共查询到20条相似文献，搜索用时 640 毫秒
1.
Stanley A. Changnon 《Natural Hazards》2011,59(2):1175-1187
High winds are one of the nation’s leading damage-producing storm conditions. They do not include winds from tornadoes, winter
storms, nor hurricanes, but are strong winds generated by deep low pressure centers, by thunderstorms, or by air flow over
mountain ranges. The annual average property and crop losses in the United States from windstorms are $379 million and windstorms
during 1959–1997 caused an average of 11 deaths each year. Windstorms range in size from a few hundred to hundreds of thousands
square kilometers, being largest in the western United States where 40% of all storms exceed 135,000 km2. In the eastern United States, windstorms occur at a given location, on average, 1.4 times a year, whereas in the western
US point averages are 1.9. Midwestern states average between 15 and 20 wind storms annually; states in the east average between
10 and 25 storms per year; and West Coast states average 27–30 storms annually. Storms causing insured property losses >$379 million and windstorms
during 1959–1997 caused an average of 11 deaths each year. Windstorms range in size from a few hundred to hundreds of thousands
square kilometers, being largest in the western United States where 40% of all storms exceed 135,000 km2. In the eastern United States, windstorms occur at a given location, on average, 1.4 times a year, whereas in the western
US point averages are 1.9. Midwestern states average between 15 and 20 wind storms annually; states in the east average between
10 and 25 storms per year; and West Coast states average 27–30 storms annually. Storms causing insured property losses >1
million, labeled catastrophes, during 1952–2006 totaled 176, an annual average of 3.2. Catastrophic windstorm losses were
highest in the West and Northwest climate regions, the only form of severe weather in the United States with maximum losses
on the West Coast. Most western storms occurred in the winter, a result of Pacific lows, and California has had 31 windstorm
catastrophes, more than any other state. The national temporal distribution of catastrophic windstorms during 1952–2006 has
a flat trend, but their losses display a distinct upward trend with time, peaking during 1996–2006. 相似文献
2.
Anita R. Schiller 《Natural Hazards》2011,56(1):331-346
This paper examines the possible storm surge damage from a major hurricane to hit the Houston Metropolitan Statistical Area
(MSA.) Using storm surge analysis on a unique data set compiled from the Texas Workforce Commission (QCEW), the paper estimates
the expected industry-level damage for each county in the Houston MSA. The advantages of using GIS to analyze the expected
storm surge damage estimation is that it provides an accurate estimation of the number of affected employees and probable
wages losses, by industry and county, based on QCEW data. The results indicate that the ‘Basic Chemical Manufacturing’ and
‘Oil and Gas Extraction’ industries incur the highest employee and payroll losses while the ‘Restaurants and Eateries’ has
the largest establishment damage if a major hurricane were to hit the Houston MSA. 相似文献
3.
Stanley A. Changnon 《Natural Hazards》2009,48(3):329-337
Property insurance data available for 1949–2006 were assessed to get definitive measures of hurricane losses in the U.S. Catastrophes,
events causing >$1 million in losses, were most frequent in the Southeast and South climate regions. Losses in these two regions
totaled $127 billion, 85% of the nation’s total losses. During the period 1949–2006 there were 79 hurricane catastrophes,
causing $150.6 billion in losses and averaging $2.6 billion per year. All aspects of these hurricanes showed increases in
post-1990 years. Sizes of loss areas averaged one state in 1949–1967, but grew to 3 states during 1990–2006. Seven of the
ten most damaging hurricanes came in 2004 (4) and 2005 (3). The number of hurricanes also peaked during 1984–2006, increasing
from an annual average of 1.2 during 1949–1983 to 2.1 per year. Losses were $49.3 billion in 1991–2006, 32% of the 58-year
total. Various reasons have been offered for such recent increases in hurricane losses including more hurricanes, more intense
tropical storms, increased societal vulnerability in storm-prone areas, and a change in climate due to global warming, although
this is debatable. 相似文献
4.
