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1.
重庆市武隆县农地流转下农业劳动力对耕地撂荒的不同尺度影响 总被引：12，自引：1，他引：11
在农地流转市场日趋完善的背景下,农户间的耕地流转无疑会缓解因部分农户劳动力不足造成的耕地撂荒现象,但仅从农户尺度上分析难以揭示农业劳动力数量与耕地撂荒间的关系。运用重庆市武隆县17 个乡镇40个自然村的308 份农户调查数据,通过二分类Logistic 回归模型、简单相关和偏相关分析,从农户和村庄两个层次上探讨农业劳动力对耕地撂荒的影响程度及农地流转对两者关系的影响。结果显示：① 农户尺度上亩均农业劳动力对耕地是否撂荒的影响不显著,而在村庄尺度上显著。② 亩均务农劳动力与耕地撂荒规模的偏相关回归分析中,控制耕地流转和不控制流转条件下,农户尺度上两者的偏相关系数和简单相关系数分别为-0.138 和-0.027,前者在1%水平上显著,而后者不显著;村庄尺度上,控制流转和不控制流转的相关系数分别为-0.273 和-0.294,均在5%水平上显著。③ 在农地流转市场较为完善的地区,选择在村庄尺度上进行农业劳动力对耕地撂荒影响分析研究是比较合理的。 相似文献
2.
在城镇化和工业化的驱动下,中国丘陵山区耕地逐渐被边际化,耕地撂荒范围也迅速从劣质的坡耕地延展至优质的梯田,大规模梯田撂荒将会引发一系列社会和生态效应,科学评估中国山区梯田的撂荒程度及空间分布将有助于有效地应对耕地撂荒问题。本文通过全国抽样调查的方式对中国梯田的撂荒程度进行了调查,利用获取的中国329个县的560份村问卷测算了中国梯田撂荒规模,并进一步分析了梯田撂荒空间分异特征及驱动因素。结果显示：(1)全国梯田撂荒现象分布广泛,发生梯田撂荒的村庄占总调查村庄的比例为54%,撂荒面积占梯田总面积的比例达到9.79%;(2)梯田撂荒程度呈现“南高北低”的特征,南方丘陵山区较为严重,尤以长江中下游地区为最;(3)梯田撂荒的主要因素可归结为农业劳动力外出务工、梯田耕作机械化程度、灌溉条件、耕作交通条件等。减缓梯田撂荒,应因区精准施策,提高梯田区机械化水平等措施具有普适性,针对质量较差的梯田,可有序“退耕”,对于质量较好的梯田,可采用调整种植结构、加强农业基础设施建设、鼓励流转与规模经营等方式。 相似文献
3.
弃耕是一个全球性问题,被认为是土地利用变化研究中最重要的研究领域之一。明确撂荒耕地驱动因素对于提高农村地区耕地资源利用效率、保障国家粮食安全具有至关重要的作用。本文采用定性比较分析法(QCA)对赣州市49个村庄的耕地撂荒影响因素进行了研究。结果表明:(1)耕地撂荒是多因素共同作用的结果,其中农业机械化水平低是赣州耕地撂荒发生的必要条件,对耕地撂荒具有重要影响。(2)导致耕地撂荒现象的路径不具有唯一性,研究区有5个导致耕地撂荒现象产生的组合。它们分别是组合A1(交通便利、农业生产设施完善、农业机械化水平低、土地流转程度低、无政策扶持产业相结合),组合A2(农业生产设施完善、农业机械化水平低、土地流转程度低、农业劳动力充足、无政策支持产业相结合),组合A3(交通便利、农业生产设施完善、农业机械化水平低、农业劳动力充足、无政策支持产业相结合),组合A4(交通便利、农业机械化水平低、土地流转程度低、农业劳动力充足、政策扶持产业相结合),组合A5(交通不便、农业生产设施完善、农业机械化水平低、土地流转程度高、农业劳动力充足、政策扶持产业相结合)。(3)在耕地撂荒现象的条件组合中,核心条件与辅助条件共同对耕地撂荒产生影响。最后,本文提出了相应的政策建议,以期能更深层次地揭示耕地撂荒的机理,为政策制定者正确决策提供全新的思路和方法,进而促进耕地的有效利用。 相似文献
4.
