,土壤融化状态下积雪覆盖会导致浅层土壤体积含水量日变化幅度减小,而对深层土壤体积含水量没有影响。积雪覆盖会减小浅层土壤热通量的日变化幅度。在总辐射相同的晴天条件下,当地表有积雪覆盖时,由于积雪的高反照率导致向上短波辐射增加,净辐射减小,同时感热通量减小而潜热通量增加,感热占比(H/Rn)下降,潜热占比(LE/Rn)升高。 相似文献
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利用黄河源区玛曲观测站2016年涡动相关系统和微气象梯度塔观测资料,分析了高寒草地 大气间水热交换通量的特征。结果表明：夜间地表各通量值很小,净辐射和感热通量为负值,潜热通量的值较小但始终为正。日出后随着太阳辐射和地表加热作用各通量迅速增大,在14时左右达到峰值。暖季（6—8月）夜间感热通量占净辐射的比例(H/Rn)高于感潜通量占净辐射的比例(LE/Rn),日出后LE/Rn开始升高而H/Rn减小,日间LE/Rn大于H/Rn。冷季（12月—次年2月）H/Rn始终大于LE/Rn,感热通量在冷季的能量分配中占据主导地位。暖季LE/Rn、H/Rn均随土壤温度升高而升高。冷季H/Rn与5 cm深度土壤温度表现出了更为明显的二次关系,随着温度升高先降低后升高,当温度小于-7 ℃时H/Rn降低,大于-6 ℃时H/Rn增大。暖季H/Rn随着土壤湿度增大先降低后升高,LE/Rn先升高后降低。在0—1.5 kPa,暖季饱和水汽压差与LE/Rn、H/Rn均呈线性关系,并随着饱和水汽压差增大,LE/Rn增大而H/Rn减小;1.5 kPa之后,LE/Rn、H/Rn变化特征均保持其原有趋势。 相似文献
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利用2014年6月1日至8月31日中国科学院麻多黄河源气候与环境综合观测站(下称麻多站)陆面过程观测试验资料,将大气和地表因素之和作为环境因子探讨其对潜热通量的影响,分析了太阳辐射和水汽压差对黄河源区高寒湿地下垫面潜热通量的影响,并对其进行了定量化评估(即控制参量)。结果表明:(1)太阳辐射和水汽压差对潜热通量的相对大气因素控制平均为0.98和0.02,即太阳辐射是影响潜热通量的相对大气因素控制的主要因子,水汽压差的影响可忽略。(2)太阳辐射和水汽压差对潜热通量的相对地表因素控制平均为0.12和-0.31,前者早晚大,中午小,后者绝对值早晚小,中午大。(3)太阳辐射对潜热通量的绝对总控制平均为0.22,相对总控制平均为1.10。水汽压差的绝对总控制平均为-0.06 W·m~(-2)·Pa~(-1),相对总控制平均为-0.29。(4)太阳辐射主要是通过直接作用(大气因素)影响潜热通量;而水汽压差则主要通过改变湿地地表阻抗的间接作用(地表因素)影响潜热通量。(5)高寒湿地下垫面地-气退耦因子(Ω)平均为0.38,表明高寒湿地与大气间的耦合程度较差,实际情况亦是如此,太阳辐射是影响高寒湿地下垫面潜热通量的主要因子。本研究为气候变化背景下的潜热通量参数化及其蒸散发研究开辟一条新的研究思路。 相似文献
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《干旱气象》2015,(3)
干旱区荒漠草原过渡带下垫面受降水影响而变化,在短期内由沙漠转化为草地,因而其陆面过程特征快速变化十分显著,可能对区域天气或气候造成一定影响。本文利用2012年7~9月在腾格里沙漠南缘的荒漠草原过渡带开展的"微气象蒸发观测实验"的观测资料,通过分析强降水前后土壤温度、含水量、辐射及湍流通量,研究快速变化的陆面过程特征。结果表明:40 cm以上的浅层土壤温度在降水后降低,随着降水辐射效应的消失,土壤温度升高;而深层的土壤温度变化较小。土壤含水量对降水有明显的响应,20 cm以上的浅层土壤含水量迅速增大,而后缓慢减小;30、40 cm的土壤含水量先增大后迅速下降。7、8月的净辐射变化不大,在-50~450 W·m-2间变化。降水发生后,反射辐射和地表长波辐射较干旱荒漠有所降低,2~3 d后又恢复到干旱荒漠的量级。地表反照率在降水后先降后升,荒漠草地的地表反照率日均值较大,与地表含水量、太阳高度角及植被生长参数密切相关。感热和潜热在降水前后变化显著,潜热增大而后减小,感热减小而后增大,干旱荒漠地表能量传输以感热通量为主,强降水发生后,潜热通量占主导地位,而后由于蒸散发使土壤含水量减小,潜热的主导地位逐渐被感热代替。 相似文献
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利用青藏高原中部玉树隆宝湿地2015年7月-2016年7月的观测资料,分析了土壤冻结、融化前后土壤温、湿度和地表能量收支特征,结果表明：冻土持续时期为12月至次年4月,深层土壤的冻结较浅层土壤滞后,融化过程快于冻结过程,5-40 cm土壤全部冻结历时51 d,全部融化历时19 d。土壤体积含水量年变化幅度达0.6 m3/m3。冻结过程5-40 cm土壤体积含水量下降,融化过程5-10 cm土壤体积含水量升高。土壤冻结之后,感热通量白天的值升高,潜热通量白天的值降低,净辐射和土壤热通量均降低,土壤热通量日变化幅度增大。土壤融化之后,潜热通量、净辐射和土壤热通量白天的值升高。地表反照率、鲍恩比、土壤热导率和土壤热扩散率冻结后增大融化后减小,土壤热容量冻结后减小融化后增大。 相似文献
