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1.
War on Terror,work in progress: security,surveillance and the configuration of the US workfare state
This paper evaluates the impact of recent shifts in the geopolitical outlook of the United States—specifically the ‘Global
War on Terror’ and its domestic ramifications—on the prior project of reconfiguring the US state to an after-Fordist ‘workfare’
paradigm. In particular, the paper attempts to situate recent developments in the reconfiguration of the American welfare
state within the context of debates over the ‘exceptional’ nature of US politics post-9/11. The extent to which this has had
a bearing on work practices, welfare provision and workfarism is investigated, citing examples from the post-9/11 era. On
the basis of such examples it has been suggested that the project of reconfiguring the US welfare state and labour relations
does overlap and intersect with the emergency practices that the US state has instituted domestically as part of the War on
Terror. However, the reconfiguration of the US welfare state towards a neoliberal or workfarist paradigm is, we argue, largely
part of the ‘normal’ (as opposed to exceptional) fabric of US politics. The project of reconfiguring the US welfare state
is ongoing and largely autonomous (although not entirely removed) from the use of exceptional practices in relation to the
US security state. Investigation of this relationship, we assert, provides a potentially fruitful ‘new direction’ for both
critical geopolitics and political economic geography, and grounds for interaction between the two. 相似文献
2.
Various national and international communities have addressed women’s issues and taken various efforts to empower them so
as to enhance their social and health status and involve them in developmental activities. The Indian DHS survey (National
Family Health Survey, 1998–1999) provides an opportunity to study women’s empowerment in India. The survey collected information
on several dimensions of women’s empowerment from 90,303 ever-married women (ages 15–49), from all the states of India. Utilizing
these data sets, four indices – household autonomy index, mobility index, attitude towards gender index and attitude towards
domestic violence index – are constructed to measure the different dimensions of empowerment. Using these indices, the spatial
and socio-economic and cultural disparities that exist within India are analyzed. Finally, an attempt is made to identify
some important determinants for women’s empowerment using multiple logistic regression analysis. The results show that at
the national level, 43% of the women have high household autonomy; 23% of the women have high freedom to move outside their
home; 40% of the women have no gender preference attitude; and only 43% of the women defy domestic violence. But there are
significant divergences in these indices of women’s empowerment across the different states and socio-economic and cultural
settings within India. Women’s educational levels emerged as an important predictor for all the four dimensions of women’s
empowerment. Additionally, media exposure and age have emerged as the important predictors for some dimensions of woman’s
empowerment.
This paper was presented by Prof. Kamla Gupta at the International Geographical Union Conference (IGU), held in Canada, 2002. 相似文献
3.
Andrew Jones 《Geoforum》2002,33(3):335-350
The `global city hypothesis' proposed by Saskia Sassen - and subsequently developed by Manuel Castells and others in the theory of a globalized urban network - has in recent years formed the basis for the argument that power and control in transnational firms (TNCs) is primarily situated in global head-offices. Such offices are located in key urban centres such as London, New York or Tokyo where global managerial power is ultimately wielded and where senior managers make strategic decisions about transnational business activity. This paper takes issue with this theoretical legacy, arguing that the idea of strong centralised managerial power and control in contemporary TNCs is far more complex than this literature suggests. It explores how managerial control in some of the supposedly most globalized of business service industries - investment banking and management consultancy - cannot be understood as being centralised in global headquarter offices, and nor does it purely reside with a few senior managers at the top of the transnational organisation. Rather, it argues that managerial control in TNCs is diffused throughout a transnational network of management-level employees, and that strategic power in transnational firms resides with a larger and more dispersed group of actors than has been previously suggested. These arguments are developed through analysis of qualitative research into the managerial strategies and practices of senior business practitioners in the transnational investment banking and management consultancy industries. In presenting qualitative data from interviews with senior management in transnational corporate head offices, the paper thus examines the decision-making process of global management practice and unpacks the complex context in which transnational corporate strategy develops in such firms. 相似文献
4.
Anthony V. Williams 《GeoJournal》1998,44(4):309-320
There is a worsening crisis in official statistics in most if not all countries. Agency resources have been strained for many
years, while they are faced with demands for more information faster. Politicians have become ever more concerned with getting
‘good’ numbers. These forces impinge negatively on the quality of data even where computerization has increased and become
more sophisticated. Further, individuals and firms are increasingly reluctant to supply sensitive data or even any data.
This paper examines the data quality situation at international, national, and local scales from the viewpoint of data users.
