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1.
Jan Klimeš 《Environmental Earth Sciences》2013,70(2):913-925
Multi-temporal landslide occurrence information acquired through aerial photo interpretation and field mapping was used to assess occurrence frequencies on the slopes around the UNESCO cultural world heritage site of Machu Picchu, Peru. This showed that the coarse time resolution of the historical landslide information may lead to inaccurate interpretations regarding landslide occurrence frequencies in some parts of the study area. In addition, the assumption that the past landslide frequency can be used to describe the future landslide occurrence was not proved in the study area. Thereafter, unique conditional analyses were undertaken to assess landslide susceptibility using a limited number of preparatory factor maps. It showed that large majority of the Inca City is located on least susceptible areas within the region. The results of the susceptibility assessment combined with landslide occurrence frequencies may serve as a basis for the landslide hazard mitigation in the studied area. For these purposes, pixel-based susceptibility maps were generalized into expert-defined landslide management units. These units provide site managers with easily understandable and applicable hence reliable information about future landslide occurrences. An approach describing usage of the resulting susceptibility maps for onsite mitigation purposes was described with respect to the needs of Machu Picchu site managers. 相似文献
2.
R. M. Wooten K. A. Gillon A. C. Witt R. S. Latham T. J. Douglas J. B. Bauer S. J. Fuemmeler L. G. Lee 《Landslides》2008,5(1):31-44
In September 2004, rain from the remnants of Hurricanes Frances and Ivan triggered at least 155 landslides in the Blue Ridge
Mountains of North Carolina. At least 33 debris flows occurred in Macon County, causing 5 deaths, destroying 16 homes, and
damaging infrastructure. We mapped debris flows and debris deposits using a light-detecting and ranging digital elevation
model, remote imagery and field studies integrated in a geographic information system. Evidence of past debris flows was found
at all recent debris flow sites. Orographic rainfall enhancement along topographic escarpments influenced debris flow frequency
at higher elevations. A possible trigger for the Wayah and fatal Peeks Creek debris flows was a spiral rain band within Ivan
that moved across the area with short duration rainfall rates of 150–230 mm/h. Intersecting bedrock structures in polydeformed
metamorphic rock influence the formation of catchments within structural–geomorphic domains where debris flows originate. 相似文献
3.
西藏林芝市波密县天摩沟于2007年9月、2010年7月、2010年9月和2018年7月分别发生大型和巨型泥石流,4次泥石流活动均不同程度堵塞主河帕隆藏布,淤埋国道318或摧毁桥梁,堰塞湖淹没村道、溃决造成下游塌岸,给当地居民生命财产尤其是交通干道造成极大危害。文章针对以上4次泥石流活动,采用高分辨率遥感影像,对泥石流发生前的孕灾背景进行解译,同时结合无人机航空摄影和地面调查对天摩沟泥石流形成机制和成灾特征进行了对比分析,得到以下结论:(1)天摩沟内冰川发育,年际变化大,目前泥石流形成的主要方式为岩崩和堵溃,其中2018年和2007年为岩崩引发,2010年为堵溃引发,该沟同时具有冰川泥石流和降雨泥石流的特征。(2)经历了2007年和2010年3次大规模泥石流后,天摩沟内斜坡类物源储量增加了19.6%,绝大部分启动的冰碛物和崩滑物源都转化为泥石流沟道堆积物或冲出沟口。(3)天摩沟2018年泥石流容重为2.10g/cm^3,为黏性泥石流,流速快冲击力强,帕隆藏布河道受到挤压多次变道,历史上最大偏移距离为190m。(4)2018年7月11日泥石流成因为降雨条件下加剧冰川消融引发主沟沟源右侧岩崩,形成多阵次泥石流,主泥石流体积18×104m3,淤埋G318近220m。后续依然具有暴发大型泥石流的可能性,建议进行防治降低其危害程度。 相似文献
4.