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青藏高原积雪对地表能量和水分交换有重要影响。本文通过选取青藏高原东部玛多、玛曲和垭口3个站点多雪年和少雪年的气象资料,对比分析了多雪年和少雪年的地表能量和土壤水热特征。结果表明：在地表辐射平衡方面,多雪年或积雪较多的时期可以反射掉较多的向上短波辐射。玛多站多雪年反射掉的向上短波辐射是少雪年的2.3倍,玛曲站主要积雪期（3-5月）中多雪时期比少雪时期多反射掉10.07 W·m-2的向上短波辐射,垭口站多雪年的年平均向上短波辐射分别比两个少雪年高出37.49 W·m-2和31.92 W·m-2。多雪年或积雪较多的时期还可以减少向上长波辐射的发射。玛多站多雪年与少雪年向上长波辐射的差值在整个研究时段中基本为负,垭口站两个少雪年在当年12月初到次年1月和次年2月末到4月初这两个时段,积雪越深,向上长波辐射值越小。向上短波和向上长波辐射的差异使得多雪年的地表净辐射少于少雪年。不论多雪年还是少雪年,土壤热通量的值都很小,地表能量分配主要以感热通量和潜热通量为主。玛多站少雪年以感热通量为主且感热通量为正,但多雪年感热通量为负;玛曲站的... 相似文献
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《高原气象》2016,(2)
黄土高原陇东地区有着特殊的气候背景和下垫面,对这一地区陆气相互作用特征和影响因素的观测分析对改进和发展陆面过程模式以及气候变化研究有重要意义。利用陇东平凉陆面过程与灾害天气观测研究站连续一年的陆面过程观测资料,分析了雨养农田降水量、土壤含水量、辐射、反照率和能量通量的季节变化,以及降水、土壤含水量和农业生产活动对能量分配的影响。结果表明,陇东地区降水量季节分布不均,土壤含水量有明显季节差异,随降水有明显波动;辐射通量的季节变化较为规律,短波辐射的日均值受天气状况影响,波动较大;地表反照率呈明显的季节变化,全年正午反照率最大值为0.83,出现在降雪后,生长季随着作物的生长,反照率下降至0.2以下,农作物收割以后的裸土反照率随降水变化明显,反照率与土壤体积含水量呈明显的线性相关关系;湍流能量通量日循环和季节变化明显,地表能量分配在很大程度上受降水影响,同时农业生产活动也对其有较大影响,主导能量通量有较大的月际波动,潜热通量月平均日变化峰值最大为240.8 W·m~(-2),出现在5月,感热通量为192.5 W·m~(-2),出现在4月;在年尺度上,正午净辐射多被感热通量消耗,感热通量约占35%,潜热通量约占32%,低于灌溉农田;在冬小麦快速生长季(3-5月),潜热通量约占34%,远低于灌溉的冬小麦田,研究站点的蒸散发过程受到水分限制。 相似文献
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C. R. Lloyd R. J. Harding T. Friborg M. Aurela 《Theoretical and Applied Climatology》2001,70(1-4):19-33
Summary Measurements of the surface fluxes of heat and water vapour were taken at four sites across the European Arctic as part of
the EU funded LAPP project. The sites cover a range of latitudinal, altitudinal and climatic conditions. The most northerly
site is near Ny-?lesund, Svalbard, a polar semi-desert with continuous permafrost. A second permafrost site is a fen area
in the Zackenberg valley, East Greenland. Finally two sites in northern Finland, Skalluvaara and Kaamanen are on the southern
boundary of the region affected by permafrost. At all sites measurements were made of the turbulent fluxes of heat and water
vapour using eddy correlation equipment for at least one active season.