A distressing finding is that they are ordinarily unable to obtain quality information disaggregated geographically or socially.
Examples from the US, the Netherlands, Portugal, and Finland are presented. Less detailed information on quality problems
and responses by international organizations and other national agencies is summarized. Techniques for remedial action and
suggestions for actions by users follow.
This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
5.
Susan P. Mains 《GeoJournal》2004,59(4):253-264
For some time the US-Mexico border has been a symbol – and site – of conflict, collaboration, and transnational mobility.
Related to the border, the topic of undocumented immigration, and Mexican migrants in particular, has received considerable
attention in US mainstream media. Cinema in particular, provides a context for producing and interrogating discourses of nationalism,
nativism, and fear. The cinematic examples I draw on illustrate an ongoing fear (and terror) about borders and border crossing of various forms. In this paper I explore how narratives of borders and
nationhood are mapped onto immigrant bodies and border spaces through specific filmic representations. In order to undertake
this study I focus on three cinematic examples exploring immigration at the US-Mexico border – Touch of Evil, The Border and Lone Star. I examine how concepts of borders, race, and gender, and tropes of ‘The South’ are reterritorialized around immigrant bodies
and specific locales. I argue that an inability to control and ‘fix’ boundaries around possible ‘threats’ to specific US spaces
and identities is counteracted by displacing this fear onto more easily marked targets that are viewed as posing challenges
to US national (and personal) security, i.e., undocumented immigrants. At the same time, cinematic images illustrate that
the threats and spaces for immigrants themselves become increasingly marginalized, blurred, and frequently erased.
This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
6.
Coping with Complexity: Adaptive Governance in Desert Australia 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Governance in Aboriginal settlements in desert Australia is changing at an unprecedented rate. Aboriginal leaders and community
managers describe the change as bewildering, with ever-revolving agents and agencies and increasing quantities of administration.
Governments are preoccupied with finding linear ‘solutions’ to new conceptualisations of the ‘problem’ and packaging these
for top-down implementation. However, governance in practice involves multi-dimensional interactions of a complex system,
which are difficult to predict, let alone to control for outcomes. Through the lens of complex adaptive systems (CAS) theory,
this paper argues that there is potential to improve governance as an adaptive system through three principles that enhance
local feedback: (1) application of the subsidiarity principle to different levels in the governance system would realise a
better match between decentralised functions and local capacity; (2) connectivity would improve information flows and relationships
between agents in the system, as a necessary precursor for informed decision-making; and (3) accountability, when taken beyond
simplistic notions of financial reporting, would identify power relationships across the system and indicate where agents
may exercise greater influence in the system. Consideration of these principles will help promote a shift from the perspective
that assumes the system to be linear and manageable from the top-down to a perspective that embraces the notion of adaptive
governance as a means of recognising the capacity of agents to influence the system that they inhabit. 相似文献
7.
The objective of this research is to investigate the role of geography in the venture capital investment in the US biotechnology
industry. Data include 4,409 quarterly investment deals from the MoneyTree Survey during 1995 and 2008. Strong spatial concentration
patterns are identified. Using both ordinary squares regressions and geographically weighted regressions, we find that as
the geographic distance between biotechnology firms and their investors decreases, deal size increases. Location in established
biotechnology clusters, such as New England and California, helps to bring a larger deal into individual firms as well. Also,
the impact of distance decay in these two clusters is more significant than that in other regions. In addition, we find that
a global venture capital investing syndication network brings large deals. Furthermore, firms in later stages of development,
and/or with few financing rounds, tend to receive more capital per deal. 相似文献
8.
《Engineering Geology》2006,82(4):446-469
Site characterization and site-specific ground response analyses were conducted at two representative inland areas in Korea. In situ tests included 25 boring investigations, 7 crosshole tests, 18 downhole tests and 41 SASW tests, and in the laboratory, resonant column tests were performed. The soil deposits in Korea, which were shallower and stiffer than those in the western US, were examined. The fundamental site periods were distributed in the narrow band ranging from 0.1 to 0.4 s. Most sites were designated as site classes C and D based on the mean shear wave velocity of the upper 30 m from the current Korean seismic design guide. Based on the ratio of the acceleration response spectra of ground surface to rock-outcrop, short-period (0.1–0.5 s) site coefficient, Fa ranged from 1.0 to 2.7, and mid-period (0.4–2.0 s) site coefficient, Fv ranged from 1.0 to 1.6, regardless of the input rock outcrop acceleration levels of 0.05 and 0.14 g. The site coefficients specified in the Korean seismic design guide, which is similar to NEHRP provisions and UBC, underestimate the ground motion in the short-period band and overestimate the ground motion in the mid-period band. These differences can be explained by the differences in the depth to bedrock and the soil stiffness profile between Korea and western US. Also, the site coefficients should be re-evaluated accounting for the local geologic conditions on the Korean peninsula. 相似文献
9.