Yixian Tang Zhengjia Zhang Chao Wang Hong Zhang Fan Wu Bo Zhang Meng Liu 《Landslides》2018,15(2):347-357
After the deadly Ms 8.0 Wenchuan earthquake, the Wenjiagou landslide produced steep topography, a narrow gully and abundant loose sediments; these factors have contributed to the high debris flow risk in the Wenjiagou area during subsequent rainy seasons. At least five debris flows have occurred in the Wenjiagou area between September 24, 2008, and September 18, 2010, which resulted in seven casualties and an economic loss of approximately 446 million RMB. To reduce the risk of debris flows and landslides, the Wenjiagou Valley Debris Flow Control Project (WVDFCP), which cost over 2 billion RMB, was carried out and completed in 2011. The control measures of the project effectively reduced the scale and damage of the following debris flows. In this paper, the recent deformation of the giant landslide and its effect on the WVDFCP are evaluated by applying a time-series interferometric synthetic aperture radar (InSAR) technique based on distributed scatterers (DSs) to the Radardat-2 SAR data collected from June 2014 to September 2015. In addition, the experimental results show that most areas of the landslide are stable, with an average deformation rate of less than 5.0 mm/year. The results demonstrate that the control measures of the WVDFCP not only reduced the damage caused by the later debris flows but also contributed to the consolidation of the loose sediments in the Wenjiagou landslide area. The time-series InSAR technique based on the DSs of high-resolution SAR images is an important tool for deformation monitoring of earthquake-induced landslides. 相似文献
5.
栗子坪水电站南桠村沟泥石流运动特征研究 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
南桠村沟位于南桠河栗子坪水电站首部枢纽区左岸，是水电站工程区内规模较大的一条泥石流冲沟，历史上曾经发生过较大规模的泥石流。水电站调节池位于南桠村沟的出口台地上，沟内第四纪松散堆积物及人工堆积物丰富，在暴雨，地震等自然因素的触发下，时有较大规模的泥石流发生的可能，对调节池的运行安全带来不利影响。笔者根据国内外有关研究成果，结合南桠村沟泥石流的具体特征，分析研究了南桠村沟泥石流的运动特征，包括泥石流的流速、流量、和冲击力，这一研究对评价南桠村沟泥石流对栗子坪水电站调节池的影响具有现实意义。 相似文献
6.
2008年“5·12”汶川地震极大地改变了震区泥石流的特征,不仅增强了泥石流的活动性,同时也使得震区在相当长的时间内都要面临泥石流的威胁。本文基于前人大量的研究成果,并利用遥感解译结合现场调查等手段,分析了汶川县泥石流沟道纵坡降、沟壑密度、两岸坡度等基本发育特征;进而分析了地震前后汶川县降雨分布及泥石流相关降雨参数变化特征。结果显示,流域内泥石流沟的沟壑密度在0.2~4之间,属于微度土壤侵蚀区域,泥石流的沟床纵坡降偏大,有利于泥石流的发生;泥石流流域内斜坡坡度多为30°~40°,有利于灾害的发生;震后汶川县年均降雨量增加了5.17%,降雨多集中在7~9月份,降雨量由南及北逐渐降低;震后泥石流的降雨阈值在2008~2013年呈现缓慢回升的趋势,但2019年又有所下降,预计恢复到震前水平尚需要一定时间;同时震后汶川县泥石流物源丰富,震后物源量呈现“震荡式衰减”的演化趋势,但体量仍然很大,对泥石流仍需坚持监测预警工作。 相似文献
7.
粘性泥石流的平均运动速度研究 总被引：6，自引：0，他引：6
粘性泥石流是泥石流类型中最常见也是危害最大的类型,泥石流的运动速度是泥石流的动力学参数中最重要的参数,因此准确而简洁地计算粘性泥石流的运动速度就显得非常重要。不同的泥石流地区的泥石流阻力有很大的不同:有的地区阻力较大,属于高阻力地区,泥石流运动速度较低;有的地区阻力较小,属于低阻力地区,泥石流运动速度较高。目前的粘性泥石流平均速度公式还不能兼顾计算所有地区的不同阻力类型的泥石流速度。泥石流的不均匀系数在不同的泥石流地区有很大的不同：不均匀系数小的地区阻力大,而不均匀系数大的地区阻力小,因此可以用不均匀系数划分泥石流沟的阻力特征,从而得到能兼顾所有不同地区的泥石流阻力规律。由一系列野外观测资料得到的由泥石流不均匀系数、泥石流运动底部纵比降和水力半径计算的粘性泥石流运动平均速度经验公式,能适应各种类型的泥石流沟,与其它系列的观测资料对比有很好的一致性,与粘性泥流的观测资料对比也很接近。由流体流动的福劳德数可以确定流动的缓急程度。一般的粘性泥石流都是急流,少数是缓流,极少数是运动速度非常缓慢的容重过大的粘性泥石流。粘性泥石流运动平均速度经验公式用于一般急流的粘性泥石流的速度计算结果很好,但不适用于容重过大的缓慢流动,对于缓流粘性泥石流速度计算偏大。在对泥石流的评估和治理中,平均速度公式可以用于泥石流堆积扇上游渠道中的粘性泥石流速度计算,对泥石流堆积扇上的粘性泥石流速度计算偏大,不适用于缓慢流动粘性泥石流,但在对泥石流的危害评估和治理中可以忽略缓慢流动的发生。 相似文献
8.