《资源与生态学报(英文版)》2021,(2)
弃耕是一个全球性问题,被认为是土地利用变化研究中最重要的研究领域之一。明确撂荒耕地驱动因素对于提高农村地区耕地资源利用效率、保障国家粮食安全具有至关重要的作用。本文采用定性比较分析法(QCA)对赣州市49个村庄的耕地撂荒影响因素进行了研究。结果表明:(1)耕地撂荒是多因素共同作用的结果,其中农业机械化水平低是赣州耕地撂荒发生的必要条件,对耕地撂荒具有重要影响。(2)导致耕地撂荒现象的路径不具有唯一性,研究区有5个导致耕地撂荒现象产生的组合。它们分别是组合A1(交通便利、农业生产设施完善、农业机械化水平低、土地流转程度低、无政策扶持产业相结合),组合A2(农业生产设施完善、农业机械化水平低、土地流转程度低、农业劳动力充足、无政策支持产业相结合),组合A3(交通便利、农业生产设施完善、农业机械化水平低、农业劳动力充足、无政策支持产业相结合),组合A4(交通便利、农业机械化水平低、土地流转程度低、农业劳动力充足、政策扶持产业相结合),组合A5(交通不便、农业生产设施完善、农业机械化水平低、土地流转程度高、农业劳动力充足、政策扶持产业相结合)。(3)在耕地撂荒现象的条件组合中,核心条件与辅助条件共同对耕地撂荒产生影响。最后,本文提出了相应的政策建议,以期能更深层次地揭示耕地撂荒的机理,为政策制定者正确决策提供全新的思路和方法,进而促进耕地的有效利用。 相似文献
5.
耕地撂荒研究进展与展望 总被引：35，自引：5，他引：35
20世纪后半叶以来许多发达国家发生明显的耕地撂荒现象,并逐渐演变为全球性土地利用现象,深刻地改变了广大农村地区土地景观.本文以"土地利用变化--驱动机制--环境效应--政策响应"的框架系统梳理耕地撂荒主要研究进展.研究表明:① 全球耕地撂荒仍主要发生在欧美发达国家,但发展程度的区域差异很大;② 社会经济要素变化是耕地撂荒最主要驱动力,务农机会成本上升等原因引起的耕地边际化是撂荒发生的根本原因,而劳动力析出是造成耕地撂荒的直接原因;③ 耕地撂荒与否,撂荒程度以及撂荒地空间分布受村镇,农户,地块三个尺度的自然条件,劳动力特征,农业生产条件和区域社会经济条件等多方面因素的综合影响;④ 生态环境效应是当前撂荒效应研究的焦点,但该效应是以积极还是消极为主仍存争议;⑤ 增加农业补贴是当前减缓耕地撂荒的主要措施,但并非唯一和最合理的措施.未来,快速城镇化进程将促使中国耕地撂荒现象愈演愈烈,所以当前研究有待加强,本文认为应加强大范围耕地撂荒信息提取和监测,撂荒趋势预测和风险评估,社会经济效应评估及政策设计等方面研究. 相似文献
6.
重庆市山区农户耕地转入特征及其影响因素 总被引：3，自引：1，他引：2
耕地流转有利于缓解耕地撂荒和闲置问题,促进土地规模化经营,但已有山区的研究侧重耕地转出,且未深入分析农户耕地转入的特征.本文运用重庆市“两翼”地区12 个典型村的1015 份农户调查问卷,从地块尺度详细分析了农户耕地转入的特征,并通过Tobit 模型,定量分析了农户转入耕地面积的影响因素.结果表明:①农户多无偿转入耕地,但仍主要转入质量好、坡度小、离家近的地块;因受地形影响,转入地块又多为旱地,且难灌溉、面积小,并存在“去粮化”和粗放化经营.②农户特征方面,转入耕地的农户多为普通农户,经营耕地规模小、效益低,且地块细碎化程度高.③影响因素方面,农业劳动力比例、农业收入、农具数量和耕作面积对农户转入耕地面积有显著正向影响,而户主年龄、地块平均面积和地区哑变量则武隆县有显著负向影响. 相似文献
7.
