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1.
以榆林飞播林区的土壤微生物、土壤养分和土壤可溶性盐为研究对象,对林区土壤可溶性盐的变化规律及其与土壤养分、微生物的相关性进行研究,为水土资源可持续利用以及飞播造林功效的提高提供理论依据.研究表明,研究区土壤属硫酸盐型,土壤层分异特征不显著,土壤仍处于初级发育阶段.土壤总盐与养分的相关性不明显,适当增加K+利于真菌的存活和生物量的积累,在1 kg土壤中,每增加1 g K+,真菌数量就会增加14个左右.在土层表层,适量减少Cl-能促进土壤细菌的生长,在40 cm土层的盐分上行过程中出现表聚现象,在土壤中层,出现板结现象,在土壤底层,HCO3-和Na+质量分数的增加,有利于土壤全氮质量分数的增加,且HCO3-的影响力最强. 相似文献
2.
本文采用RBLM-chem模式,利用杭州市高分辨率城市建筑等资料,定量分析城市动力效应、热力效应以及城市植被、人为热对SO2、NO2、O3、PM2.5等主要污染物浓度的影响。结果表明,城市化过程使得大部分城区温度上升约1℃,相对湿度下降约6%,风速下降约0.8 m·s-1,湍流动能增强约0.03 m2·s-2。城市动力效应主要通过降低城市风速,使得城区污染物浓度升高,SO2浓度有近5 μg·m-3的上升,PM2.5、O3浓度也有近15 μg·m-3的上升。城市热力效应主要通过热岛环流使城区污染物向上输送,令地面污染物浓度降低,在城市大部分区域PM2.5都有大约10 μg·m-3的浓度下降。城市动力效应大于热力效应,城市的总体作用是使污染物浓度升高。城市下垫面使污染物浓度上升的另外一个机制是代替了自然有植被的下垫面,使污染物干沉降速度下降,但这一作用小于动力学效应。另一方面,人为热对城市主要污染物浓度都起着减小的作用,其中SO2、NO2、O3、PM2.5浓度降幅分别在2.5、3.0、6.0、10.0 μg·m-3左右。城市植被可以显著增加污染物干沉降速度,使主要污染物SO2、NO2、O3和PM2.5的干沉降速度分别上升0.1、0.1、0.03、0.06 m·s-1左右,相应地使上述污染物浓度分别下降2.5、6.0、4.0、6.0 μg·m-3左右。 相似文献
3.
应用积分回归原理，对大兴安岭东部地区大豆产量与该地区大豆生长期内的土壌相对湿度之间的关系逐旬进行定量分析，结果表明：大豆全生育期0?50cm 土层中以20?40cm土层的土壤相对湿庋与大豆气象产量的多元回归方程的回归效果较显著，且不同时段土壤相对湿度对产量的影响效应是不同的，5月上句至5月下旬、9月上旬至9月下旬土壤相对湿度对产量的影响均为正效应，相对湿度每增加1%,产量分别增加2.69～19.74kg?hm－2和1.01?12.26kg?hm－2,6月上旬?8月下旬土壤相对湿度对产量的影响为负效应，相对湿度每增加1%，产量减少0.57?8.08kg ? hm－2. 相似文献
4.
以中国钢铁行业为研究对象,对典型行业节能减排措施开展协同控制效应评估分析,试图为制定行业局地大气污染物与温室气体协同控制行动方案和规划提供依据。首先采用排放因子法计算各项措施对各类局地大气污染物和各类温室气体的减排量,并归一化为综合大气污染物协同减排量（ICER),进而采用协同控制效应坐标系、协同控制交叉弹性、单位污染物减排成本以及边际减排成本曲线等评估指标和方法开展协同控制效应评估。结果表明：基于2025年钢铁行业发展情景,6类28项节能减排措施可以实现每年减排SO2 51.80万t、NOx 71.35万t、PM10 29.07万t,还可协同减排CO2 6.64亿t;除末端脱碳和末端减污措施不具备协同减排效果外,多数措施均具有良好的协同控制效应;高温高压干熄焦（T3）措施单位污染物减排成本最低,超低排放改造（T28）措施减排成本最高;能效提升、原（燃）料替代类措施具有良好的财务收益;结构调整、能效提升和消费减量类措施减排潜力较大。未来应加强协同控制技术研发和协同控制规划,以实现行业局地大气污染物和温室气体协同控制综合效益优化。 相似文献
5.