Paul A. Zandbergen 《Natural Hazards》2009,48(1):83-99
Exposure of counties in the continental United States to tropical storm and hurricane conditions was determined using the
historic record of storm tracks for the period 1851–2003. Two approaches were used to determine exposure: (1) cumulative number
of hits, with a hit occurring when the storm’s path crosses a county and (2) cumulative exposure factor, which describes how
much of the county has been exposed to tropical storm, hurricane, and intense hurricane-force winds. In both approaches the
top 10 counties in terms of cumulative exposure are in coastal Florida, North Carolina, and Louisiana. An explanatory model
was developed to describe the patterns in the documented exposure, which included distance to coast, latitude, longitude,
size, and shape of the counties. Multivariate linear regression confirmed that much of the spatial variability in exposure
to storm conditions can be explained with these simple parameters. 相似文献
5.
Alexander B. Murphy 《GeoJournal》2006,66(4):285-293
Relations between the United States and Europe have been quite volatile over the past five years. This volatility is not just a product of disagreements over the American invasion of Iraq. It is tied to a set of fundamental challenges to the geopolitical arrangements and understandings that emerged in the wake of World War II. Three challenges were of particular importance: the fall of the Iron Curtain, the Balkan crisis of the 1990s, and the election of a presidential administration in Washington, DC, which adopted a neoconservative geopolitical agenda. The global impacts of this agenda were heightened by the September 11, 2001, attacks on the United States of America. The U.S. response exposed fundamental differences between the U.S. and Europe on the use of international military forces in the “war on terrorism,” the role of NATO, and the U.S. government’s effort to force “regime change” in Iraq. Europe’s reaction to U.S. policy has not been uniform, however. At the governmental level, fundamental differences have emerged among European countries. The United States has sought to highlight those differences, suggesting that the U.S. favors “disaggregation” in Europe, even as it trumpets the virtues of a uniform response to the threat of terrorism. The future trajectory of U.S.-European relations is likely to be shaped by intersections between Europe’s struggles with integration and the U.S.’s evolving global geopolitical posture, which could move in either a hegemonic or a globalist direction. 相似文献
6.
Earthquake disaster risk assessment and evaluation for Turkey 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
Kasım Armağan Korkmaz 《Environmental Geology》2009,57(2):307-320
Turkey is the one country in which 90% of the buildings are subject to the risk of earthquake disaster. Recent earthquakes
revealed that Turkey’s present residential reinforced-concrete constructions are insufficient in earthquake resistance. Many
of the buildings which collapsed or were severely damaged have been rehabilitated by applying simple methods, whose adequacy
is questionable. As in Japan and the United States, Turkey’s earthquake assessment studies have increased, especially after
earthquakes in 1999, In US, several methodologies and standards, such as Hazard-US (HAZUS) and Applied Technology Council
(ATC) 13-20-21 and 156, provide comprehensive earthquake loss estimation methodology for post-earthquake assessment. This
paper provides post-earthquake assessment and disaster management for Turkey. The main aim of the post-earthquake assessment
discussed is to evaluate loss and estimate damage through disaster management approach. Classification criteria for damage
are essential to determine the situation after an earthquake in both the short and long terms. The methodology includes probabilistic-based
analysis, which considers the magnitude of Ms ≥ 5.0 earthquakes between 1900 and 2005, for determining the probabilistic seismic
hazard for Turkey. 相似文献
7.
