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1.
TiO2纳米晶多孔微球具有颗粒大、晶粒尺寸小及比表面积较高等优点.以明胶作为模板,以钛酸丁酯为原料,采用溶胶-凝胶法制备了TiO2纳米晶多孔微球,并采用透射电镜、X射线衍射仪对其性能进行了表征.实验结果表明:采用溶胶-凝胶法成功制备了纯锐钛矿型TiO2;明胶的加入对样品的物相组成没有影响,但改变了其晶粒尺寸和排布方式,得到了一种由纳米晶组成的多孔微球;微球直径约为200~500 nm,其中孔隙约为2~5 nm,平均晶粒尺寸为(14.3±0.9)nm.在此基础上对TiO2纳米晶多孔微球的形成机理进行了分析. 相似文献
2.
在大田条件下,研究了模拟地表UV-B辐射增强对花生（开农49号）的产量及品质的影响.UV-B辐射设3个水平,即对照、增强20%和增强40%.结果表明：UV-B辐射增强能显著降低花生产量,产量下降的原因主要是由单位面积产量、株荚果数、百仁重减少造成的;花生品质受UV-B影响较为复杂,UV-B增强20%时,花生脂肪质量分数为51.02%,蛋白质质量分数为22.34%,油酸/亚油酸质量比为1.19,较对照组提高了0.02;UV-B增强40%时,花生脂肪质量分数为51.82%,蛋白质质量分数为22.56%,油酸/亚油酸质量比为1.28,较对照组提高了0.11.研究认为,UV-B辐射增强,不足以对花生的品质产生显著影响,这可能与设定的UV-B辐射强度、试验设计方案及花生的品种有关. 相似文献
3.
以生活污水为供试水样,通过讨论曝气时间、污泥负荷、厌氧好氧时间分配、pH值等因素对SBR反应器中污水COD去除效果的影响进行研究。结果表明:在室温(20±5)℃和进水pH值为6.45—7.55条件下,SBR反应器优化的运行参数为厌氧150 min、曝气120 min、沉淀60 min,污泥负荷为0.049—0.082 kg BOD5/kg MLSS,MLSS 3000—5000 mg.L-1。在此条件下,COD、BOD5、NH3—N、TP和SS的平均去除率分别为85.45%、95.23%、80.25%、95.04%和85.84%,出水水质可满足城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准(GB18918-2002)一级A。 相似文献
4.
《沙漠与绿洲气象(新疆气象)》2016,(6)
利用常规气象观测资料、区域自动站加密观测资料、FY-2卫星云图、新一代天气雷达及NECP的1°×1°再分析资料对黑龙江省的2006—2014年冰雹和2008—2014年的强降水在非典型性天气系统下表现出的局地要素特征以及卫星和雷达特征进行分析。分析结果显示:较大的对流有效位能、低层强暖空气为对流发生提供了热力不稳定;700 h Pa湿区配合500 h Pa干区使得冰雹具备了对流不稳定性,700 h Pa湿区与低层弱水汽辐合能够为强降水的产生获得有利的水汽垂直分布;最终在地面辐合的触发下产生对流;冰雹有较高的0℃层高度和较低的气压;冰雹和强降水有利的地形高度和对流有效位能分别为200~500 m、100~200 m和200~600 J/kg、400 J/kg以上。它们在卫星云图和雷达上的表现往往比较孤立,移动较快,超过75%的云团都是小云块直接或间接产生,产生的时间与形状和面积突变时一致,产生的位置与合并处相同,伴有大的云团时,低层水汽辐合会明显。雷达回波上很难探测到特征回波,强降水多由原地生消或列车效应产生,一般在降水前1 h左右会出现小对流泡。 相似文献
5.
在半湿润的南京地区,以微型马铃薯荷兰七号为指示作物,采用平地起垄覆膜的种植方式,分别选用黑色地膜（BM）与普通白色地膜（WM）做比较,并以不覆膜的平地作为对照（CK）,分析不同处理对微型马铃薯生理指标、产量以及种植区土壤质量的影响.发现BM处理下微型马铃薯的淀粉质量分数和产量最高,较WM处理增产31.1%,较CK增产43.7%;覆膜处理显著降低了耕层土壤的速效钾质量分数,BM处理下耕层土壤的速效磷质量分数最低,但土壤铵态氮与硝态氮质量分数显著高于其他处理;覆膜处理有效提高了微型马铃薯出苗期的耕层土壤含水量,BM处理下微型马铃薯生育期内的表层土壤温度明显低于WM,且高于对照,对微型马铃薯的生长更有利. 相似文献
6.
