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1.
利用山西省2008—2010年64架次云结构的飞机探测资料,结合地面观测和卫星数据统计分析了层状云系的宏微观特征。结果表明:降水云和非降水云系的微物理特征量,两者存在显著的差异,层状云要达到降水,云的厚度要达到近2000m;粒子尺度分布云粒子有效半径要达到10~14μm,降水性层状云低云含水量垂直方向上平均为0.03g/m3,中云含水量垂直方向上平均为0.05g/m3,;避光高层云-层积云、雨层云降水过冷水的最大值出现在距0℃层高度以上500m附近,其最大值分别为0.61,0.42g/m3;透光高层云降水过冷水的最大值出现在距0℃层高度以上300m附近,其值为0.28g/m3;云中水分按不同粒子尺度的分配可以看出,直径20、30μm的粒子含水量较高,对云中液态水含量的贡献较大,降水粒子主要由20、30μm的粒子转化;降水性层状云在垂直方向上的微物理结构特征非常明显,也是分层的。高层主要是冰相粒子,是冰雪晶,随高度降低冰雪晶的尺度增大,在4个典型温度层的观测中,液态含水量、云粒子及降水的浓度、尺度相较有很大不同。 相似文献
2.
The influence of meteorology on clouds at Kleiner Feldberg 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
3.
利用地基遥感方法监测大气中汽态、液态水含量分布特征的分析 总被引：10，自引：0，他引：10
文章根据1992～1994年4～6月间利用北京大学研制的新一代双通道共天线地基微波辐射计在河北省石家庄等地的监测资料,分析了晴空、有云无雨两种天气条件下,大气中积分汽态水、液态水含量的分布特征,两种相态大气含水量的相对分布特点。结果表明,在有云无雨的天气条件下,云中液态水积分含量仅占大气中总水量的1%,说明作为人工增雨资源条件的云中液态水含量仅占大气总水量的一小部分。因此,分析认为,以往通常采用大气中水汽含量评估人工增雨资源条件的方法,存在着不确切性。 相似文献
4.
回流天气系统层状云的非均匀性 总被引：5，自引：1，他引：4
利用一次回流天气过程的PMS资料,从微物理结构上对回流天气系统层状云的不均匀性进行了分析,发现飞机在进入较强降水云带时,云物理量(液水含量、云滴浓度、云滴平均直径,温度)等会产生剧烈变化,表现为液水含量跃增、云滴浓度快速增大、云滴谱谱宽拓宽、温度下降等,在同一较强云带中,温度变化不大并且比周围低,较强降水云带冰晶含量丰富,自然催化较好。 相似文献
5.
十一运会人工消（减）雨卫星反演产品特征分析 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
利用2009年10月16日MODIS和FY-2卫星资料以及Rosenfeld的卫星微物理反演分析方法对云的微物理特征进行反演,通过对云中粒子有效半径、过冷水含量等微物理特征以及消(减)雨作业情况的研究,初步分析了开幕式当日影响山东中西部地区天气系统的发展、变化特征以及作业效果。研究表明:蒙古气旋后部扩散南下的冷空气在东移过程中呈现出由初生到发展的变化过程;消减雨作业后,云顶高度持续下降,而未进行催化作业的云系则出现发展增强的现象,消(减)雨作业可能在一定程度上抑制了对流云系的发展。 相似文献
6.
Xuexu WU Minghuai WANG Delong ZHAO Daniel ROSENFELD Yannian ZHU Yuanmou DU Wei ZHOU Ping TIAN Jiujiang SHENG Fei WANG Deping DING 《大气科学进展》2022,39(12):2056-2070
The microphysical characteristics of wintertime cold clouds in North China were investigated from 22 aircraft observation flights from 2014 to 2017, 2020, and 2021. The clouds were generated by mesoscale weather systems with little orographic component. Over the mixed-phase temperature range (–40°C to 0°C), the average fraction of liquid, mixed-phase, and ice cloud was 4.9%, 23.3%, and 71.8%, respectively, and the probability distribution of ice mass fraction was a half-U-shape, suggesting that ice cloud was the primary cloud type. The wintertime mixed-phase clouds in North China were characterized by large cloud droplet number concentration, small liquid water content (LWC), and small effective diameter of cloud droplets. The main reason for larger cloud droplet number concentration and smaller effective diameter of cloud droplets was the heavy pollution in winter in North China, while for smaller LWC was the lower temperature during flights and the difference in air mass type. With the temperature increasing, cloud droplet number concentration, LWC, and the size of ice particles increased, but ice number concentration and effective diameter of cloud droplets decreased, similar to other mid-latitude regions, indicating the similarity in the temperature dependence of cloud properties of mixed-phase clouds. The variation of the cloud properties and ice habit at different temperatures indicated the operation of the aggregation and riming processes, which were commonly present in the wintertime mixed-phase clouds. This study fills a gap in the aircraft observation of wintertime cold clouds in North China. 相似文献
7.
