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1.
Antonio Caracausi P. Mario Nuccio Rocco Favara Marco Nicolosi Michele Paternoster 《地学学报》2009,21(2):83-87
Geochemical investigations have shown that there is a considerable inflow of gas into both crater lakes of Monticchio, Southern Italy. These lakes are located in two maars that formed 140 000 years ago during Mt. Vulture volcano's last eruptive activity. Isotopic analyses suggest that CO2 and helium are of magmatic origin; the latter displays 3 He/4 He isotope ratios similar to those measured in olivines of the maar ejecta. In spite of the fact that the amount of dissolved gases in the water is less than that found in Lake Nyos (Cameroon), both the results obtained and the historical reports studied indicate that these crater lakes could be highly hazardous sites, even though they are located in a region currently considered inactive. This could be of special significance in very popular tourist areas such as the Monticchio lakes, which are visited by about 30 000 people throughout the summer, for the most part on Sundays. 相似文献
2.
简要叙述冈瓦纳超大陆聚合过程和中非造山带泛非期地质构造过程,剖析了西冈瓦纳喀麦隆北部和乍得西南地区岩石构造单元及其形成的构造背景并对喀麦隆北部河流冲积物进行了重矿物分析。分析结果表明重矿物可能来自近源基岩,为西喀麦隆地体(Western Cameroon Domain)内的雷博巴(Rey Bouba)绿岩带和马约科比(Mayo Kebbi)弧岩浆岩带;重矿物中的自然金可能主要来自雷博巴绿岩带。分析结果为该地区砂金矿开采提供了一定的指示。 相似文献
3.
A swarm of 57 landslides, tension cracks and a rockfall occurred spontaneously on September 5, 1995 killing 3 people and destroying farmlands and forests over an area of 6 k across, at Bafaka, Ndian Division, Cameroon. From analyses of field observations, eyewitness accounts, rainfall data, and soils, the principal causative factors of the disaster are interpreted as meteorological, hydrogeological, and tectonic in origin. High and continuous rainfall which lasted for 3 days prior to the event might have saturated both sedimentary shaly sandstones of Cretaceous Period, and weathered basaltic trachytes of Tertiary Period which are prone to sliding and which lie unconformably on Precambrian gneisses and migmatites. A mapped distribution of the landslides showed their concentration along two deeply incised river valleys which are probably fault zones running in a northwest-southeast direction. This is antithetic to the direction of faults in the area which are predominantly parallel to the northeast-southwest direction of the Cameroon Volcanic Line. A felt earthquake with an estimated intensity of about IV on the Mercalli Intensity Scale must have triggered the landslides, some tension cracks, and the rockfall in the already saturated sedimentary and volcanic rocks, with larger landslides observed around the possible epicenter of the earthquake. The rockfall, from a cliff of basalt, occurred simultaneously with the landslides and this is used to further confirm a tectonic force as a probable trigger to the disaster. The tension cracks which have remained unchanged in shape three years after the disaster are interpreted as aborted landslides. Although disasters of such magnitudes are rare in this volcanic area which has been considered to be dormant, the Cameroon Volcanic Line in general is still tectonically and volcanically active. This is evidenced by the last eruption of Mount Cameroon in 1982 situated about 45 kilometers southwest of the study area, the seismically activated landslide along the Santa Graben in 1982, the Tibati fault displacement with associated seismicity in 1986, and the carbon dioxide gas explosions from Lake Monoun in 1984 and lake Nyos in 1986 which killed 37 and 1746 people respectively. 相似文献
4.
《Geoforum》2015
Studies of forests in Africa employ the term zone to denote a particular type of forested area. This limited usage speaks to a need for human geographers to pay more attention to elaborating and engaging with the concept of the zone. This article shows why human geography should pay the ‘zone’ more attention. Using Cameroon’s humid forest zone (HFZ) as a case study, the article focuses on how conceptual elaboration of the ‘zone’ can inform analyses of the food product trade in Cameroon. This trade is organized around various types of buyers and sellers (or buyam–sellam in pidgin), and offers a wide variety of wild products to Cameroon’s urban food consumers, including fruits and vegetables, game meat, condiments, medicinal plants, and fibers. Drawing on fieldwork surveys, interviews and focus groups in twenty-four markets of 203 buyam–sellams and 197 of their customers during the wet and dry seasons, this article analyzes narratives about Cameroon’s wild food zone. It ultimately shows what scholarly attention to the ‘zone’ offers in this case that other spatial concepts do not. 相似文献
5.