利用静态箱/气相色谱(GC)法,对华北平原冬小麦拔节-成熟期间麦田土壤CH4气体通量进行了测定,得出华北平原典型冬麦田土壤是大气CH4的弱吸收汇。试验期间土壤CH4通量存在明显的季节变化和日变化,麦田拔节-成熟期间土壤CH4通量日平均值为-18.3μg·m-2·h-1,波动范围为-4.3-24.4μg·m-2·h-1;在土壤CH4通量的日变化中,观测到麦田土壤在午间和夜间都有一个吸收峰,峰值出现的时间因生育期不同而有所不同。试验期间CH4通量日平均值与土壤温度关系不明显,而与土壤水分呈负相关(α=0.01);日变化中土壤CH4通量与地表温度的相关性较差,而与5cm地温相关密切。麦田拔节-成熟期间土壤CH4通量日平均值随NH4+-N施用量的增加呈递减规律,农田秸秆还田后不利于土壤对CH4的吸收。 相似文献
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利用2019年8月13日—9月30日江苏省13个设区市离线监测的VOCs数据,对江苏省城区VOCs污染特征及其关键活性组分进行分析研究.结果表明,江苏省逐日VOCs的体积分数范围为8.83×10-9~45.11×10-9,表现为烷烃 > 芳香烃 > 烯烃 > 炔烃.江苏省13个设区市VOCs的体积分数为7.85×10-9~30.52×10-9,徐州市VOCs最高,这与徐州市监测点位置分布及其工业结构相关.全省13个设区市臭氧浓度处于优、良、轻度污染和中度污染时,VOCs总体积分数分别为14.96×10-9、17.96×10-9、25.85×10-9和25.11×10-9,臭氧浓度处于污染状态时的VOCs高于优、良状态,且炔烃占比随着臭氧污染程度的加重呈升高趋势,表明现阶段臭氧生成与人类活动关系密切.通过加权的方式筛选出间/对二甲苯、乙烯、甲苯、丙烯、异戊二烯、邻二甲苯等物种,它们是目前对江苏省城区影响程度较大且影响范围较广的关键活性物种. 相似文献
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9.
过氧乙酰硝酸酯（PAN）是由VOCs和NOx的光化学反应生成的一种典型二次污染物,比O3更适合作为光化学污染的指示剂.2019年6—10月对浙江中部盆地金华市大气中PAN进行了在线监测,并对影响其体积分数变化的因素进行了分析,同时还分析了一次典型的光化学污染过程.结果表明,观测期间PAN的平均体积分数为0.656×10-9,最高体积分数为4.348×10-9,日均体积分数水平在0.130×10-9~2.203×10-9之间.PAN日变化特征显著,9月为明显的双峰变化,其他月份均为单峰.受气象条件的影响,夏季的污染程度显著低于秋季.9月27—30日典型污染时段内,PAN的小时均值是整个观测期均值的2.8倍,污染以本地积累为主.前体物浓度水平差异与去除机制的不同是影响PAN和O3相关性的重要因素,此外NO/NO2的比值是影响PAN生成速率的重要因素,PAN的峰值基本出现在NO/NO2比值较低的时段.在生成PAN的VOCs物种中,丙烷、乙烷和间/对二甲苯所占比例较大. 相似文献
10.