《山地学报》2017,(4)
城乡劳动力转移背景下耕地撂荒风险的研究是土地利用覆被变化的重要组成部分,辨明耕地撂荒的风险与发展趋势是预测耕地未来发展的重要依据。本文选择重庆市石柱、巫山和酉阳3县作为研究区,基于地块尺度对山区耕地撂荒现象的特点与影响因素的调查分析,确定经验模型,评估现有耕地(尚未撂荒的)未来撂荒的风险大小。结果表明,2011年重庆市3县耕地地块为21.71万个,处于低、中、高三级撂荒风险水平的耕地面积依次为6.3万hm~2、13.2万hm~2和5.8万hm~2,比例分别为25%、52%和23%。通过对比村级尺度撂荒风险耕地分布图、高程图与坡度图发现,高撂荒风险的耕地主要集中分布在海拔高且坡度陡的地区。 相似文献
8.
基于RS和GIS的土地生产力与人口承载量──以向家坝库区为例 总被引：11，自引：2，他引：9
本文在分析土地生产力与承载力研究现状的基础上 ,以向家坝库区耕地为研究对象 ,根据库区经济地理现状 ,确定土地人口载量研究区域 ,并利用GIS和RS技术对研究区土地利用现状和地形地貌特点进行深入分析 ,建立“空间·属性一体化”数据库。本文还建立了土地资源人口承载量评价指标体系 ,利用潜力递减法 ,进行以村级为单位的耕地粮食综合村尺度的近期和远景 (2 0 12 )土地人口承载量研究 ,提出与当地农业发展相一致的整个研究区环境容量。结果表明 ,与其它耕作方式相比 ,复种耕种可获得更大的人口承载量 ;库区环境容量已趋饱和 ,而且未来库区土地承载力呈下降趋势 ;通过改良品种、扩大水稻播种面积可在一定程度上缓解地矛盾。 相似文献
9.
中国土地流转的区域差异及其影响因素——基于2003-2013年农村固定观察点数据 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1
土地流转是实现农业适度规模经营的必经之路,理解土地流转的空间差异及影响因素具有重要意义。基于2003-2013年农业部农村固定观察点系统的169511个住户样本,本文揭示了中国土地流转的区域差异,并采用Heckman两阶段模型识别土地流转区域差异的影响因素,旨在为促进土地流转提供科学参考。结果发现：① 2003-2013年间,土地流转率从17.09%上升到24.1%,年均增幅近0.7个百分点;南方土地流转较为活跃,比如福建等地流转率超过30%,而北方土地流转率较低;② 转入土地支付租金平均为283.74元/亩,55.05%的转入户并未支付租金;相反,转出土地获得租金为243.23元/亩,52.63%的农户转出土地未获得租金;目前中国土地的“零租金”流转率超过50%;③ 土地质量、地理区位、交易费用、家庭及村庄特征等对土地流转的区域差异具有显著影响;土地质量和地理区位在平原地区的边际效应较大,但在丘陵和山区,交易成本已成为影响土地流转的重要因素。土地“零租金”流转的实质是土地资源错配的一种表现,丘陵和山区边际化及交易费用偏高降低了土地资源的潜在价值。政府应努力降低土地流转中面临的各类交易费用,建立健全土地流转的补偿机制,同时关注丘陵和山区的土地资产贬值和撂荒现象。 相似文献
10.