The net radiation totals for July and August are similar at all sites. At the sites with permafrost a substantial proportion
(over 20%) of the net radiation goes into soil heat flux, to thaw the soil moisture in the top metre. Of the remaining energy
just over half is used for evaporation. At the Finnish sites the vegetation is largely deciduous and this is seen in the record
with higher evaporative ratios in July and August, after the vegetation becomes green. The Finnish sites tend to have higher
surface resistance to evaporation; however, the evaporative demand is greater leading to slightly higher evaporation rates.
The two Finnish sites have a similar seasonal pattern determined by the water table and seasonality of the vegetation. The
two northern sites show a pattern that is determined primarily by the variation of water table only. It is concluded that
the water balance through the active season is influenced primarily by the history of snow cover. The seasonality of the vegetation,
the permafrost and the depth of water table are also important influences.
Received November 1, 1999 Revised April 17, 2000 相似文献
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P. R. Isaac R. Leuning J. M. Hacker H. A. Cleugh P. A. Coppin O. T. Denmead M. R. Raupach 《Boundary-Layer Meteorology》2004,110(1):69-98
Two methods are examined for combining measurements from instrumented aircraftand towers to estimate regional scale evapotranspiration. Aircraft data provided spatially averaged values of properties of the surface, the evaporative fraction and maximum stomatal conductance. These quantities are less sensitive to meteorological conditions than the turbulent fluxes of heat and water vapour themselves. The methods allowed aircraft data collected over several days to be averaged and thus to reduce the random error associated with the temporal under-sampling inherent in aircraft measurements. Evaporative fraction is estimated directly from the aircraft data, while maximum stomatal conductance is estimated by coupling the Penman–Monteith equation to a simple model relating surface conductance to the incoming shortwave radiation and specific humidity saturation deficit. The spatial averages of evaporative fraction and maximum stomatal conductance can then be used with routine tower data to estimate the regional scale evapotranspiration. Data from aircraft flights and six ground based sites during the OASIS field campaign in south–east New South Wales in 1995 have been used to check the methods. Both the evaporative fraction and the maximum stomatal conductance derived from the aircraft data give information on the spatial variability of the surface energy budget at scales from 10 to 100 km. Daily averaged latent heat fluxes estimated using these methods for the OASIS study region agree with the available observations in quasi-stationary conditions or in weakly non-stationary conditions when the data from several aircraft flights are averaged to reduce the impact of short term imbalances in the surface energy budget. 相似文献
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Simulation of the Bare Soil Surface Energy Balance at the Tongyu Reference Site in Semiarid Area of North China 