In freshwater settings, dinosterol (4α,23,24-trimethyl-5α-cholest-22E-en-3β-ol) is produced primarily by dinoflagellates, which encompass various species including autotrophs, mixotrophs and heterotrophs. Due to its source specificity and occurrence in lake and marine sediments, its presence and hydrogen isotopic composition (δD) should be valuable proxies for paleohydrological reconstruction. However, because the purity required for hydrogen isotope measurements is difficult to achieve using standard wet chemical purification methods, their potential as a paleohydrological proxy is rarely exploited. In this study, we tested δD values of dinosterol in both particulate organic matter (POM) and sediments of stratified tropical freshwater lakes (from Cameroon) as a paleohydrological proxy, the lakes being characterized by variable degrees of eutrophication. In POM and sediment samples, the δD values of dinosterol correlated with lake water δD values, confirming a first order influence of source water δD values. However, we observed that sedimentary dinosterol was D enriched from ca. 19 to 54‰ compared with POM dinosterol. The enrichment correlated with lake water column conditions, mainly the redox potential at the oxic–anoxic interface (Eh OAI). The observations suggest that paleohydrologic reconstruction from δD values of dinosterol in the sediments of stratified tropical lakes ought to be sensitive to the depositional environment, in addition to lake water δD values, with more positive dinosterol δD values potentially reflecting increasing lake eutrophication. Furthermore, in lake sediments, the concentration of partially reduced vs. non-reduced C34 botryococcenes, stanols vs. stenols, and bacterial (diploptene, diplopterol and ββ-bishomohopanol) vs. planktonic/terrestrial lipids (cholesterol, campesterol and dinosterol) correlated with Eh OAI. We suggest using such molecular proxies for lake redox conditions in combination with dinosterol δD values to evaluate the effect of lake trophic status on sedimentary dinosterol δD values, as a basis for accurately reconstructing tropical lake water δD values. 相似文献
6.
《Tectonophysics》1987,141(4):317-334
The Cameroon Line, a major geological feature in Central Africa, has been considered successively as a series of horsts and grabens, a continental rift and a mega-shear zone. It is marked out by about 60 anorogenic complexes and a dozen volcanic centres, all of which have alkaline affinity.Remote sensing allows us recognition of the main lineament trends: N70°, N-S, N135° and E-W, while autocorrelation analysis reveals a major fault zone striking N30° in western Cameroon and N15° in the northern region. A mega left-lateral shear zone is the model that best accounts for the fracture pattern and associated features such as linear and circular structures alignment of subvolcanic complexes, syntectonic leucogranites marking out older shear zones and vein dykes. The N70° Adamawa fault zone, a Pan-African fracture reworked during Albian-Aptian times, is the only shear zone of continental scale that could have initiated “en echelon” mega-tension gashes within the Cameroon Line during a Cainozoic left-lateral transcurrent movement. 相似文献
7.
Richard Mbatu 《GeoJournal》2010,75(5):443-458
This paper characterizes changes in land use and forest cover in southern Cameroon. In doing so, we use remotely sensed data
to define the rates and area of forest loss and cover change in two reference areas over a period of 16 years (from 1984 to
2000)—the Buea-Limbe area in the southwest province and the Bertoua area in the east province. We relate socio-economic data
of these study areas with results from the empirical spatial analysis to explain causes of deforestation. A second set of
explanations, which we call the theoretical perspective, attributes deforestation in southern Cameroon to the intricacies
of modernization, world-systems, and neo-Malthusian theories. 相似文献
8.
E. Bajkiewicz-Grabowska Dr. 《GeoJournal》1987,14(3):367-371
Intensification of agriculture and development of industry in Poland have resulted in increased pollution of the environment. Numerous chemical compounds, particularly of organic origin, became activated in catchment areas, introduced to rivers and lakes and cause their eutrophication. This problem relates particularly to shallow lakes with slow turnover rates. In this situation studies have been undertaken with the objective of evaluating the susceptibility of lakes to degradation. The studies are concentrated in an area of NE Poland abounding in lakes.This paper summarises the results of studies in 17 lakes and stresses the importance of the catchment area in supplying biogenic material. The degree of importance of the catchment area was evaluated in a simplified way in accordance with the author's own method. A large variety of catchment types were identified with respect to their impact on lakes and were classified into 4 groups of lake susceptibility to degradation. 相似文献
9.