短寿命气候强迫因子(Short-lived Climate Forcers,SLCFs)对大气污染和气候变化具有重要影响,政府间气候变化专门委员会(IPCC,2021)第六次评估报告(AR6)首次专门设立了关于SLCFs的独立章节,除了对人为源SLCFs评估以外,报告也包含了对于自然源SLCFs及其气候反馈的评估。特别地,在未来气候变暖和人为SLCFs持续减排的背景下,加深对SLCFs的自然源排放及其气候反馈的认识将更为重要。本文从自然源SLCFs排放评估、历史和未来气候情景下的排放变化、SLCFs的气候反馈几个方面解读了AR6中有关的最新结论。未来气候变暖情形下,闪电源NOx、植被源BVOCs、生物质燃烧排放将会增加,土壤源NOx、沙尘、海盐颗粒物和二甲基硫(Dimethlysulfide,DMS)对于气候变化的敏感性难以定量。同时,气候变化驱动着SLCFs的排放量、大气含量或寿命的改变,这些过程整体上造成的负反馈参数为-0.20 W/m2/℃(-0.41～+0.01 W/m2/℃),可能从一定程度上缓解气候变暖。 相似文献
11.
Juan F. García-Quijano Jan Peters Liesbet Cockx Gerrit van Wyk Andrei Rosanov Gaby Deckmyn Reinhart Ceulemans Shane M. Ward Nicholas M. Holden Jos Van Orshoven Bart Muys 《Climatic change》2007,83(3):323-355
A three-step methodology to assess the carbon sequestration and the environmental impact of afforestation projects in the
framework of the Flexible Mechanisms of the Kyoto Protocol (Joint Implementation and Clean Development Mechanism) was developed
and tested using a dataset collected from the Jonkershoek forest plantation, Western Cape, South Africa, which was established
with Pinus radiata in former native fynbos vegetation and indigenous forest. The impact of a change in land use was evaluated for a multifunctional,
a production and a non-conversion scenario. First, the carbon balance was modelled with GORCAM and was expressed as (1) C
sequestration in tC ha−1 year−1 in soil, litter, and living biomass according to the rules of the first commitment period of the Kyoto Protocol, and (2)
CO2 emission reductions in tC ha−1 year−1, which includes carbon sequestered in the above-mentioned pools and additionally in wood products, as well as emission reductions
due to fossil fuel substitution. To estimate forest growth, three data sources were used: (1) inventory data, (2) growth simulation
with a process-based model, and (3) yield tables. Second, the effects of land use change were assessed for different project
scenarios using a method related to Life Cycle Assessment (LCA). The method uses 17 quantitative indicators to describe the
impact of project activities on water, soil, vegetation cover and biodiversity. Indicator scores were calculated by comparing
indicator values with reference values, estimated for the climax vegetation. The climax vegetation is the site-specific ecosystem
phase with the highest exergy content and the highest exergy flow dissipation capacity. Third, the land use impact per functional
unit of 1 tC sequestered was calculated by combining the results of step 1 and step 2. The average baselines to obtain carbon
additionality are 476 tC ha−1 for indigenous forest and 32 tC ha−1 for fynbos. Results show that the influence of the growth assessment method on the magnitude of C sequestration and hence
on the environmental impact per functional unit is large. When growth rate is assessed with the mechanistic model and with
the yield table, it is overestimated in the early years and underestimated in the long term. The main conclusion of the scenario
analysis is that the production forest scenario causes higher impacts per functional unit than the multifunctional scenario,
but with the latter being less efficient in avoiding CO2 emissions. The proposed method to assess impacts on diverse components of the ecosystem is able to estimate the general tendency
of the adverse and positive effects of each scenario. However, some indicators, more specifically about biodiversity and water
balance, could be improved or reinterpreted in light of specific local data about threat to biodiversity and water status. 相似文献
12.
A significant challenge in resource management is addressed: the perceived trade-off between economic growth and ecosystem restoration and conservation. Traditional approaches to management regard restoration as a potential cost to economic productivity. In this study we show that by considering a broader range of economic values, including ecosystem services values, an argument can be made that restoration of lake ecosystems also leads to favourable economic outcomes when commonly disregarded values are considered. Our case study analyses the ecological outcomes of different catchment mitigation and land use scenarios in terms of water quality results in a lake, assessing changes in land use values based on opportunity costs, and ecosystem services values. We show that when considering the value of ecosystem services, intensive agricultural land use is not necessarily the most economically valuable form of land use within a lake catchment. Indeed, a shift towards alternative land uses within a catchment can lead to both ongoing economic benefits and improvements in water quality. In this context, land-use change offers an option for water quality improvement that minimises lake and land mitigation costs, while adding value to catchment land use. An argument is made supporting land use change towards indigenous forest types, which can sustain alternative sources of income such as a range of recreational values, while supporting important ecosystem functions for the region. 相似文献
13.