Geologic site conditions and site coefficients for estimating earthquake ground motions in the inland areas of Korea 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
Site characterization and site-specific ground response analyses were conducted at two representative inland areas in Korea. In situ tests included 25 boring investigations, 7 crosshole tests, 18 downhole tests and 41 SASW tests, and in the laboratory, resonant column tests were performed. The soil deposits in Korea, which were shallower and stiffer than those in the western US, were examined. The fundamental site periods were distributed in the narrow band ranging from 0.1 to 0.4 s. Most sites were designated as site classes C and D based on the mean shear wave velocity of the upper 30 m from the current Korean seismic design guide. Based on the ratio of the acceleration response spectra of ground surface to rock-outcrop, short-period (0.1–0.5 s) site coefficient, Fa ranged from 1.0 to 2.7, and mid-period (0.4–2.0 s) site coefficient, Fv ranged from 1.0 to 1.6, regardless of the input rock outcrop acceleration levels of 0.05 and 0.14 g. The site coefficients specified in the Korean seismic design guide, which is similar to NEHRP provisions and UBC, underestimate the ground motion in the short-period band and overestimate the ground motion in the mid-period band. These differences can be explained by the differences in the depth to bedrock and the soil stiffness profile between Korea and western US. Also, the site coefficients should be re-evaluated accounting for the local geologic conditions on the Korean peninsula. 相似文献
10.
Sri Lanka has one of the lowest fertility rates among poor countries of the world. The fertility decline which began in the
1950s has held steady during the last four decades, despite low levels of economic development. Widespread use of contraception
is the primary cause of the fertility decline. However, there is no one single homogenous body of people that can be characterized
as a ‘modern’ contracepting population through which new methods of family planning have spatially diffused. There is evidence
that the overall fertility decline began even before the establishment of the modern family planning program in Sri Lanka.
Our analysis showed four broad regional regimes of fertility transition with considerable social and place-to-place differences
in method-specific rates of contraception among them. Non-modern ‘traditional techniques’ of contraception which are widely
used are an important part of fertility regulation. Sterilization is the most common method of modern contraception in all
regions. Less than a tenth of the protected couples use methods such as the pill and the IUD; moreover, these methods are
often discontinued after initial use. Traditional methods are an important part of the contraceptive mix in Sri Lanka, and
it would be inadvisable to discourage the use of such practices.
This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
11.
Liz Bondi 《GeoJournal》2006,65(4):339-348
Women’s efforts to influence policies have complex effects, which are often difficult to evaluate. This paper identifies four
themes in feminist politics through which to analyse whether a particular intervention involving substantial numbers of women
– that of counselling in the UK – can be understood as a feminist practice. These themes are concerned with gender equality,
women’s autonomy, recognition of diversity among women and the deconstruction of gender norms. In its early post-war origins
prior to the emergence of second wave feminism, and in the stories recounted by women practitioners at the turn of millennium,
counselling emerges as contradictory and ambivalent in relation to these themes in feminist politics. 相似文献
12.
Matthew G. Hannah 《GeoJournal》2010,75(4):397-406
Ewald’s recent genealogy of constructions of risk in Western societies argues that the 1980s saw an important paradigm shift
to the “precautionary principle”. Critical scholars have taken up this idea as a lens through which to interpret the Bush
administration’s ‘war on terror’. I argue that 11 September 2001 actually brought about qualitative changes to this paradigm.
Bush’s pre-emptive doctrine is driven, and perhaps even more importantly, continually justified to the US population, by what
might be called the “trans-precautionary principle”, a move from “decisionism” to “actionism”, and a new radicalization of
the way fear is produced and managed. Donald Rumsfeld’s famous typology of different articulations of knowledge and ignorance
offers an excellent analytical window onto the connections between ignorance, fear and geopolitical action in this new regime.