Tantoh Henry Bikwibili Simatele Danny Mulala Ebhuoma Eromose Donkor Kwabena McKay Tracey J. M. 《GeoJournal》2021,86(2):943-961
This paper examines community-based water supply management (CBWSM) in three rural districts of Northwest Cameroon as well as a review of the literature focusing on some successful community-based natural resource management initiatives in sub-Saharan Africa. Using empirical and secondary data collected through participatory research methods, it is argued that CBWSM has failed to achieve sustainable water supplies in Northwest Cameroon. Findings revealed that centralized control, the prevalence of poverty, passive involvement of public, private and grassroots community has continued to thwart water supplies within these districts. It is important to note that in any natural resource management system, power becomes a crucial factor as it determines who has and does not have access to common-pool resources. This paper argues that argues that strong traditional leadership, resolute devolution, and active participation of rural communities will facilitate and invigorate a platform for capturing the views of diverse user groups and this can bring about a people-centered and community-driven development process. Some aspects of best practice arising from successful case studies in Cameroon can contribute significantly to promoting the development of effective CBWSM in other rural communities with similar characteristics in and out of Cameroon. This will be possible only if rural groups are involved and engaged in the management of their resources while integrating some aspects of best practice.
相似文献10.
The Shubenacadie River basin is the largest watershed in Nova Scotia, Canada, encompassing an area of approximately 2,800 km2 and supporting one of the most rapidly expanding populations in Atlantic Canada. A comprehensive study was carried out to assess the effect of recent development in the basin on the headwater lakes. Information on the environmental status of the lakes can be further used in the development of a management framework for the basin with respect to water quality and quantity objectives.Water and sediment quality were investigated in four of the Shubenacadie River headwater lakes. In addition, trophic status of the lakes was assessed by using dissolved phosphorus and oxygen concentrations. The surface area and mean depth of the lakes ranged from 0.83 to 1.13 km2 and 4.3 to 6.6 m, respectively. Three of the studied lakes were thermally stratified during the summer. The concentration of dissolved oxygen decreased significantly in the hypolimnion during the stratification period, although the lakes were generally classified as oligotrophic. The water quality is typical for lakes of the area. The pH of the water ranged between 6.1 and 7.3 during the study period. Major ions were chloride, sodium, and sulphate. A significant increase of As, Hg, Zn, Pb, Cu, Ni and Co was found in surface sediments in all four lakes. However, the concentration of these elements in lake water was lower than recommended guidelines for aquatic life and human consumption. 相似文献
11.
Scientific visits to Lake Nyos in Northwestern Cameroon in the aftermath of the gas disaster that killed over 1,750 people in 1986 revealed the presence of a pyroclastic natural dam in the northern border of the lake. This dam is being affected by back erosion. Collapse of the dam could cause a flood that would affect inhabited areas over a 220?km distance. Timing of dam collapse has been hotly debated based on vastly different carbon-14 and potassium-argon formation ages. In previous work, we used uranium series disequilibria to suggest a formation age of >5,000?years. Detailed comparison of uranium series and trace element data for lavas of Lake Nyos and Mt. Cameroon, both belonging to the Cameroon Volcanic Line, suggests that Lake Nyos basalts erupted with an initial radium-226/thorium-230 ratio that is two times higher than lavas erupting on Mt. Cameroon today. This information is used to infer an age of 8,750?±?490?years, which we suggest is the formation age of the Lake Nyos dam. The erosion rate deduced from this age does not indicate that collapse of the dam from back erosion alone and the attendant potential flood disaster are as eminent and alarming as previously thought. However, other factors militate for action to secure the dam. Work is underway to reinforce it by engineering methods. 相似文献
12.
13.
Results of the chemical and isotopic analysis of the water and gases discharged from volcanic crater lakes and soda springs located along the Cameroon Volcanic Line were used to characterize and infer their genetic relationships. Variations in the solute compositions of the waters indicate the dominant influence of silicate hydrolysis. Na+ (40–95%) constitutes the major cation in the springs while Fe2+ + Mg2+ (70%) dominate in the CO2-rich lakes. The principal anion is HCO3 (>90%), except in the coastal springs where Cl-predominates. Lakes Nyos and Monoun have FeMgCaHCO3− type signatures; the soda springs are essentially NaHCO3− type, while all other lakes show similar ionic compositions to dilute surface waters. Dissolved gases show essentially CO2 (>90%), with small amounts of Ar and N2, while CH4 constitutes the principal component in the non-gassy lakes. Active volcanic gases are generally absent, except in the Lobe spring with detectable H2S. Stable isotope ratio evidence indicates that the bicarbonate waters are essentially of meteoric origin. CO2 (δ13C = −2 to −8%0 and He (3He/4He = 1 to 5.6Ra) infer a mantle contribution to the total CO2. CH4 has a biogenic source, while Ar and N2 are essentially atmospheric in origin, but mixing is quite common. 相似文献
14.