A. J. Pitman A. Henderson-Sellers C. E. Desborough Z.-L. Yang F. Abramopoulos A. Boone R. E. Dickinson N. Gedney R. Koster E. Kowalczyk D. Lettenmaier X. Liang J.-F. Mahfouf J. Noilhan J. Polcher W. Qu A. Robock C. Rosenzweig C. A. Schlosser A. B. Shmakin J. Smith M. Suarez D. Verseghy P. Wetzel E. Wood Y. Xue 《Climate Dynamics》1999,15(9):673-684
Using atmospheric forcing data generated from a general circulation climate model, sixteen land surface schemes participating
in the Project for the Intercomparison of Land-surface Parametrization Schemes (PILPS) were run off-line to equilibrium using
forcing data from a GCM representative of a tropical forest and a mid-latitude grassland grid point. The values for each land
surface parameter (roughness length, minimum stomatal resistance, soil depth etc.) were provided. Results were quality controlled
and analyzed, focusing on the scatter simulated amongst the models. There were large differences in how the models’ partitioned
available energy between sensible and latent heat. Annually averaged, simulations for the tropical forest ranged by 79 1 3;W m-2 for the sensible heat flux and 80 W m-2 for the latent heat flux. For the grassland, simulations ranged by 34 W m-2 for the sensible heat flux and 27 W m-2 for the latent heat flux. Similarly large differences were found for simulated runoff and soil moisture and at the monthly
time scale. The models’ simulation of annually averaged effective radiative temperature varied with a range, between all the
models, of 1.4 K for tropical forest and 2.2 K for the grassland. The simulation of latent and sensible heat fluxes by a standard
‘bucket’ models was anomalous although this could be corrected by an additional resistance term. These results imply that
the current land surface models do not agree on the land surface climate when the atmospheric forcing and surface parameters
are prescribed. The nature of the experimental design, it being offline and with artificial forcing, generally precludes judgements
concerning the relative quality of any specific model. Although these results were produced de-coupled from a host model,
they do cast doubt on the reliability of land surface schemes. It is therefore a priority to resolve the disparity in the
simulations, understand the reasons behind the scatter and to determine whether this lack of agreement in de-coupled tests
is reproduced in coupled experiments.
Received: 15 October 1997 / Accepted: 22 April 1999 相似文献
14.
半干旱区不同类型土地利用的蒸散量及水分收支差异分析——以通榆为例 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
利用吉林通榆半干旱区农田站和退化草地站2008年的外场试验观测资料,对比分析了不同土地利用方式对蒸散和地表水分收支的影响。结果表明：从全年来看,尽管两个站点相距仅5 km,但农田站的全年总蒸散量比代表自然土地覆盖状况的退化草地站高28.2 mm;且生长季两种下垫面的蒸散量较为接近,差异主要发生在非生长季。同时,农田站的年水分收支总量为51.1 mm,比退化草地站低35.6％。具体来说,生长季,两个站点的水分收支均有盈余;但在非生长季,退化草地站的水分收支仍有盈余,而农田站则处于水分亏损状态。这说明在半干旱区,代表人为土地利用状况的农田站面临着更大的水分供给压力,人类活动导致的土地利用会加剧该地区的干旱化趋势。
进一步的分析表明,水分盈余并不代表地表的水分状况良好。从 Priestley-Taylor 系数来看,两个站点的Priestley-Taylor系数均远小于1.0,说明在半干旱区,由于表层土壤水分条件的限制,实际蒸散量远未达到平衡蒸散量,土壤面临着水分供给的压力。其可能的原因是,对半干旱区而言,尽管水分收支有盈余,但是由于土壤沙化严重,土壤孔隙度大,大气降水很容易下渗,并以地下水的形式存储起来,使得表层土壤水分供应反而不足。 相似文献
进一步的分析表明,水分盈余并不代表地表的水分状况良好。从 Priestley-Taylor 系数来看,两个站点的Priestley-Taylor系数均远小于1.0,说明在半干旱区,由于表层土壤水分条件的限制,实际蒸散量远未达到平衡蒸散量,土壤面临着水分供给的压力。其可能的原因是,对半干旱区而言,尽管水分收支有盈余,但是由于土壤沙化严重,土壤孔隙度大,大气降水很容易下渗,并以地下水的形式存储起来,使得表层土壤水分供应反而不足。 相似文献
15.