Kuskonook Creek, an example of a debris flow analysis 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Two debris flows occurred on Kuskonook Creek in British Columbia, Canada, in August and September 2004. The initiation factors
included a major forest fire in the catchment in 2003, in association with relatively small rainfall events and the accumulation
of sediment in the creek channels since the last large debris flow event. Previous regional studies and morphometric comparisons
with other similar catchments indicate that Kuskonook Creek has characteristics predisposed to debris flows, even without
the affects of a forest fire. Based on the investigations and analyses, a magnitude/frequency relationship for future debris
events on Kuskonook Creek was developed, and this information was used to carry out a partial risk assessment. It is suggested
that for design purposes, a 1/50-year return period and the corresponding debris flow magnitude of 15,000 m3 would provide conservative protection to the users of the provincial highway at the mouth of the creek. 相似文献
9.
Debris flows of 28 June 2014 near the Arshan village (Siberia,Republic of Buryatia,Russia) 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Alena V. Kadetova Artem A. Rybchenko Elena A. Kozireva Vadim A. Pellinen 《Landslides》2016,13(1):129-140
On 28 June 2014, high intensity rainfall resulted in seven simultaneous debris flows going down the slopes of the Tunka Ridge in the vicinity of Arshan village, which is a balneological and alpine resort (51° 54′ 31″ N, 102° 25′ 44″ E). The debris flows caused one life loss and several injuries, 112 buildings were damaged, and 15 were completely destroyed. The total volume of the transported deposits amounted to 3?×?106 m3. Debris flows’ formation began with the failure of weak sediments in the hanging cirques. Similar phenomena had not been recorded in the study area for over 40 years. The article presents a complete picture of the event and analysis of geological, geomorphological, and meteorological conditions for debris flows formation, for which extreme local rainfall was the major cause. 相似文献
10.
工布江达县位于藏东地区,雨季区内泥石流频发,对人民基本生活和区域经济建设与发展造成了严重影响。为研究藏东地区中—小型泥石流灾害对城镇居民聚集区的危害特征和潜在危险性,运用FLO-2D软件,以西藏自治区工布江达县县城周边居民分布较为集中的5条泥石流沟为研究对象,通过模拟泥石流泥深和流速等方面的冲淤特征,以县城典型泥石流沟模拟冲出结果为基础,确定泥石流强度并划定危险性分区,分析泥石流危险分区与居民聚集区之间的拓扑关系,评估县城周边泥石流危险性,为工布江达县城的城镇规划和防灾减灾提供技术参考。 相似文献
11.
Chia-Nan Liu Jia-Jyun Dong Yih-Ferng Peng Hsiao-Fung Huang 《Engineering Geology》2009,104(3-4):241-253
Typhoon Herb in 1996 caused widespread debris flows in central Taiwan. The 7.3 Chi-Chi earthquake on September 21, 1999, which also took place in central Taiwan, induced many landslides in the region. These landslides turned into debris flows when Typhoon Toraji struck Taiwan in 2001. This research selects three regions which suffered a ground motion class of 5, 6, and 7 on the Richter scale during the Chi-Chi earthquake as study areas. Air photos from 1997 and 2001 of these regions are used to map the gully-type debris flows that took place after Typhoons Herb and Toraji, respectively. The gullies adjacent to the debris flow, but without a trace of debris flows, are also mapped as the non-debris flow data. The topography, hydrogeology, and rainfall factors – where debris flow occurred and in which there was no occurrence of debris flows in these gullies were retrieved from DTM, geological maps, and iso-countour maps, and of rainfall through GIS processing. These characteristic are introduced into a probabilistic neural network to build a predicting model for the probability of the occurrence of debris flows. Three series of cross analyses are conducted to compare the probability of the occurrence of debris flows of the same dataset predicted by different prediction models. The results reveal that the susceptibility of debris flows was elevated after the Chi-Chi earthquake struck. The upsurge of susceptibility was more obvious for the regions that received a higher class of ground motion. 相似文献
12.