层状云催化后过冷水分布与演变规律的数值模拟 总被引：8，自引：4，他引：4
在郭学良等(1999年)发展的层状云雨滴分档模式中加入冰晶繁生过程,模拟了碘化银和液态二氧化碳的催化效率以及催化后云中过冷水的分布与演变过程.结果表明:碘化银和液态二氧化碳在5200～5600 m高度上的催化效率相当,最大达到11.1%;液态二氧化碳在2600～3000 m高度层的催化效率明显增大,达到14.2%;模式云被催化后,云中云水含量在200 min都较未催化时增长0.05 g/m3以上,表现出云中过冷水被消耗后的恢复趋势;碘化银和液态二氧化碳对云体催化后,云中水汽含量减少0.5～2 g/m3,对过冷水的恢复作出贡献;催化过程使得模式云中雨滴浓度在210 rin时较未催化时减少73%,在240 min时较未催化时增加309%.得出了两点结论:(1)模式云被催化后,云中过冷水在200 rin表现出恢复趋势,云中水汽对过冷水的恢复过程作出了贡献;(2)在过冷水较多的区域播撒液态二氧化碳可以取得较好的催化效率. 相似文献
7.
利用常规气象观测资料、风廓线雷达资料和NCEP/NCAR 1°×1°分析资料,对广东暖季一次伴有短时强降水、强闪电和瞬时大风的强高架雷暴过程进行了分析。结果表明:雷暴发生在地面锋线以北200~400 km处,850 h Pa切变线、700 h Pa低空急流和500 h Pa西风槽前西南风动量下传致使低层风速脉动增强等是触发高架对流的有利动力条件。900 h Pa以下存在逆温层,850 h Pa暖平流加强了逆温层以上层结不稳定,垂直运动发生在逆温层以上,最大上升速度中心在700 h Pa及以上层次。水汽分布呈"上干下湿"状态,低层广东中南部存在明显的水汽辐合,水汽主要来源是孟加拉湾。另外,短时大风的出现可能与强降水粒子在较大环境风中的下沉拖曳作用有关。 相似文献
8.
纳米碘化银在人工影响天气的应用研究 II: 室内实验 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
运用爆炸法,使用“37型”降雨实弹分别在室内20 L和1200 L云室对研制的人工影响天气纳米碘化银催化剂的成冰性能,包括成核率、成冰阈温、核化速率等,进行检测和研究.在相同实验条件下,在“37型”降雨实弹上将纳米碘化银催化剂与目前常用碘化银催化剂进行对比试验.结果表明,纳米碘化银催化剂成冰性能明显优于常规碘化银催化剂,其成核率比常规碘化银催化剂提高1～2个数量级;成冰阈温值增加;核化速率明显加快. 相似文献
9.
高原低涡与西南涡结伴而行的不同活动形式个例的环境场和位涡分析 总被引：5，自引：3，他引：2
本文利用NCEP/NCAR-FNL再分析资料、历史天气图、青藏高原低涡切变线年鉴,通过分析1998~2015年持续高原涡影响西南涡结伴而行（简称两涡伴行）过程的活动形式,并对不同活动形式的个例进行了环境场与位涡分析,得出了不同活动形式两涡伴行的环境场特征,揭示了冷空气活动、200 hPa急流对不同活动形式的两涡伴行的影响原因。结果表明:（1）两涡伴行有三种活动形式,它们是高原涡诱发西南涡、高原涡与西南涡耦合以及同一天气系统下两涡,其中以高原涡诱发西南涡的活动形式占多数。（2）两涡伴行的500 hPa环境场主要是40°N以北东亚环流经向度不强,纬向气流主导,受500 hPa低槽、冷空气活动的影响;200 hPa环境场主要与200 hPa急流的强度、距急流核距离、在急流两侧的位置密切相关;不同活动形式的西南涡上空200 hPa、500 hPa环境场特征是有差别的。（3）受500 hPa低槽、冷空气影响的两涡伴行中的西南涡的生成是通过500 hPa高位涡空气伸入西南涡上空,造成西南涡上空斜压不稳定所至;在西南涡上空500 hPa斜压不稳定增强且具有较强的斜压不稳定时西南涡加强;200 hPa西南风急流影响高原涡诱发或耦合、加强西南涡是分别在高空高位涡下传影响到高原涡与西南涡上空、西南涡的情况下实现的,同一天气系统下,高空高位涡下传只影响高原涡,而未影响西南涡。 相似文献
10.