The cloud phase composition of cold clouds in the Antarctic
atmosphere is explored using data from the Moderate Resolution Imaging
Spectroradiometer (MODIS) and Cloud-Aerosol Lidar with Orthogonal Polarization
(CALIOP) instruments for the period 2000--2006. We used the averaged fraction
of liquid-phase clouds out of the total cloud amount at the cloud tops since
the value is comparable in the two measurements. MODIS data for the winter
months (June, July, and August) reveal liquid cloud fraction out of the total
cloud amount significantly decreases with decreasing cloud-top temperature
below 0oC. In addition, the CALIOP vertical profiles show that below the
ice clouds, low-lying liquid clouds are distributed over ～20% of the
area. With increasing latitude, the liquid cloud fraction decreases as a
function of the local temperature. The MODIS-observed relation between the
cloud-top liquid fraction and cloud-top temperature is then applied to evaluate
the cloud phase parameterization in climate models, in which condensed cloud
water is repartitioned between liquid water and ice on the basis of the grid
point temperature. It is found that models assuming overly high cut-offs
(》-40oC) for the separation of ice clouds from mixed-phase clouds may
significantly underestimate the liquid cloud fraction in the winter Antarctic
atmosphere. Correction of the bias in the liquid cloud fraction would serve to
reduce the large uncertainty in cloud radiative effects. 相似文献
8.
山西省层状云飞机云物理观测试验结果分析 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
利用山西省2008年-2010年64架次云结构的粒子测量系统（DMT）探测资料,配合地面观测和卫星资料统计分析了层状云系的宏微观特征。发现：降水性层状云低云含水量垂直方向上平均为0．03g,m^3,中云含水量垂直方向上平均为0．05g／m30对比分析降水云和非降水云系的微物理特征量,两者存在显著的差异,降水性层状云云粒子有效半径要达到10μm-14μm。对云系不同温度层的微物理特征和云中水分按不同粒子尺度的分配特征进行了对比分析,结果表明：降水性层状云在垂直方向上的微物理结构特征非常明显,也是分层的。高层主要是冰相粒子,主要是冰雪晶,随高度降低冰雪晶的尺度增大,在四个典型温度层的观测中,LWC、云粒子及降水的浓度、尺度相较有很大不同。云中水分按不同粒子尺度的分配可以看出,直径20μm、30μm的粒子含水量较高,对云中液态水含量的贡献较大,降水粒子主要由20μm、30μm的粒子转化。 相似文献
9.
10.
云液态水路径是气候和天气系统分析的重要参数,可以从卫星观测资料反演获得.目前,基于卫星微波探测仪器观测资料的云水算法可由23.8和31.4 GHz两个通道产生.本研究使用先进技术微波探测仪(ATMS)观测数据,对物理和经验两种算法反演出的云液态水路径进行验证评估.结果表明,经验算法和物理算法都可以描述云液态水在全球洋面... 相似文献
11.
For investigating the physical reasons for the observed increase in rainfall, field observational programmes have been undertaken in the upwind and downwind of industrial complexes of the Bombay region. During these programmes, surface observations of trace gases ( SO2 and NOx), giant size hygroscopic and nonhygroscopic aerosols and rain water samples have been made in the years 1972, 1973 and 1974. Aircraft observations of trace gases (SO2 and NH3), giant size aerosols, cloud condensation nuclei as well as of cloud liquid water content, cloud droplet spectra and temperature have been made on limited days during August 1974. Results of the analysis of the surface and aircraft observations have indicated that the chemical, thermal and microphysical conditions of clouds are markedly different in the upwind and downwind regions of the industrial complexes in the Bombay region. It is hypothesised that observed increase in rainfall in the region following the industrialisation is due to the differences in the chemical and physical conditions in the downwind clouds. 相似文献
12.
利用2008年9月—2016年8月的CloudSat卫星资料对发生在我国低纬度陆地区域(5°~36.5°N,78°~124°E)的卷云物理特征进行统计分析,并分别讨论东部沿海、中部、西部3个子区域的卷云物理特征的季节变化。结果表明:卷云的整层发生率西部地区整体低于中部与东部沿海地区。3个子区域整层发生率均在夏季最高、冬季最低。卷云的主要发生高度在5.04~18.71 km,垂直分布中卷云发生率的最大值出现在春季中部地区,为15.34%,高度为9.83 km。冰水路径最大值出现在夏季的东部沿海,液水路径最大值在秋季的西部地区。冰水含量、冰粒数浓度、冰粒有效半径的主要分布高度与卷云的发生高度一致,液水含量、液滴数浓度、液滴有效半径的主要分布高度在5.04~9.35 km。3个子区域卷云冰水含量、冰粒数浓度、冰粒有效半径垂直分布中大多集中在中上部;液水含量垂直分布主要集中在分布高度的中下部。四季卷云雷达反射率因子的最大值在-19.89~-16.78 dBZ,分布高度在7.19~10.55 km。 相似文献
13.