In the latter part of the essay, his four modes of knowledge/ignorance are arrayed, for heuristic purposes, in an abstract
spatial grid organized along dimensions of the specificity and possession of knowledge. This allows a ‘mapping’ of some of
the Bush administration’s more controversial strategies in the ‘war on terror’, as a set of different pathways through Rumsfeld
Space. 相似文献
13.
Dawn Day Biehler 《Geoforum》2009,40(6):1014-1023
This paper traces changes in the political ecology of insects and chemicals in US public housing since Congress founded public housing in 1937. Drawing upon the literature of critical geographies of home, urban political ecology, and medical history, it argues that the constitution of “public” and “private” space within public housing was deeply entangled with pest control practices there. Prior to 1945, reformers treated the housing as a commons, in part compelled by the mobility of bedbugs and the pesticide used to combat them, both of which were seen as serious health threats. Managers were also motivated by social welfare ideologies, while residents eagerly assisted with communal control policies in order to achieve freedom from the health insults of bedbugs. Following 1945, however, new synthetic pesticides like DDT seemed to stay safely within one apartment unit, encouraging housing managers to abandon community-oriented pest control practices. Meanwhile, curtailed budgets, particularly after the Housing Act of 1949, left the infrastructure of public housing to decay, rendering units more physically permeable even as managers neglected the communities there. The new pesticides nearly eradicated bedbugs, but tenacious populations of German cockroaches blossomed thanks to the permeable buildings and synthetic pesticides. Residents grew increasingly resistant to pesticide use as they observed that cockroach populations went unabated. The paper serves as a case for applying political ecology frameworks to domestic spaces, and also argues that housing quality and domestic pesticide use are not merely private responsibilities but should be regarded as environmental justice issues. 相似文献
14.
Laura Jones 《GeoJournal》2010,75(4):359-371
Conspiratorial thought has been highly visible in post-September 11th America, manifest through the continued growth of a
public ‘9/11 Truth Movement’ as well as at the state-level, through the Bush administration’s conspiracy rhetoric of Islamic
terrorists intent on infiltrating the US homeland. In this paper, I demonstrate how conspiracy can be understood as a ‘knowledge-producing
discourse’; dialectically engaged across multiple subject positions and through which geopolitical narratives are performatively
produced and contested at interconnected scales of bodies, homes, city streets and national ‘homelands’. Through drawing on,
and challenging, the conceptual and methodological approaches of a burgeoning feminist geopolitics, I ground my analysis in
the embodied performances of ‘patriotic dissent’ by members of the 9/11 Truth Movement in New York City, as well as through
my own situated and ethical engagement with positions of political difference. 相似文献
15.
Liang-Chih Chen 《GeoJournal》2011,76(6):605-622
The competitive advantages of spatially concentrated and networked production systems, in terms of flexibility and adaptivity,
have been well documented. This paper contributes to this literature by improving our understanding regarding the underlying
mechanisms behind the governance and evolution of such a production system. By using the case of Taiwan’s machine tool (MT)
industry, this paper demonstrates how lead firms depend on their relational capabilities or relation-building skills, nurtured
greatly by cluster embeddedness, to effectively govern their suppliers in the production networks. While the production systems
constantly evolve, this paper also discusses the ongoing reconfiguration of Taiwan’s MT production networks stimulated by
lead firms’ efforts to tackle the cluster’s emerging diseconomies so as to sustain their competitiveness. This paper concludes
that a cure to deal with the cluster’s diseconomies would be the reinforcement of industrial clustering. 相似文献
16.
Manuel B. Aalbers 《Geoforum》2005,36(5):562-580
Redlining research is common practice in the US but not in other countries. Does this imply redlining does not take place elsewhere? This paper presents evidence from Rotterdam, the second largest city of the Netherlands, showing that in the 1990s it was impossible to get a home mortgage in large parts of the city. However, after Rotterdam joined the National Mortgage Guarantee (an institutional control measure) in 2000, hardly any evidence of redlining was found. This paper not only shows that redlining takes place outside of the US context, but also that a (discursive) treatment based on case study research has the possibility to gain a fuller understanding of redlining practices than a statistical/correlation analysis of mortgage data. Interviews with key actors are instrumental to unravelling how, why and when those in power make their decisions: agents are structured by the existing system while, at the same time, some of these agents have the power to re-produce as well as re-structure (transform) the system. One of the geographical outcomes of the agency-structure interaction is that credit is “redirected away from poorer to richer (and therefore “safer”) groups” as part of a strategy of risk avoidance [Leyshon and Thrift, 1997]. Thus redlining, like any other form of financial exclusion, deepens and accentuates prevailing levels of uneven development by creating geographical variations in access to the financial system [Dymski and Veitch, 1992]. 相似文献
17.