Lakes developed on progressively younger end moraines of the Klutlan Glacier were initially assumed to have originated shortly after moraine emplacement and to have persisted to the present. Limnological differences between lakes on old vs young moraines were thought to result from limnological maturation within the lakes and ponds themselves and in response to the development of soils and vegetation on moraine surfaces. This study represents a paleolimnological test of this hypothesis. If true, the first-formed sediments of lakes on old moraines should be comparable to sediments presently forming in lakes on young moraines. Geochemical and paleontological studies of surface sediment to a series of lakes on progressively older moraines provide baseline information for comparing successive levels of lake sediment cores from older moraines. Results indicate that the time of lake initiation seldom reflects moraine age. Even on the oldest moraine (Harris Creek), lake basins are presently forming. Their sediment character more closely relates to the rapidity of basin formation due to melting of buried ice than to age of the lake itself or of the moraine on which it is situated. Vegetation and soil development play an important but secondary role in determining the character of lake sediments; rapid subsidence can convert humic-water lakes surrounded by second-generation spruce forests into turbid-water lakes with unstable, slumping margins. A detailed paleolimnological study of two lakes, one on the unglaciated upland and another in an outwash channel penetrating the oldest moraine, revealed progressive limnologic changes through time, suggesting that their basins were stable for 1200 and 400 yr, respectively. The changes in diatom stratigraphy of these lakes appear to relate to natural limnological changes associated with lake maturation and accumulation of nutrients as well as to changes in the surrounding vegetation and soils. 相似文献
15.
KAr analyses on whole rock and minerals are reported for the Kokoumi anorogenic pluton and alkaline volcanics of the Benue valley, west of Garoua (northern Cameroon), which belong to the northern part of the ‘Cameroon Line’. The two formations yield similar ages of 39 and 37 Ma, respectively. These values likely correspond to the time of emplacement. They are in agreement with the interpretation considering the ‘Cameroon Line’ as a huge lithospheric crack tapping a hot deep asthenospheric zone. To cite this article: R. Montigny et al., C. R. Geoscience 336 (2004). 相似文献
16.
《International Geology Review》2012,54(10):1121-1149
Peraluminous intrusives of the Akum-Bamenda Massif, Pan-African Belt, Central Cameroon, were synkinematically emplaced in a Pan-African sinistral strike-slip shear zone. The rock sequences consist of medium-grained leucogranites, fine-grained leucogranites, and orthogneisses of biotite granite composition; in aggregate, they cover a range from about 65 to 74 wt.% SiO2, defining a continuous chemical evolutionary trend and displaying characteristics of the high-K and medium calc-alkaline series. Leucogranites are strongly peraluminous (A/CNK > 1.1) and plot in the field of S-type granites, whereas orthogneisses are metaluminous and plot in the field of I-type granitoids. Major and trace element compositions and the Rb/Sr isotopes of the leucogranites indicate crustal derivation by remelting of a composite metapelite?+?metagreywacke protolith similar to the metasedimentary rocks of the central domain of the Cameroon Pan-African North-Equatorial fold belt. 相似文献
17.
Lakes of the Klutlan moraines originate by down-melting of stagnant ice under a mantle of rock debris and vegetation ranging from scattered herbs and shrubs on the younger moraines to multiple-generation closed spruce forest on the oldest moraines, which are 600–1200 yr old. Lakes on the youngest moraines are temporary, turbid with glacial silt, and marked by unstable ice-cored slopes. On older moraines most lakes have clear water and stable slopes. On the oldest moraines many lakes have brown water caused by dissolved humic materials derived from the thick forest floor, but even here some slopes are unstable because of continued melting of buried ice. Morainic lakes contain bicarbonate waters of moderate alkalinity and conductivity and low levels of nutrients. The highly diverse phytoplankton is dominated by chrysophytes and cryptomonads, with few diatoms. Extremely low values for phytoplankton biomass place most of the lakes in an “ultraoligotrophic” category. Zooplankton is dominated by copepods, which were found even in ice ponds only a few years old, and by the cladoceran Daphnia pulex. Surface-sediment samples contained a total of 16 species of chydorid Cladocera. Of these, Alonella excisa and Alona barbulata are apparently the pioneer species in the youngest lakes. Chydorus sphaericus only appears in lakes of the oldest moraines. A successional pattern is not conspicuous, however, partly because some of the lakes on the older moraines originated by recent collapse over buried ice. Lakes on the upland outside the dead-ice moraines yielded 39 species in the zooplankton. The distinctive assemblage on upland lakes may relate more to different water chemistry than to age. 相似文献
18.