白龙江流域甘肃段是我国四大泥石流灾害多发地区之一,其中地形条件是形成泥石流的关键因素。文章在实地调查研究区内发育的1 008条泥石流沟的基础上,通过统计分析沟床比降、沟坡坡度、流域面积和相对高差4个主要地形因素数据与泥石流灾害的类型及易发程度的关系,研究其对泥石流灾害形成的影响。通过熵权法计算4个因素的权重,由权重大小排序分析了它们对泥石流灾害形成的贡献程度。结果表明:在200‰~400‰区间内的沟床比降、坡度大于30°的沟坡、相对高差大于300 m的山体、小于10 km2的流域面积对泥石流的形成和运动最为有利;对泥石流灾害形成贡献程度最大的为沟床比降,其次为相对高差和流域面积,最小的为沟坡坡度。该研究结果对此区域内泥石流灾害的监测预警及防治有一定指导意义。 相似文献
13.
Laura Turconi Sunil Kumar De Francesca Demurtas Luca Demurtas Bruna Pendugiu Domenico Tropeano Gabriele Savio 《Environmental Earth Sciences》2013,69(5):1509-1521
On 6 December 2004, the Villagrande Strisaili area (middle-east Sardinia), was struck by debris flows; 330 mm of rainfall took place within 3 h with an hourly intensity of 120 mm, which is far more above than normal for the study area. In the urban center stony and driftwood deposits accounted for a total volume estimated as 10,000 m3. The event claimed huge amount of infrastructural loss and two human lives. According to the chronicle reports, the area experienced two debris-flow events in the last century. The present paper is the outcome of an intensive study of such debris-flow events including their physical processes and geomorphological effects through both field survey and laboratory analysis. 相似文献
14.
《Quaternary International》2006,142(1):83-95
Debris flows are an important type of geological hazard in Chile, affecting cities, towns and rural areas throughout the country despite the variation in climate regimes. In this summary paper, recent debris flows in the cities of Antofagasta and Santiago, in northern and central Chile, and in a rural area near Lake Ranco in central-southern Chile in 1991, 1993 and 2004, respectively, are reviewed. Triggering factors for flow occurrence are identified and different approaches to debris flow hazard assessment and the effects of debris flows on people and the environment are discussed. Furthermore, the relationships between debris flow occurrence and climatic anomalies such as El Niño episodes are analysed. A clear pattern of debris flow generation associated with El Niño events is found for Antofagasta and Santiago. The risk related to debris flows in Chile is of increasing importance because of the continuous expansion of cities to hazardous areas such as alluvial fans. The results show that hazard assessment based on several factors is essential for the implementation of proper prevention and mitigation measures for future debris flow events in the country. 相似文献
15.
加吾金矿地处青藏高原区内柴达木盆地东缘区的青海南山微造山带内,为保障该区矿产资源勘查及开采工作的顺利进行,有效预防矿区内泥石流等突发性地质灾害的发生,本文通过开展矿区泥石流灾害详查工作,尤其是针对矿区重点工作区玛日当沟流域进行了系统的调查,建立对该流域泥石流灾害发育背景的充分认识。在此基础上,依据费祥俊等（2004) 关于含有细颗粒水石流启动条件的研究成果以及青海省同德县气象观测资料,对玛日当沟泥石流启动机理作了系统研究。结果表明,加吾矿区所在区域上泥石流发生的临界雨量值为25.7mm;矿区玛日当沟具有暴发泥石流灾害的有利地形、物源及水动力条件;该流域泥石流属典型沟谷型稀性泥石流或水石流,且具有如下规律特征,即满足流体流速Uw≥5.35m·s-1,容重γc≤1.511t·m-3。 相似文献
16.