丘陵山区梯田撂荒现象频发,成为政府农业部门和学术界关注的热点问题。然而,鲜有研究关注劳动力转移差异对农户梯田撂荒行为的影响。基于此,本文以湘闽赣三省梯田区为研究区域,结合实地调研的1438份农户数据,运用Probit和Tobit模型,从劳动力转移差异的视角,分析劳动力非农转移的数量、距离和质量差异对农户梯田撂荒决策和撂荒规模的影响。结果表明：(1)农户家庭劳动力非农就业的数量、就业距离和就业质量均对农户的梯田撂荒决策和撂荒规模具有显著的促进作用;(2)随着非农转移程度的加深,丘陵山区农户梯田撂荒的规模也会扩大;(3)劳动力转移距离和转移质量能够强化劳动力转移数量对农户撂荒决策的影响。为缓解因劳动力非农转移造成的梯田撂荒现象,要重视农业服务外包和机械化在山区的劳动替代作用,积极推进梯田宜机化改造,完善耕地流转市场,鼓励农户流转梯田。 相似文献
11.
Effectiveness of farmland transfer in alleviating farmland abandonment in mountain regions 总被引：4，自引：1，他引：3
Farmland abandonment is a type of land use change in the mountain region, and this change is under rapid development. Whether farmland transfer can prevent this process and promote the effective allocation of land resources or not is a question worth studying and discussion. With the help of the previous research findings, the objective of this paper was to find out the role of farmland transfer on preventing farmland abandonment, by using the methods of multiple view with two factors, and single factor correlation analysis. The results showed that: (1) At village level, a significant negative correlation between farmland transfer and farmland abandonment existed in the study site, with R2 = 0.7584. This correlation of farmland with high grade farming conditions presented more outstandingly. The fitted curve for the farmland at Level I had the largest R2 at 0.288, while that for the farmland at Level IV had the smallest R2 at 0.103. Which indicated that farmland transfer could prevent the abandonment of farmland with high grade farming conditions? (2) At plot level, the abandonment rate of farmland with high grade farming conditions was significantly lower than that of farmland with poor grade farming conditions. It was the lowest at 10.49% for the farmland with Level I farming conditions, whereas the farmland with Level I farming conditions was 26.21%. Abandoned farmland was mainly contributed by farmland with Level IV farming conditions in the study site. (3) At village level, the role of farming conditions on farmland abandonment was insignificant. The univariate correlation analysis revealed that the abandonment ratio was negatively correlated with the proportions of farmland at Levels I and II and their accumulated proportion; however, their R2 were small at 0.194, 0.258, and 0.275, respectively. The abandonment of farmland with high farming conditions still existed. The abandonment ratios of farmland at Levels I and II were high at 9.96% and 10.60%, respectively. This presented that farmland transfer on behalf of the land rental market was still not developed. (4) However, the village possessed the high rate of farmland transfer, and its rate of farmland abandonment with high grade farming conditions was all lower. When the transfer ratios of farmland were over 20%, the abandonment ratios of farmland at Levels I and II were 6.47% and 6.92%, respectively. Farmland abandonment was still controlled by the improvement of land rental market. And the functions of land rental market optimizing the utilization of farmland resources have been presented to a certain degree. (5) To further improve the marketing degree of land rental, the probability of farmland abandonment could be reduced. Especially, their function to farmland with high grade farming conditions was very obvious, and could avoid the waste of farmland resources with high grade farming conditions. 相似文献
12.
Global understanding of farmland abandonment: A review and prospects 总被引：11，自引：3，他引：8
Since the 1950s, noteworthy farmland abandonment has been occurring in many developed countries and some developing countries. This global land use phenomenon has fundamentally altered extensive rural landscapes. A review of global farmland abandonment under the headings of “land use change–driving mechanisms–impacts and consequences–policy responses” found the following: (1) Farmland abandonment has occurred primarily in developed countries in Europe and North America, but the extent of abandonment has varied significantly. (2) Changing socio-economic factors were the primary driving forces for the farmland abandonment. And land marginalization was the fundamental cause, which was due to the drastic increase of farming opportunity cost, while the direct factor for abandonment was the shrink of agricultural labor forces. (3) Whether to abandon, to what extent and its spatial distributions were finally dependent on integrated effect from the physical conditions, laborer attributes, farming and regional socio-economic conditions at the village, household and parcel scales. With the exception of Eastern Europe, farmland abandonment was more likely to occur in mountainous and hilly areas, due to their unfavorable farming conditions. (4) A study of farmland abandonment should focus on its ecological and environmental effects, while which is more positive or more negative are still in dispute. (5) Increasing agricultural subsidies will be conductive to slowing the rate of farmland abandonment, but this is not the only measure that needs to be implemented.Due to China’s rapid urbanization, there is a high probability that the rate of abandonment will increase in the near future. However, very little research has focused on this rapid land-use trend in China, and, as a result, there is an inadequate understanding of the dynamic mechanisms and consequences of this phenomenon. This paper concludes by suggesting some future directions for further research in China. These directions include monitoring regional and national abandonment dynamics, analyzing trends, assessing the risks and socio-economic effects of farmland abandonment, and informing policy making. 相似文献
13.