During 1990–1996 the United States experienced record-setting insured property losses due to numerous weather catastrophes,
each event causing $100 million or more in losses (1991 dollars). The total loss in this 7-year period, after adjustment to
inflation and other factors, was $39.65 billion with $15 billion coming from one event, Hurricane Andrew. In the 1990s, 72
catastrophes occurred, half of the total number in the 40 preceding years, 1950–1989. Although the total loss and the number
of catastrophes were exceptionally high in the 1990s, the average loss per event was $551 million, only slightly more than
the $467 million average for catastrophes during 1950–1989. Furthermore, storm intensities in the 1990s were slightly less
than those during the preceding 40 years, revealing the excess losses of the 1990s to be a result of an extremely large number
of damaging storms causing losses exceeding $100 million. Examination of historical values of most weather extremes including
hurricanes, floods, and tornadoes, did not show an increase during the 1990s, revealing that weather changes were not the
principal cause of more catastrophes. Examination of recent demographic shifts in the U.S. reveals two changes, each based
on major re-locations to higher-valued property concentrated in areas either with a high frequency of damaging storms (Gulf
and East Coast), or to where even a small but intense storm can cause huge losses (urban areas and West Coast). These shifts,
plus the continuing growth of population in other storm-prone areas have greatly increased society's vulnerability to storm
damage. An in-depth analysis of many conditions was required to establish that the high losses and numerous catastrophes of
the 1990s were largely the result of societal changes and not major weather changes.
This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
8.
War on Terror,work in progress: security,surveillance and the configuration of the US workfare state
This paper evaluates the impact of recent shifts in the geopolitical outlook of the United States—specifically the ‘Global
War on Terror’ and its domestic ramifications—on the prior project of reconfiguring the US state to an after-Fordist ‘workfare’
paradigm. In particular, the paper attempts to situate recent developments in the reconfiguration of the American welfare
state within the context of debates over the ‘exceptional’ nature of US politics post-9/11. The extent to which this has had
a bearing on work practices, welfare provision and workfarism is investigated, citing examples from the post-9/11 era. On
the basis of such examples it has been suggested that the project of reconfiguring the US welfare state and labour relations
does overlap and intersect with the emergency practices that the US state has instituted domestically as part of the War on
Terror. However, the reconfiguration of the US welfare state towards a neoliberal or workfarist paradigm is, we argue, largely
part of the ‘normal’ (as opposed to exceptional) fabric of US politics. The project of reconfiguring the US welfare state
is ongoing and largely autonomous (although not entirely removed) from the use of exceptional practices in relation to the
US security state. Investigation of this relationship, we assert, provides a potentially fruitful ‘new direction’ for both
critical geopolitics and political economic geography, and grounds for interaction between the two. 相似文献
9.
H. M. Poulos 《Natural Hazards》2010,54(3):1015-1023
Hurricanes are one of the major natural disturbances affecting human livelihoods in coastal zones worldwide. Assessing hurricane
risk is an important step toward mitigating the impact of tropical storms on human life and property. This study uses NOAA’s
historical tropical cyclone database (HURDAT or ‘best-track’), geographic information systems, and kernel smoothing techniques
to generate spatially explicit hurricane risk maps for New England. Southern New England had the highest hurricane risk across
the region for all storm intensities. Long Island, western Connecticut, western Massachusetts, and southern Cape Cod, Martha’s
Vineyard, and Nantucket had high storm probabilities and wind speeds. Results from this study suggest that these locations
may be of central importance for focusing risk amelioration resources along the Long Island and New England coastlines. This
paper presents a simple methodology for hurricane risk assessment that could be applied to other regions where long-term spatial
storm track data exist. 相似文献
10.
J. C. Senkbeil D. M. Brommer P. G. Dixon M. E. Brown K. Sherman-Morris 《Natural Hazards》2010,54(1):141-158
Hurricane evacuations in the United States are costly, chaotic, and sometimes unnecessary. Many coastal residents consider
evacuation after viewing a forecasted graphic of where the storm is anticipated to make landfall. During the evacuation process,
hurricane tracks commonly deviate from the forecasted landfall track and many evacuees may not pay attention to these track
deviations after evacuating. Frequently, a disconnect may occur between the actual landfall track, the official forecasted
track, and the perceived track of each individual as they made their evacuation decision. Specifically for evacuees, a shift
in track may decrease the hazards associated with a landfalling hurricane since evacuees perceive their threat level to be
high at the time of evacuation. Using survey data gathered during the evacuation from Hurricane Gustav (2008) in coastal Louisiana
(USA), we calculated a type of Z-score to measure the distance error between each evacuee’s perceived landfall location and the actual landfall location from
each evacuee’s home zip code. Results indicate a personal landfall bias in the direction of home zip code for evacuees of
three metropolitan regions. Evacuees from the greater New Orleans area displayed the highest error, followed by evacuees from
greater Lafayette. Furthermore, we validate the authenticity of the previous results by employing two additional methods of
error assessment. A large regional error score might possibly be a predictor of evacuation complacency for a future hurricane
of similar magnitude, although there are many other variables that must be considered. 相似文献
11.