This study aims to demonstrate the potential of a process-based regional ecosystem model, LPJ-GUESS, driven by climate scenarios generated by a regional climate model system (RCM) to generate predictions useful for assessing effects of climatic and CO2 change on the key ecosystem services of carbon uptake and storage. Scenarios compatible with the A2 and B2 greenhouse gas emission scenarios of the Special Report on Emission Scenarios (SRES) and with boundary conditions from two general circulation models (GCMs) – HadAM3H and ECHAM4/OPYC3 – were used in simulations to explore changes in tree species distributions, vegetation structure, productivity and ecosystem carbon stocks for the late 21st Century, thus accommodating a proportion of the GCM-based and emissions-based uncertainty in future climate development. The simulations represented in this study were of the potential natural vegetation ignoring direct anthropogenic effects. Results suggest that shifts in climatic zones may lead to changes in species distribution and community composition among seven major tree species of natural Swedish forests. All four climate scenarios were associated with an extension of the boreal forest treeline with respect to altitude and latitude. In the boreal and boreo-nemoral zones, the dominance of Norway spruce and to a lesser extent Scots pine was reduced in favour of deciduous broadleaved tree species. The model also predicted substantial increases in vegetation net primary productivity (NPP), especially in central Sweden. Expansion of forest cover and increased local biomass enhanced the net carbon sink over central and northern Sweden, despite increased carbon release through decomposition processes in the soil. In southern Sweden, reduced growing season soil moisture levels counterbalanced the positive effects of a longer growing season and increased carbon supply on NPP, with the result that many areas were converted from a sink to a source of carbon by the late 21st century. The economy-oriented A2 emission scenario would lead to higher NPP and stronger carbon sinks according to the simulations than the environment-oriented B2 scenario. 相似文献
16.
Carbon storage and catchment hydrology are influenced both by land use changes and climatic changes, but there are few studies
addressing both responses under both driving forces. We investigated the relative importance of climate change vs. land use change for four Alpine catchments using the LPJ-GUESS model. Two scenarios of grassland management were calibrated
based on the more detailed model PROGRASS. The simulations until 2100 show that only reforestation could lead to an increase
of carbon storage under climatic change, whereby a cessation of carbon accumulation occurred in all catchments after 2050.
The initial increase in carbon storage was attributable mainly to forest re-growth on abandoned land, whereas the stagnation
and decline in the second half of the century was mainly driven by climate change. If land was used more intensively, i.e.
as grassland, litter input to the soil decreased due to harvesting, resulting in a decline of soil carbon storage (1.2−2.9 kg C
m–2) that was larger than the climate-induced change (0.8–1.4 kg C m−2). Land use change influenced transpiration both directly and in interaction with climate change. The response of forested
catchments diverged with climatic change (11–40 mm increase in AET), reflecting the differences in forest age, topography
and water holding capacity within and between catchments. For grass-dominated catchments, however, transpiration responded
in a similar manner to climate change (light management: 23–32 mm AET decrease, heavy management: 29–44 mm AET decrease),
likely because grassroots are concentrated in the uppermost soil layers. Both the water and the carbon cycle were more strongly
influenced by land use compared to climatic changes, as land use had not only a direct effect on carbon storage and transpiration,
but also an indirect effect by modifying the climate change response of transpiration and carbon flux in the catchments. For
the carbon cycle, climate change led to a cessation of the catchment response (sink/source strength is limited), whereas for
the water cycle, the effect of land use change remains evident throughout the simulation period (changes in evapotranspiration
do not attenuate). Thus we conclude that management will have a large potential to influence the carbon and water cycle, which
needs to be considered in management planning as well as in climate and hydrological modelling. 相似文献
17.