The quantity and spatial pattern of farmland has changed in China, which has led to a major change in the production potential under the influence of the national project of ecological environmental protection and rapid economic growth during 1990-2010. In this study, the production potential in China was calculated based on meteorological, terrain elevation, soil and land-use data from 1990, 2000 and 2010 using the Global Agro-ecological Zones model. Then, changes in the production potential in response to farmland changes from 1990 to 2010 were subsequently analyzed. The main conclusions were the following. First, the total production potential was 1.055 billion tons in China in 2010. Moreover, the average production potential was 7614 kg/ha and showed tremendous heterogeneity in spatial pattern. Total production in eastern China was high, whereas that in northwestern China was low. The regions with high per unit production potential were mainly distributed over southern China and the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River. Second, the obvious spatiotemporal heterogeneity in farmland changes from 1990 to 2010 had a significant influence on the production potential in China. The total production potential decreased in southern China and increased in northern China. Furthermore, the center of growth of the production potential moved gradually from northeastern China to northwestern China. The net decrease in the production potential was 2.97 million tons, which occupied 0.29% of the national total actual production in 2010. Third, obvious differences in the production potential in response to farmland changes from 1990 to 2000 and from 2000 to 2010 were detected. The net increase in the production potential during the first decade was 10.11 million tons and mainly distributed in the Northeast China Plain and the arid and semi-arid regions of northern China. The net decrease in the production potential during the next decade was 13.08 million tons and primarily distributed in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River region and the Huang-Huai-Hai Plain. In general, the reason for the increase in the production potential during the past two decades might be due to the reclamation of grasslands, woodlands and unused land, and the reason for the decrease in the production potential might be urbanization that occupied the farmland and Green for Grain Project, which returned farmland to forests and grasslands. 相似文献
14.
作物高度是农田、生态等研究领域重要的一项指标,准确地获取作物高度和类别是精确估产和长势监测的必要条件。激光雷达技术能够提供精确的植被冠层结构信息,并进而获得作物冠层高度。以绿洲农田区的棉田为研究对象,通过激光雷达提取的植被垂直结构信息,估算研究区各植被类型的高度,并依据高度进行了分类。结果表明：林地、食葵、棉花和西葫芦的平均高度约为12.5 m、2.125 m、1.125 m和0.35 m,利用植被类型间的高度差异进行地物类型识别的总体精度为93%;食葵、棉花和西葫芦实测植被高度值与计算植被高度值的平均相对误差分别为-0.038%、1.35%和-4.348%,说明激光雷达提取的植被冠层结构参数可用于农田区作物的高度估算。 相似文献
15.