甘肃陇南武都区泥石流易发性评价 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
文章分析了甘肃陇南市武都区泥石流形成的自然环境背景、发育特征及易发性。通过野外实地考察,查明了泥石流的发育情况,在此基础上,采用模糊物元可拓方法对泥石流的易发性进行了评价。分析表明,研究区的泥石流具有分布密度高、冲沟及坡面泥石流成片发育、北岸泥石流较南岸发育且粘性泥石流所占比例大于南岸的发育特征;选取岩性、沟床比降、山坡坡度、完整系数、发育程度、降水、断层密度7个因子构建泥石流易发性评价指标体系。通过易发性评价,研究区104条泥石流沟中,66条为高易发性,占总数的63.5%;32条为中等易发性,占总数的30.8%;6条为低易发性,占总数的5.7%。 相似文献
17.
甘肃省舟曲8.7特大泥石流调查研究 总被引：21，自引：0，他引：21
本文通过对甘肃省舟曲县城后山三眼峪沟和罗家峪沟特大泥石流灾害的现场调查,从泥石流形成的地形、地质和降雨条件入手,分析了特大泥石流灾害的特征与成因:三眼峪沟和罗家峪沟泥石流形成区在2010年8月7日23～24时的1h降雨量达77.3mm,暴雨形成强大洪水依次冲毁两条沟内的天然堆石坝和人工拦挡坝,形成规模巨大的高容重黏性泥石流,泥石流冲出总量和泥沙总量分别为 144.2104m3和97.7104m3; 泥石流携带具有强大冲击力的巨石冲毁房屋5500余间; 在白龙江内形成长约550m,宽约70m,高约10m的堰塞坝并形成堰塞湖,堰塞湖回水长3km,使县城一半被淹; 泥石流造成1744人死亡和失踪。分析研究表明,三眼峪沟和罗家峪沟泥石流如果在近期遭遇强降雨还会暴发泥石流,但规模比87特大泥石流小;如果强降雨发生在数年后,暴发的泥石流规模比87特大泥石流略小;在20a或更长的时期内,没有发生新的地震影响下,在三眼峪沟和罗家峪沟经历一次大规模泥石流暴发后,泥石流的规模将回到汶川地震前的水平。 相似文献
18.
温州地处浙江东南沿海,降雨充沛。台风等极端气候灾害引起的强降雨次数繁多,并可能引发地区周边泥石流等地质灾害。收集相关地区、时段的气象、水文资料,并对研究区降雨数据进行处理,在野外实地调查、遥感解译的基础上,根据研究区地质灾害调查结果,总结群发性坡面泥石流特征,分析其形成的地质环境条件。针对致灾因子降雨量与温州地区群发性泥石流灾害的因果关系,获取坡面泥石流发生周期内的各时段降雨量,并利用相关性分析确定最大1h、3h雨强为研究变量,在二维坐标平面上投影近百个案例点,拟合得出临界雨量方程,并根据泥石流发生与否划分区域计算超越概率和误报概率,得出温州地区泥石流爆发前期雨强满足"两倍关系"的经验结论,寻求解决温州地区实际泥石流地质灾害预警问题的可行性。 相似文献
19.
奥布公路泥石流危险性评价 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
作为喀喇昆仑公路的重要组成部分,奥依塔克-布伦口(简称奥布)公路受到沿线数量众多且规模较大的泥石流影响,常导致行车中断,人员和车辆安全受到威胁。在现场地质考察和走访基础上,依据ArcGIS工具对奥布公路段的15条典型泥石流沟开展了重点调查和危险性评价。首先对汇流面积、纵坡度、面积宽度比、堆积区面积和距公路距离等5个评价因子属性进行归一化处理;然后采用两层结构的层次分析法计算得到影响因子的权重,随后将属性函数与权重乘积加和,得到灾害易发性指数(DFRD);最后对泥石流危险度(DRFR)进行计算分析和危险程度分级。结果发现,高-中度危险的11条泥石流主要分布在布伦口峡谷上游、盖孜检查站和加水沟之间,构成了泥石流灾害发育较为集中且危害性较大的路段。工程上相应采用隧道、高架桥等绕避措施,取得较好成效。 相似文献