From brain drain to brain gain: reverse migration to Bangalore and Hyderabad, India’s globalizing high tech cities 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Elizabeth Chacko 《GeoJournal》2007,68(2-3):131-140
This paper assesses the mutual impact of returning Indian-origin skilled workers on the cities of Bangalore (Bengaluru) and
Hyderabad, which have emerged as India’s leading “tech cities”. During the 1970s and 1980s, there was concern that India was
losing its educated workforce to the West, particularly to the United States through a phenomenon known as “brain drain”.
More recently, there is evidence that reverse brain drain is occurring, as U.S.-trained Indian professionals are returning
to their home country in increasing numbers to take advantage of new growth and employment opportunities. The effects of this
skilled, transnationally active labor force on various sectors of the economy, on the social and physical infrastructure of
Bangalore and Hyderabad and in forging and solidifying transnational linkages between India and the United States are explored
in this paper. This study also investigates the reasons why successful US professionals of Asian-Indian origin are returning
to their home country via a series of personal interviews. The paper offers Bangalore and Hyderabad as “worldwide leading
cities” with a niche status in the global Information Technology (IT) sector. 相似文献
12.
Laura Jones 《GeoJournal》2010,75(4):359-371
Conspiratorial thought has been highly visible in post-September 11th America, manifest through the continued growth of a
public ‘9/11 Truth Movement’ as well as at the state-level, through the Bush administration’s conspiracy rhetoric of Islamic
terrorists intent on infiltrating the US homeland. In this paper, I demonstrate how conspiracy can be understood as a ‘knowledge-producing
discourse’; dialectically engaged across multiple subject positions and through which geopolitical narratives are performatively
produced and contested at interconnected scales of bodies, homes, city streets and national ‘homelands’. Through drawing on,
and challenging, the conceptual and methodological approaches of a burgeoning feminist geopolitics, I ground my analysis in
the embodied performances of ‘patriotic dissent’ by members of the 9/11 Truth Movement in New York City, as well as through
my own situated and ethical engagement with positions of political difference. 相似文献
13.
Stanley A. Changnon 《Natural Hazards》2008,47(3):465-470
Increasing losses of life and property and damages to the environment due to sleet and related winter storm conditions have
increased the need for long-term sleet storm data to better assess the point and regional risks of sleet and their long-term
variations. The areas of greatest losses and frequency of catastrophes caused by sleet during 1971–2007 are the Northeast
and Central regions of the U.S. These two regions experienced 72% of all the nation’s sleet losses. Most of the western U.S.
had no damaging sleet-related events or losses. When sleet losses occurred, they tended to be in 2, 3, or 4 adjacent states.
Sleet catastrophes were most common in January with 15 of the 30 events. The earliest storm occurred in October and the latest
in March. The temporal distributions of catastrophes and their losses during 1971–2007 were similar. Both showed a secondary
peak in 1976–1979, a low in 1988–1991, and then high values during the 1996–2007 period. The temporal distributions of damaging
storms and losses indicate an upward trend over time. 相似文献
14.