中国山区耕地利用边际化表现及其机理 总被引：19，自引：4，他引：15
耕地利用边际化是当前中国山区土地利用主要变化趋势。利用《全国农产品成本收益资料汇编》资料,本文首先分析2003年以来农业劳动力价格快速上涨的背景下,中国农业生产成本的结构变化以及农户的响应,并对比平原和山区农户对劳动力成本上升的响应方式及程度的差异,发现平原地区能够通过大规模的农业机械替代减少劳动投入,进而有效减少劳动力价格上升所带来的影响,而山区因地形条件限制,劳动生产率提升相对缓慢,并与平原地区的差距不断扩大,导致农业劳动力成本占比不断上涨。随着劳动力成本的快速上涨,中国山区耕地边际化特征明显,以玉米为代表的种植业净利润在2013年普遍降至零以下。2000年以来,中国山区土地利用和植被变化表现为耕地面积减少、森林面积增加、NDVI指数增强,而且在省级层次上,山区县范围NDVI变化率与耕地和森林面积变化率分别具有很强的负相关（r = -0.70）和正相关（r = 0.91）,证实了中国山区耕地当前边际化的发展态势。基于以上分析,本文最后对务农机会成本上升、农业劳动力快速析出背景下的山区耕地利用边际化机理进行了总结。这一研究有助于深入认识山区耕地撂荒和森林转型的发展过程。 相似文献
16.
根据农用地分等省级汇总的要求,提出了四种带有顺序性的分等单元制图综合方法,第一按地类、自然等、利用等、经济等相同合并邻接单元;第二在构建位于分等单元之外约束性Delauney 三角网的基础上,用边长作控制合并邻近地类、自然等、利用等、经济等相同的单元;第三删除零星单元,将面积归并到乡内地类、自然等、利用等、经济等相同的单元中;第四扩充零星单元.对提出的方法进行了编程实现,并在农用地分等省级汇总项目中得到了应用.理论分析及实验结果表明,所提方法具有严密的数学逻辑性,同时对地图制图综合这一前沿学术研究议题也具有一定借鉴与参考价值. 相似文献
17.
The project of ‘grain for green’, to restore woodland and grass by retreating from slope farmland, as a fundamental measure
of eco-environmental rehabilitation, is being conducted in the reservoir area of the Three Gorges gradually. However, the
de-farming of slope farmland will reduce the amount of farmland in de-farmed areas, especially in the areas with concentrated
slope farmland, which would cause the problems of environmental emigration. The people who cannot regain enough farmland by
relocating farmlands within village after de-farming and have to emigrate to other places are called environmental emigrants
or ecological emigrants. In the research, a de-farming stress index model and an environmental emigration model are developed
based on GRID data, and the potential amount of environmental emigration caused by de-farming of slope farmland in the reservoir
area is simulated aided with GIS. The simulation indicates that the potential emigration amount caused by de-farming is quite
large. When the de-farming stress index reaches 40%, the amount is as large as 890,000 people, which is equivalent to the
emigrants caused by the submergence of the Three Gorges reservoir. So it should be considered as a big problem during the
eco-environmental rehabilitation in this area. Some suggestions are raised to tackle the problem. Firstly, the emigration
plan should be included in the de-farming plan. Secondly, some provinces, especially those located in the lower reaches of
the Yangtze River, should accommodate part of the environmental emigrants. 相似文献
18.
The project of 'grain for green', to restore woodland and grass by retreating from slope farmland, as a fundamental measure of eco-environmental rehabilitation, is being conducted in the reservoir area of the Three Gorges gradually. However, the de-farming of slope farmland will reduce the amount of farmland in de-farmed areas, especially in the areas with concentrated slope farmland, which would cause the problems of environmental emigration. The people who cannot regain enough farmland by relocating farmlands within village after de-farming and have to emigrate to other places are called environmental emigrants or ecological emigrants. In the research, a de-farming stress index model and an environmental emigration model are developed based on GRID data, and the potential amount of environmental emigration caused by de-farming of slope farmland in the reservoir area is simulated aided with GIS. The simulation indicates that the potential emigration amount caused by de-farming is quite large. When the de-farming stress index reaches 40%, the amount is as large as 890,000 people, which is equivalent to the emigrants caused by the submergence of the Three Gorges reservoir. So it should be considered as a big problem during the eco-environmental rehabilitation in this area. Some suggestions are raised to tackle the problem. Firstly, the emigration plan should be included in the de-farming plan. Secondly, some provinces, especially those located in the lower reaches of the Yangtze River, should accommodate part of the environmental emigrants. 相似文献