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下载免费PDF全文 ZHANG Xia 《大气和海洋科学快报》2010,3(6):330-335
The performance of a 1-D soil model in a semiarid area of North China was investigated using observational data from a cropland station at the Tongyu reference site of the Coordinated Enhanced Observing Period (CEOP) during the non-growing period, when the ground surface was covered with bare soil. Comparisons between simulated and observed soil surface energy balance components as well as soil temperatures and water contents were conducted to validate the soil model. Results show that the soil model could produce good simulations of soil surface temperature, net radiation flux and sensible heat flux against observed values with the RMSE of 1.54oC, 7.71 W m-2 and 27.79 W m-2, respectively. The simulated volumetric soil water content is close to the observed values at various depths with the maximal difference between them being 0.03. Simulated latent heat and ground heat fluxes have relatively lower errors in relative to net radiation and sensible heat flux. In conclusion, the soil model has good capacity to simulate the bare soil surface energy balance at the Tongyu cropland station and needs to be further tested in longer period and at more sites in semiarid areas. 相似文献
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黄河源高寒湿地-大气间暖季水热交换特征及关键影响参数研究 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1
湿地是由陆地和水体形成的自然综合体,具有重要的生态、水文和生物地球化学功能,黄河源高寒湿地作为黄河重要的水源涵养区,对其下垫面水热交换特征及关键影响参数的研究具有非常重要的意义。本文利用中国科学院西北生态环境资源研究院麻多黄河源气候与环境变化观测站2014年6~8月观测资料,分析了黄河源区高寒湿地-大气间暖季水热交换特征,并利用公用陆面模式（Community Land Model,简称CLM）模拟了热通量变化,提出针对高寒湿地的粗糙度优化方案。主要结果如下:（1）暖季向上、向下短波与净辐射的平均日变化规律一致,向上、向下长波平均日变化平缓,地表温度升高相对于向下短波具有滞后性,潜热通量始终为正值并大于感热通量;（2）温度变化显著层结为20 cm以上土壤浅层,存在明显的日循环规律,土壤中热量09:00（北京时,下同）下传至5 cm深度,温度升高,11:00至10 cm深度,13:00至20 cm深度,18:00后开始上传,温度降低,40 cm及以下深度受此影响较小,热量在土壤中整体由浅层向深层输送;（3）土壤湿度平均日变化小,5 cm深度为土壤湿度最小层,10 cm深度为最大层;（4）麻多高寒湿地动力学粗糙度Z0m在暖季变化稳定,可作为常数,Z0m=0.0143 m;（5）提出更加适合高寒湿地下垫面暖季附加阻尼kB-1参数化方案,使得热通量模拟效果较CLM原始方案有所提高。以上结果对于研究湿地下垫面陆面过程具有重要意义。 相似文献
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Net radiation — soil heat flux relations as influenced by soil water content variations 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Net radiation, soil heat flux, incoming and reflected solar radiation, and soil water content were measured during several clear day periods following approximate 10-cm applications of water to loam soils at Phoenix, Arizona, and at Sidney, Montana. The regression of soil heat flux on net radiation changed significantly as the soil dried, with the difference between them being a linear function of the volumetric soil water content of the uppermost 2 to 4 cm of soil. The net radiation-soil heat flux difference for soil in an air-dry state was only about one-half of what it was on the day after irrigation. Techniques discussed allow evaluation of what the net radiation-soil heat flux difference would be under conditions of no surface saturation deficit at any time of year from measurements of net solar radiation, soil water content, and air temperature, thereby improving the utility of many evaporation models. The data also indicate that water content measurements may be replaced by more easily measured soil albedo. 相似文献
17.