Becoming “Hispanic” in the “New South”: Central American immigrants’ racialization experiences in Atlanta,GA, USA 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Robert A. Yarbrough 《GeoJournal》2010,75(3):249-260
For many migrants from Latin America, “Hispanic/Latino(a)” is an identity that they encounter in the United States with which
they were unfamiliar in their home countries and must negotiate in their everyday lives in a new context. Specifically, immigrants
from Central America are unlikely to see themselves as “Hispanic” or “Latino(a)” prior to living in the United States, more
often identifying with their home country, city, town, village, or neighborhood. This paper draws on racialization theory
and twenty-seven in-depth interviews with Central American immigrants in Atlanta, GA to examine this process of identity negotiation
across the traditionally black/white racialized landscapes of a “New South” city. Interview participants adopt a racialized
Hispanic identity through a complex process involving the interplay between how they think of themselves and their perceptions
of how native-born Atlantans view them. The interview analysis presented herein demonstrates that although Central American
immigrants actively negotiate a Hispanic racialized moniker, they do so within an urban context dominated by native-born residents
whose racialized assumptions lump Spanish-speaking, brown skinned individuals into a monolithic “Mexican” category. Thus the
ways in which racialized difference is constructed in contemporary Atlanta for recent Central American immigrants is very
much bound up in such false presumptions of national identity and cultural group belonging. 相似文献
15.
Ping Zhu 《Natural Hazards》2008,47(3):577-591
Hurricane wind damage constitutes the largest percentage of catastrophic insured losses in the US. Yet the complicated wind
structures and their changes are not fully understood and, thus, have not been considered in current risk catastrophic models.
To obtain realistic landfall hurricane surface winds, a large eddy simulation (LES) framework in a weather forecasting mode
has been developed from a multiple nested Weather Research & Forecasting (WRF) model to explicitly simulate a spectrum of
scales from large-scale background flow, hurricane vortex, mesoscale organizations, down to fine-scale turbulent eddies in
a unified system. The unique WRF-LES enables the high resolution data to be generated in a realistic environment as a hurricane
evolves. In this paper, a simulation of the landfalling Hurricane Katrina is presented to demonstrate various features of
the WRF-LES. It shows that the localized damaging winds are caused by the large eddy circulations generated in the hurricane
boundary layer. With a sufficient computational power, WRF-LES has the potential to be developed into the next generation
operational public wind-field model for hurricane wind damage mitigation. 相似文献
16.
Reported avalanche fatalities in the United States increased markedly through the latter half of the twentieth century, a
result of the increasing popularity of winter sports. Despite this increase, the literature concerning US avalanche fatalities
is sparse. This paper presents a comparison of three US databases containing avalanche fatality information: Storm Data, the West Wide Avalanche Network (WWAN) dataset, and the National Avalanche Database (NAD). The frequency of avalanche fatalities,
their temporal trends, spatial distributions, and the demographic characteristics of the victims were analyzed in each database
for the years 1998–2009 for the US mountainous west. The data were then pooled to arrive at an estimate of avalanche fatality
frequency in the United States for the study period. While the results indicate a considerable amount of overlap between the
datasets, Storm Data reports fewer avalanche fatalities than both the WWAN and NAD datasets. All three datasets report a maximum of fatalities
in January and display three spatial maxima: the Rocky Mountains of west-central Colorado, the intermountain region from central
Utah through Idaho to west-central Montana, and the northern Cascade Ranges of Washington; however, a large void appears in
the Storm Data records in the vicinity of the Montana maximum. These maxima result from a juxtaposition of avalanche hazard in these mountainous
environments with a high concentration of winter sports activities. 相似文献
17.
分析了美国20世纪洪水损失的演变情况及洪水损失对国民经济的影响,探讨了美国的洪水响应政策,并对中国和美国20世纪90年代的洪水损失进行比较研究.主要结论如下:①美国20世纪年均洪水损失以1.58%的增长率缓慢上升,20世纪末年均损失约为55.6亿美元;②洪水损失占GDP的比重逐渐下降,由20世纪30年代的0.334%下降到90年代的0.068%;③美国许多重大洪水政策的调整几乎都与特大洪水发生有关,呈由"遏制洪水"、"控制洪水"发展到"洪水管理"的演变历程;④通过比较研究发现,整个90年代是中国和美国洪水频发的时期,中国的年均洪水损失为1343.1亿元,损失占全国GDP的2.386%;而美国年均洪水损失虽然也达到了55.6亿美元,但只占全美GDP的0.068%;洪水对中国国民经济的影响远远大于对美国的影响. 相似文献
18.