《Journal of African Earth Sciences》2011,59(5):833-856
The potential of differential SAR interferometry (DInSAR) to measure volcanic ground deformation is widely recognized, despite several limitations still hindering its use in operational volcano monitoring, one of the most critical being water vapor change in the troposphere. In this paper we investigate tropospheric influence on SAR interferograms for two African active volcanoes strongly affected by the oscillation of the Inter-tropical convergence zone (ITCZ). Fogo Island (∼40,000 inhabitants), located in the southwestern part of the Cape Verde archipelago, is a 30-km-wide active volcano that last erupted in 1995. Mount Cameroon, with approximately 300,000 people living in its immediate surroundings, is the most active volcanic center of the 1600 km-long Cameroon volcanic line, counting seven eruptions over the last century. We analyze 72 SLC ASAR images of Fogo, acquired by ENVISAT from June 2005 to December 2007, and 14 SLC ASAR images of Mount Cameroon, acquired from July 2004 to January 2008. A total of 274 two-pass interferograms, computed from the SLC images, were used for fringe counting and least-squares data adjustment, allowing the estimation of a relative phase delay for each image. We then compare the InSAR-retrieved phase delays with two independent calculations of precipitable water vapor (PWV) in the troposphere, using MODIS and GPS, and observe that all time-series, for both regions under study, match up the ITCZ seasonal oscillation. We conclude that most (if not all) of the phase delays observed are due to water vapor change in the troposphere. 相似文献
19.
武汉市位于长江中游,长江与汉江在此交汇,城区河网纵横,湖泊众多,素有"江城"和"百湖之市"之称.湖泊对于武汉城市的可持续发展及宜居城市建设有着特别重要的意义.关于武汉市的湖泊前人曾开展了大量的研究,但对于湖泊的成因则研究较少.湖泊的成因不仅对武汉市近代地质环境演化具有重要意义,同时也是湖泊保护的基础科学问题.在地质地貌调查上,通过江湖古地理演变分析,结合历史文献记录等综合研究,认为武汉湖泊的形成与河流地质作用过程密切相关,据此将武汉市湖泊的成因类型划分为:河道遗迹湖（又分河道废弃湖和河道洲滩夹湖）、河堤溃口湖、河间洼地湖和沟谷壅塞湖四种类型.分析了各类湖泊的特征、地貌分布及形成过程.其中沟谷壅塞湖是现存湖泊的主要类型,其形成演化与区域气候变化背景下的河海相互作用密切相关,分别经历了湖盆形成期（20~14 ka）、湖泊形成期（14~7 ka）和湖泊发展期（7 ka以来）3个阶段.此外,武汉的城市与湖泊经历了由"湖中城"到"城中湖"的发展历程,围湖造地是武汉市最重要人为改造自然工程,依湖泊类型的不同采取了不同的围湖发展方式,汉口地区以河间洼地湖为主,主要以"筑堤-排水-造地"填湖发展;武昌和汉阳地区以沟谷壅塞湖为主,采取的是"堵塞湖汊造地"的环湖发展方式.在未来的城市建设中,有计划地实施湖-湖连通和河-湖连通工程是十分必要的. 相似文献
20.
Severin Nguiya Marcelin Mouzong Pemi Alain Pierre Tokam Évariste Ngatchou Heutchi Willy Lemotio 《Comptes Rendus Geoscience》2019,351(6):430-440
In this study, the recent update of the gravity database with new measurements has raised the opportunity of improving the knowledge of the crustal structure beneath the large volcanic system called Mount Cameroon, and its implication in the regional tectonics. The multi-scale wavelet analysis method was applied to highlight the geologic features of the area, and their depths were estimated using the logarithmic power spectrum method. The results reveal a complex crustal structure beneath Mount Cameroon with high variation in the lateral distribution of crustal densities. The upper and lower crusts are intruded by dense materials originating from the mantle with less lateral extension. The trends of Tiko and Ekona faults along the intrusion suggest tectonic activities as deep as 25 km. The difference in mantle composition or temperature between the East and the West of the studied area is clearly seen in detailed wavelet images and agrees with a mantle origin for the Cameroon Volcanic Line. 相似文献