Shalini Singh 《GeoJournal》2005,64(3):215-223
Assuming the above quote as a true portrayal of pilgrims, this article attempts to describe the prototypical pilgrim from
amongst the wide array of contemporary religious and secular tourists. To achieve this end, two approaches have been adopted.
Firstly, the phenomenon/concept of pilgrimages have been discussed, so to distinguish it from the tourism phenomenon and;
Secondly, the geographical notion of genus loci has been employed to exemplify the fundamental quest for ‘geopiety’ attained
through the unification of the pilgrim’s intrinsic belief with its external location. The second part of the article illustrates
the forgoing through an exploration of Himalayan pilgrimages. This has been achieved with a discussion of the emerging practices
and recent trends in Himalayan pilgrimology. This appraisal alludes to Cohen’s quest for a ‘Theology of Tourism.’ The article
concludes with an examination of a specific genre of contemporary tourists in the Indian Himalayas, who have been identified
as ‘environmental pilgrims.’
相似文献
18.
Land tenure rights reflect the deeper structures of society, particularly gender distinctions in relation to land. Considering
the structural differences between patrilineal and matrilineal customary tenure systems in East Timor are understudied, this
paper explores men and women’s experiences in accessing land under such arrangements. The comparative analysis of two patrilineal
with one matrilineal land tenure systems in Ainaro and Manufahi districts suggests a significant degree of flexibility within
both systems with respect to the norms of gendered inheritance. Therefore, the binary constructs of ‘patrilineal’ and ‘matrilineal’
societies are limiting. Both men and women in these communities may acquire land rights under different circumstances, mainly
through negotiations with their parents or hamlet chief. Daughters in the patrilineal communities could inherit family land
upon their parents’ death and sons in the matrilineal community could gain land by cultivating and maintaining unclaimed customary
land. Empirical evidence show that inheritance principally determines usufruct rights to land, but marriage exchange practices
complicates a deeper understanding of traditional East Timorese land rights.
相似文献
| Pyone Myat ThuEmail: |
19.
The aim of this paper is to contribute to an understanding of clusters, including both the material and discursive dynamism of cluster construction, and shed light on how clusters—once established—affect the actors, institutions and processes that constitute them. It does this by viewing clusters as an actant, i.e. something that acts or to which activity is granted by others. The empirical analysis examines two clusters in the public cluster programme Norwegian Centre of Expertise (NCE): the Møre maritime cluster and the Hordaland subsea cluster. It focuses on the type of development paths they are following and how the material and discursive processes are interweaved in these paths. The clusters are related to the concept of cluster construction, which is triggered by ideas, representations, policy and industry practice. The Møre maritime cluster is characterized by bottom-up clustering processes and illustrates how the material practices of firms can trigger clustering processes such as the establishment of a cluster and the identification of a prototype of best cluster practice. On the other hand, the Hordaland subsea cluster expresses a top-down process and how the ideal world of academics and policy-making can encourage processes of clustering among co-located firms. Based on these observations of material and discursive interweaved clustering processes and how they affect both those who are practicing and those who are promoting them, we find it reasonable to argue for a stronger awareness of such feedback loops in cluster studies. 相似文献
20.
Pushkar Aggarwal 《Natural Hazards》2012,60(2):263-271
United States of America (US) Congress is considering a bill ‘H.R. 2555: Homeowners’ Defense Act of 2010’ to form National
Catastrophe Risk Consortium, one of whose functions is to fund a National Catastrophe Fund to help public and insurance companies
meet the liability claims from hurricane, fire, and blizzard. However, before the act is enacted into law by US Congress,
the bill has to pass through House Financial Services Committee which takes into account the projected costs, disbursements,
and the amount required to be appropriated for the task and its source. Using data for three catastrophes for the last 100 years,
the 2011 claims for hurricane, fire, and blizzard in United States of America are estimated. For predicting acres burned and
economic damage due to blizzards, a trend analysis and linear regression were carried out using Excel and GraphPad Prism.
Poisson distribution was used to model hurricanes. The estimates for the different catastrophes are based on a 95% confidence
interval. The cost to the National Catastrophe Fund for the liabilities of fire, blizzard, and hurricane comes to over 2 billion.
Of this, the bulk cost arises from fire damage, followed by hurricane damage and blizzard damage. 相似文献