Abstract This study reports on testing of the peatland version of the Canadian Land Surface Scheme (CLASS) for simulating the energy balance of subarctic open woodland terrain. Model results are compared against several years of measured data from a site near Churchill, Manitoba. In contrast to most forest environments, the floor of the open forest plays a large role in total ecosystem energy exchange. This behaviour presents a significant challenge for land surface models like CLASS and their simplified treatment of vegetation canopies. Simulations of summer energy balance for seven years encompassing a wide range of meteorological conditions produced consistent results. Root mean square errors for sensible and latent heat fluxes fell between 11 and 28 W m?2. CLASS consistently underestimated slightly the daily latent heat flux and overestimated the sensible heat flux, average mean bias errors being ‐7.6 and 9.1 W m?2, respectively. The soil heat flux was less well represented. In general, CLASS was able to capture the diurnal and seasonal behaviour of the measured fluxes under a range of conditions with reasonable accuracy. In a full year simulation, CLASS reproduced the annual variations in energy balance with some discrepancies associated with snow accumulation and ablation periods. The model performance was sensitive to both snow density and specification of the surface cover. Recommendations for improving the model for subarctic woodlands and terrain types with similar features are discussed. 相似文献
18.
This paper investigates the equity implications of marketing ecosystem services in protected areas and rural communities. We use a three-tiered equity framework to analyse four distinct efforts to commercialise watershed recharge and carbon dioxide fixation by forests in Meso-America. We show that project development and participation are strongly mediated by organisational networks, as well as existing rights of access over land and forest resources. We demonstrate that procedural fairness diverges strongly when initiatives are implemented in protected areas or in rural communities. While in the former reserve managers and intermediaries concentrate all decision-making power, initiatives working with rural communities are able to integrate more significantly service providers in management decisions. Marketing ecosystem services in protected areas contributes to reduce expenditure rates for protected area management, but also results in less equitable outcomes, as rural communities and forest resource users become excluded from receiving sustained development benefits. When ecosystem services are commercialised by rural farmers, payments do not cover opportunity costs but act as a significant incentive for participation in most cases. Ecosystem service providers also benefit from complementary project activities, such as forest management training and agricultural extension support. We argue that limited economic impact and existing inequities in decision-making and outcomes can be explained by problems of institutional design, in particular the inability of markets and payments for ecosystem services to account for context-related factors, such as property rights. 相似文献
19.
A new canopy radiation transfer and surface albedo scheme is developed as part of the land surface model EALCO (Ecological
Assimilation of Land and Climate Observations). The model uses a gap probability-based successive orders of scattering approach
that explicitly includes the heterogeneities of stands and crown elements and the radiation multiple scattering. The model
uses the optical parameters of ecosystem elements and physically represents ecosystem processes in surface albedo dynamics.
Model tests using measurements from a boreal deciduous forest ecosystem show that the model well reproduced the observed diurnal
and seasonal albedo dynamics under different weather and ecosystem conditions. The annual mean absolute errors between modeled
and measured daily albedo and reflected radiation are 0.01 and 1.33 W m−2, respectively. The model results provide a quantitative assessment of the impacts of plant shading and sky conditions on
surface albedo observed in high-latitude ecosystems. The contribution of ground snow to surface albedo in winter was found
to be less than 0.1 even though the canopy is leafless during this time. The interception of snow by the leafless canopy can
increase the surface albedo by 0.1–0.15. The model results show that the spectral properties of albedo have large seasonal
variations. In summer, the near infrared component is substantially larger than visible, and surface albedo is less sensitive
to sky conditions. In winter, the visible band component is markedly increased and can exceed the near infrared proportion
under cloudy conditions or when snow exists on the canopy. The spectral properties of albedo are also found to have large
diurnal variations under the clear-sky conditions in winter. 相似文献