R. C. Dey 《Journal of the Geological Society of India》2009,74(1):131-137
The subsurface Nagaur Basin in northwest Haryana and southwest Punjab hosts evaporite sequence, conformably overlain by Nagaur
red beds and grey beds. A polymictic conglomerate intervenes the Nagaur sequence and the overlying Tertiary sequence. The
focus is on the new finds of (i) distinctive ‘grey beds’ overlying ubiquitous red beds, (ii) ‘Malout conglomerate and grit’
horizon (Palaeocene-Miocene) marking an unconformity over the Nagaur Group (early Cambrian) and (iii) ‘entrapped gas and dried-up
leaves/carbonaceous flakes’ in the conglomerate unit and succeeding Tertiary rocks. Palaeoenvironmental significance has been
discussed. The Nagaur ‘red beds’ has been likened to ‘continental red beds’ of Schreiber (1978) and ‘reworked red beds’ of
Krynine (1949). The ‘grey beds’ are channel fillings, fresh material having been derived from fresh cuttings by streams/rivers
following structural grains in the Aravalli landscape where the interfluves provided weathered (oxidised) materials for the
red beds. Association of continental red beds and grey beds is known in the Newark Series (Triassic) of the Eastern United
States and the Keweenawan ‘late Precambrian’ of the Lake Superior region. 相似文献
19.
Groundwater sensitivity (Ray and O’dell in Environ Geol 22:345–352, 1993a) refers to the inherent ease with which groundwater can be contaminated based on hydrogeologic characteristics. We have developed
digital methods for identifying areas of varying groundwater sensitivity for a ten county area of south central Kentucky at
a scale of 1:100,000. The study area includes extensive limestone karst sinkhole plains, with groundwater extremely sensitive
to contamination. Digitally vectorized geologic quadrangles (DVGQs) were combined with elevation data to identify both hydrogeologic
groundwater sensitivity regions and zones of “high risk runoff” where contaminants could be transported in runoff from less
sensitive to higher sensitivity (particularly karst) areas. While future work will fine-tune these maps with additional layers
of data (soils for example) as digital data have become available, using DVGQs allows a relatively rapid assessment of groundwater
sensitivity for Kentucky at a more useful scale than previously available assessment methods, such as DRASTIC and DIVERSITY.
Geographic definitions: United States of America, Kentucky, Barren River Area Development District. 相似文献
20.
Dale Dominey-Howes Paula Dunbar Jesse Varner Maria Papathoma-Köhle 《Natural Hazards》2010,53(1):43-61
The Cascadia margin is capable of generating large magnitude seismic-tsunami. We use a 1:500 year tsunami hazard flood layer
produced during a probabilistic tsunami hazard assessment as the input to a pilot study of the vulnerability of residential and commercial buildings in Seaside, OR, USA. We map building
exposure, apply the Papathoma Tsunami Vulnerability Assessment Model to calculate building vulnerability and estimate probable maximum loss (PML) associated with a 1:500 year tsunami flood. Almost US$0.5 billion worth of buildings would be inundated, 95% of single
story residential and 23% of commercial buildings would be destroyed with PML’s exceeding US$0.5 billion worth of buildings would be inundated, 95% of single
story residential and 23% of commercial buildings would be destroyed with PML’s exceeding US116 million. These figures only
represent a tiny fraction of the total values of exposed assets and loss that would be associated with a Cascadia tsunami
impacting the NW Pacific coast. Not withstanding the various issues associated with our approach, this study represents the
first time that PML’s have ever been calculated for a Cascadia type tsunami, and these results have serious implications for
tsunami disaster risk management in the region. This method has the potential to be rolled out across the United States and
elsewhere for estimating building vulnerability and loss to tsunami. 相似文献