利用1980-2009年美国联合台风警报中心(Joint Typhoon Warning Center,JTWC)整编的热带气旋(tropical cyclone,TC)最佳路径资料,定义西北太平洋TC 24 h强度变化达到总体样本96%累积概率的变化值,即35 kn作为TC快速增强的阈值。根据NCEP/NCAR资料将200~850 hPa之间 TC所处的环境纬向风切变(wind shear,WS)划分为东风切变(east wind shear,EWS)和西风切变(west wind shear,WWS)。对比了EWS和WWS环境下快速增强热带气旋(rapid intensification tropical cyclones,RITC)的统计和大尺度环境合成场特征,结果表明,近70%的TC快速增强发生在东风切变环境下。TC快速增强概率最高的月份在9月,初始强度区间为[65,75) kn。大的EWS下,850 hPa有来自南海地区的西南气流为RITC输送充沛水汽,500 hPa、200 hPa高压势力强但脊线位置偏北,RITC流出层温度低于-79 ℃,垂直结构上底层的辐合与高层的辐散也相对较强。大WWS下,850 hPa的水汽主要为来自西北太平洋的东南气流,500 hPa副热带高压断裂为几个分散的中心,200 hPa辐散相对较弱,RITC合成位置位于副热带高压西北侧的西风气流,流出层温度约-76 ℃。 相似文献
11.
A three-dimensional variational method is proposed to simultaneously retrieve the 3-D atmospheric temperature and moisture profiles from satellite radiance measurements. To include both vertical structure and the horizontal patterns of the atmospheric temperature and moisture, an EOF technique is used to decompose the temperature and moisture field in a 3-D space. A number of numerical simulations are conducted and they demonstrate that the 3-D method is less sensitive to the observation errors compared to the 1-D method. When the observation error is more than 2.0 K, to get the best results, the truncation number for the EOF＇s expansion have to be restricted to 2 in the 1-D method, while it can be set as large as 40 in a 3-D method. This results in the truncation error being reduced and the retrieval accuracy being improved in the 3-D method. Compared to the 1-D method, the rms errors of the 3-D method are reduced by 48% and 36% for the temperature and moisture retrievals, respectively. Using the real satellite measured brightness temperatures at 0557 UTC 31 July 2002, the temperature and moisture profiles are retrieved over a region （20°-45°N, 100°- 125°E） and compared with 37 collocated radiosonde observations. The results show that the retrieval accuracy with a 3-D method is significantly higher than those with the 1-D method. 相似文献
12.
To a set of well-regarded international scenarios (UNEP’s GEO-4), we have added consideration of the demand, supply, and energy implications related to copper production and use over the period 2010–2050. To our knowledge, these are the first comprehensive metal supply and demand scenarios to be developed. We find that copper demand increases by between 275 and 350% by 2050, depending on the scenario. The scenario with the highest prospective demand is not Market First (a “business as usual” vision), but Equitability First, a scenario of transition to a world of more equitable values and institutions. These copper demands exceed projected copper mineral resources by mid-century and thereafter. Energy demand for copper production also demonstrates strong increases, rising to as much as 2.4% of projected 2050 overall global energy demand. We investigate possible policy responses to these results, concluding that improving the efficiency of the copper cycle and encouraging the development of copper-free energy distribution on the demand side, and improving copper recycling rates on the supply side are the most promising of the possible options. Improving energy efficiency in primary copper production would lead to a reduction in the energy demand by 0.5% of projected 2050 overall global energy demand. In addition, encouraging the shift towards renewable technologies is important to minimize the impacts associated with copper production. 相似文献
13.
研究了污泥与煤按不同质量比例混烧后,底灰中的重金属形态分布与浸出毒性.结果表明:30:70的泥煤比使底灰中重金属硫化物及有机态和残渣态所占比例最大,即生物无效部分比例最大;在浸出毒性实验中,30:70的泥煤比使底灰重金属浸出量最小.由此推出,对环境毒害程度最小的泥煤质量比为30:70,即该实验条件下最优泥煤质量比为30:70. 相似文献
14.