Climate�Csoil�Cvegetation control on groundwater table dynamics and its feedbacks in a climate model
Among the three dynamically linked branches of the water cycle, including atmospheric, surface, and subsurface water, groundwater is the largest reservoir and an active component of the hydrologic system. Because of the inherent slow response time, groundwater may be particularly relevant for long time-scale processes such as multi-years or decadal droughts. This study uses regional climate simulations with and without surface water?Cgroundwater interactions for the conterminous US to assess the influence of climate, soil, and vegetation on groundwater table dynamics, and its potential feedbacks to regional climate. Analyses show that precipitation has a dominant influence on the spatial and temporal variations of groundwater table depth (GWT). The simulated GWT is found to decrease sharply with increasing precipitation. Our simulation also shows some distinct spatial variations that are related to soil porosity and hydraulic conductivity. Vegetation properties such as minimum stomatal resistance, and root depth and fraction are also found to play an important role in controlling the groundwater table. Comparing two simulations with and without groundwater table dynamics, we find that groundwater table dynamics mainly influences the partitioning of soil water between the surface (0?C0.5?m) and subsurface (0.5?C5?m) rather than total soil moisture. In most areas, groundwater table dynamics increases surface soil moisture at the expense of the subsurface, except in regions with very shallow groundwater table. The change in soil water partitioning between the surface and subsurface is found to strongly correlate with the partitioning of surface sensible and latent heat fluxes. The evaporative fraction (EF) is generally higher during summer when groundwater table dynamics is included. This is accompanied by increased cloudiness, reduced diurnal temperature range, cooler surface temperature, and increased cloud top height. Although both convective and non-convective precipitation are enhanced, the higher EF changes the partitioning to favor more non-convective precipitation, but this result could be sensitive to the convective parameterization used. Compared to simulations without groundwater table dynamics, the dry bias in the summer precipitation is slightly reduced over the central and eastern US Groundwater table dynamics can provide important feedbacks to atmospheric processes, and these feedbacks are stronger in regions with deeper groundwater table, because the interactions between surface and subsurface are weak when the groundwater table is deep. This increases the sensitivity of surface soil moisture to precipitation anomalies, and therefore enhances land surface feedbacks to the atmosphere through changes in soil moisture and evaporative fraction. By altering the groundwater table depth, land use change and groundwater withdrawal can alter land surface response and feedback to the climate system. 相似文献
18.
Alpine wetland is one of the typical underlying surfaces on the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau. It plays a crucial role in runoff regulation. Investigations on the mechanisms of water and heat exchanges are necessary to understand the land surface processes over the alpine wetland. This study explores the characteristics of hydro-meteorological factors with in situ observations and uses the Community Land Model 5 to identify the main factors controlling water and heat exchanges.Latent heat flux and therm... 相似文献
19.
植被覆盖异常变化影响陆面状况的数值模拟 总被引：15，自引：2，他引：15
利用NCAR最新的公用陆面模式CLM3．0，通过数值模拟初步研究了植被叶面积指数（LAI，leafareaindex）异常变化对陆面状况的可能影响，结果表明，植被LAI的异常变化能够引起地表能量平衡、地表水循环等陆面状况的异常。（1）植被LAI的异常变化主要影响太阳辐射在植被与地表之间的分配，以及地表的感热、潜热通量。植被LAI增大，能够引起植被吸收的太阳辐射增加，而到达土壤表面的太阳辐射减小，并导致植被的蒸发、蒸腾潜热通量增加，造成地表的蒸发潜热和感热通量不同程度的减小。（2）植被LAI增大时，植被对降水的拦截和植被叶面的蒸发增大，植被的蒸腾作用也明显增强；植被LAI增加会使得热带地区各个季节的土壤表面蒸发、地表径流减小，而土壤湿度有所增加；LAI增加造成中高纬度地区土壤蒸发的减少主要出现在夏季；LAI增加还能够引起中高纬地区冬、春积雪深度不同程度的增加，造成春末、夏初地表径流的增加。（3）植被LAI增加能够使得叶面和土壤温度有所下降，但植被LAI的变化对叶面、土壤温度的影响相对较小。 相似文献
20.
甘肃马衔山区陆面过程与降水的研究 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
采用定西的麦田微气象观测,定西、兰州的辐射观测和马衔山区34个气象、水文和雨量站的气候资料,结合NOAA-16卫星的AVHRR资料以及反演的地表植被盖度和反射率,并用SEBAL算法推导出夏季地表净辐射、感热、潜热、土壤热通量密度的区域分布特征,并分析陆面过程对降水的影响。结果表明:本区降水的空间分布与夏季植被盖度对应最好,相关系数高达0.722,其次是土壤热通量和潜热通量,相关系数分别为-0.65和0.615。这表明森林通过降低地表反射率和表面温度,不仅增加地表净辐射,而且减少其用于感热和土壤热通量的消耗。由于林区地表水分多,从而将接收较多的太阳辐射能主要用于蒸散,增加边界层中的水汽。故林区降水远大于植被稀疏的半干旱黄土梁。 相似文献