使用"递减平均法"和渤海28个石油、平台、浮标站资料分析得到的渤海10m风速逐时格点场,对ROAD模式(Regional Ocean and Atmosphere Model)渤海区域10m风速预报进行误差订正,不同权重系数试验表明:对于渤海10m风速预报场,权重系数取0.18,订正效果最佳,12～72h预报时效内,月逐时均方根误差和平均偏差均有明显改善,分别减小1.0～1.5m/s和2.3～3.0m/s;对比渤海北部、西部和中部代表格点72h预报时效内,逐12h最大风速评分结果发现:60h预报时效内,当风速预报在5～6级时,渤海北部、中部和西部订正后的预报评分大多有所提高;当风速预报在7级时,渤海北部和中部分别在36～72h和24～48h,预报评分有提高;在实况出现最多的风力分布范围内评分提高最多。 相似文献
15.
基于AMDAR资料应用于中国周边海域飞机颠簸的统计分析 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
基于2002—2011年共10 a的AMDAR资料,用于中国周边海域(0~35°N,110~150°E)越洋飞行飞机颠簸的时空分布和变化规律分析。研究指出:南海比西北太平洋海域更容易发生重度以上的飞机颠簸;全年中6月最容易发生颠簸,而9月至次年2月发生重度和严重颠簸的百分率明显减小;5 km以下,发生轻度和重度颠簸的百分率随高度增大而减小,8 km以上重度颠簸的发生百分率稳定在0.2%左右,边界层顶和对流层顶附近容易发生严重颠簸,发生的百分率分别为0.27%和0.18%;随着风速增大发生颠簸的概率一般也增大,在对流层上层风速大于40 m/s时,发生重度和严重颠簸的百分率都明显增大,达到0.2%左右。冷半年风向为NNE以及暖半年风向为SSW时,发生重度颠簸的百分率达4%左右;严重颠簸发生在暖半年的概率较大,暖半年吹SSE至ESE风时,发生百分率为0.25%~0.3%,但暖半年吹正北风或冷半年吹正南风时,也易发生严重颠簸。 相似文献
16.
根据广州区域气象中心热带有限区数值天气预报的条件和特点,设计了一个简单可行的四维同化方案,并通过模式平行试验,详细地分析了该方案对分析和预报的改进情况,表明该方案可以得到一个较为平衡而又与模式大气状态近于协调一致的分析场,大大缩短了模式的Spin—up时间和减小了积分初期模式调整的幅度,从而改进了预报结果。这种改进在资料稀疏区比资料密集区要大得多。通过四维同化,模式的高度场预报、风场预报、质量场及总动能在积分过程中的演变等都得到了令人满意的改进。通过在同化过程中区别对待20°N以南的资料稀疏区及其以北的资料密集区,进一步使模式降水预报得到显著的改进。 相似文献
17.
When tropical cyclones (hereafter referred as TCs) are over the ocean, surface friction plays a
dual role in the development of TCs. From the viewpoint of water vapor supply, frictional convergence and
Ekman pumping provide a source of moisture for organized cumulus convection and is propitious to the spin-up
of TCs. On the other hand, surface friction leads to a dissipation of kinetic energy that impedes the
intensification of TCs. Which role is dominant in the developing stage of TCs is a controversial issue.
In the present work, the influence of surface friction on the growth of TCs is re-examined in detail by
conducting two sets of numerical experiments initialized with different cyclonic disturbances. Results
indicate that, because of the inherent complexities of TCs, the impact of surface friction on the evolution
of TCs can not be simply boiled down to being positive or negative. In the case that a TC starts from a
low-level vortex with a warm core, surface friction and the resultant vertical motion makes an important
contribution to the convection in the early developing stage of the TC by accelerating the build-up of
convective available potential energy (CAPE) and ensuring moisture supply and the lifting of air parcels.
This effect is so prominent that it dominates the friction-induced dissipation and makes surface friction
a facilitative factor in the spin-up of the TC. However, for a TC formed from a mesoscale convective vortex
(MCV) spawned in a long-lasting mesoscale convective system (MCS), the initial fields, and especially the
low-level humidity and cold core, enable the prerequisites of convection (i.e., conditional instability,
moisture, and lifting), to be easily achieved even without the help of boundary-layer pumping induced by
surface friction. Accordingly, the reliance of the development of TCs on surface friction is not as heavy
as that derived from a low-level vortex. The positive effect of surface friction on the development of TCs
realized through facilitating favorable conditions for convection is nearly cancelled out by the
friction-induced dissipation. However, as SST is enhanced in the latter case, the situation may be changed,
and different development speeds may emerge between model TCs with and without surface friction considered.
In short, owing to the fact that TC development is a complicated process affected by many factors such as
initial perturbations, SST, etc., the importance of surface friction to the intensification of TCs may vary
enormously from case to case. 相似文献
18.
Up-sliding Slantwise Vorticity Development and the complete vorticity equation with mass forcing 总被引：16，自引：1，他引：15
The moist potential vorticity (MPV) equation is derived from complete atmospheric equations including the effect of mass forcing, with which the theory of Up-sliding Slantwise Vorticity Development (USVD) is proposed based on the theory of Slantwise Vorticity Development (SVD). When an air parcel slides up along a slantwise isentropic surface, its vertical component of relative vorticity will develop, and the steeper the isentropic surface is, the more violent the development will be. From the definition of MPV and the MPV equation produced here in, a complete vorticity equation is then put forward with mass forcing, which explicitly includes the effects of both internal forcings, such as variations of stability, baroclinicity, and vertical shear of horizontal wind, and external forcings, such as diabatic heating, friction, and mass forcing.When isentropic surfaces are flat, the complete vorticity equation matches its traditional counterpart. The physical interpretations of some of the items which are included in the complete vorticity equation but not in the traditional one are studied with a simplified model of the ChangjiangoHuaihe Meiyu front. A 60-h simulation is then performed to reproduce a torrential rain event in the ChangjiangoHuaihe region and the output of the model is studied qualitatively based on the theory of USVD. The result shows that the conditions of the theory of USVD are easily satisfied immediately in front of mesoscale rainstorms in the downwind direction, that is, the theory of USVD is important to the development and movement of these kinds of systems. 相似文献
19.
Chunhong Zhou Xiaojing Shen Zirui Liu Yangmei Zhang Jinyuan Xin 《Acta Meteorologica Sinica》2018,32(2):265-278
A coupled aerosol–cloud model is essential for investigating the formation of haze and fog and the interaction of aerosols with clouds and precipitation. One of the key tasks of such a model is to produce correct mass and number size distributions of aerosols. In this paper, a parameterization scheme for aerosol size distribution in initial emission, which took into account the measured mass and number size distributions of aerosols, was developed in the GRAPES–CUACE [Global/Regional Assimilation and PrEdiction System–China Meteorological Administration (CMA) Unified Atmospheric Chemistry Environment model]—an online chemical weather forecast system that contains microphysical processes and emission, transport, and chemical conversion of sectional multi-component aerosols. In addition, the competitive mechanism between nucleation and condensation for secondary aerosol formation was improved, and the dry deposition was also modified to be in consistent with the real depositing length.Based on the above improvements, the GRAPES–CUACE simulations were verified against observational data during 1–31 January 2013, when a series of heavy regional haze–fog events occurred in eastern China. The results show that the aerosol number size distribution from the improved experiment was much closer to the observation, whereas in the old experiment the number concentration was higher in the nucleation mode and lower in the accumulation mode. Meanwhile, the errors in aerosol number size distribution as diagnosed by its sectional mass size distribution were also reduced. Moreover, simulations of organic carbon, sulfate, and other aerosol components were improved and the overestimation as well as underestimation of PM2.5 concentration in eastern China was significantly reduced, leading to increased correlation coefficient between simulated and observed PM2.5 by more than 70%. In the remote areas where bad simulation results were produced previously, the correlation coefficient grew from 0.35 to 0.61, and the mean mass concentration went up from 43% to 87.5% of the observed value. Thus, the simulation of particulate matters in these areas has been improved considerably. 相似文献
20.
Mining activities induce profound changes to societies and the environment they inhabit. With global extraction of metal ores doubling over the past two decades, pressures related to mining have dramatically increased. In this paper, we explore where growing global metal extraction has particularly taken effect. Using fine-grain data, we investigate the spatial and temporal distribution of mining of nine metal ores (bauxite, copper, gold, iron, lead, manganese, nickel, silver and zinc) across approximately 3,000 sites of extraction worldwide between 2000 and 2019. To approach the related environmental implications, we intersect mining sites with terrestrial biomes, protected areas, and watersheds categorised by water availability. We find that 79% of global metal ore extraction in 2019 originated from five of the six most species-rich biomes, with mining volumes doubling since 2000 in tropical moist forest ecosystems. We also find that half of global metal ore extraction took place at 20 km or less from protected territories. Further, 90% of all considered extraction sites correspond to below-average relative water availability, with particularly copper and gold mining occurring in areas with significant water scarcity. Our study has far-reaching implications for future global and local policy and resource management responses to mitigate the negative effects of the expected expansion of metal mining. 相似文献