Randolph D. Borys Edward E. Hindman Paul J. DeMott 《Journal of Atmospheric Chemistry》1988,7(3):213-239
The relationships between the physical and chemical properties of mixed-phase clouds were investigated at Storm Peak Laboratory (3220m MSL) located near the continental divide in northwestern Colorado. Interstitial aerosol particles, cloud droplets and snow crystals were concurrently collected when the laboratory was enveloped by a precipitating cloud. All samples were analyzed for trace elements, soluble anions, electrical conductivity and acidity.The results show average trace constituent concentration ratios of cloud water to snow water range from 0.4 to 26. All but six of the 32 elements and ions measured had ratios greater than one. This result suggests a chemical species dependency of in-cloud aerosol particle scavenging processes. Evidence of a decrease of in-cloud aerosol particle scavenging efficiency by snow due to increases in aerosol concentration is also presented.Differences between the chemical composition of cloud water and snow water are manifested most strongly when snow crystals grow by vapor deposition. In-cloud scavenging efficiencies by snow crystals for most aerosol particle chemical species are dependent on the growth of the snow crystals by accretion of cloud droplets. This chemical fractionation of the atmospheric aerosol by snow crystal formation and growth should be most active where narrow, continental cloud droplet size distributions and low liquid water contents are prevalent, enhancing the probability of snow crystal growth by diffusion. 相似文献
14.
The First Observed Cloud Echoes and Microphysical Parameter Retrievals by China's 94-GHz Cloud Radar 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1 
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下载免费PDF全文 WU Juxiu WEI Ming HANG Xin ZHOU Jie ZHANG Peichang LI Nan 《Acta Meteorologica Sinica》2014,28(3):430-443
By using the cloud echoes first successfully observed by China's indigenous 94-GHz SKY cloud radar, the macrostructure and microphysical properties of drizzling stratocumulus clouds in Anhui Province on 8 June2013 are analyzed, and the detection capability of this cloud radar is discussed. The results are as follows.(1) The cloud radar is able to observe the time-varying macroscopic and microphysical parameters of clouds,and it can reveal the microscopic structure and small-scale changes of clouds.(2) The velocity spectral width of cloud droplets is small, but the spectral width of the cloud containing both cloud droplets and drizzle is large. When the spectral width is more than 0.4 m s-1, the radar reflectivity factor is larger(over –10 dBZ).(3) The radar's sensitivity is comparatively higher because the minimum radar reflectivity factor is about–35 dBZ in this experiment, which exceeds the threshold for detecting the linear depolarized ratio(LDR) of stratocumulus(commonly –11 to –14 dBZ; decreases with increasing turbulence).(4) After distinguishing of cloud droplets from drizzle, cloud liquid water content and particle effective radius are retrieved. The liquid water content of drizzle is lower than that of cloud droplets at the same radar reflectivity factor. 相似文献
15.
《Atmospheric Research》2008,87(3-4):297-314
This paper addresses the sensitivity of the relationships between radar reflectivity (Z) and liquid water content (M) for liquid water clouds to microphysical drizzle parameters by means of simulated radar observation at a frequency of 3 GHz of modeled cumulus clouds. A power law relationship for non drizzling clouds with water content as high as 3 gm− 3: Zc = 0.026 Mc1.61 is numerically derived and agreed with previous empirical relationships relative to cumulus and stratocumulus. This relationship is then used to explore the influence of drizzle on the correlation between radar reflectively and water content. Due to their large diameters with respect to cloud droplets, drizzle sized drops dominate radar reflectivity but do not carry the cloud water content so that reflectivity and liquid water content are expected to be not correlated in clouds containing drizzle. It is shown that for congestus or extreme congestus cumuli, microphysical conditions for which the Zc–Mc relationship can be used with a tolerance of 5 and 10% are provided whereas for humilis or mediocris cumuli, the presence of drizzle breaks down the Zc–Mc relationship whatever the situations. 相似文献
16.
华北秋季一次低槽冷锋积层混合云宏微物理特征与催化响应分析 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
利用2013年10月13日机载粒子测量系统（PMS）在张家口涞源地区对积层混合云中上部进行的增雨探测数据,分析了云的垂直微物理结构、云区的可播性和作业前后液态云粒子、冰晶及降水粒子的微物理变化。结果表明,此次降水性积层混合云的垂直结构由冷、暖两层云配置,云层发展厚实,冷云区云粒子浓度平均为62 cm-3,液态水含量最大0.05 g/m3;2DC和2DP探测的冰晶及降水粒子平均浓度分别为1.9和2.2 L-1;暖云内云粒子数浓度集中在300 cm-3左右,液态水含量约0.1 g/m3。探测区域云粒子数浓度的水平分布不均匀。利用云内过冷水含量和冰晶浓度等参数判断,该降水性积层混合云的播撒作业层具有强可播性。对比作业前后云中粒子浓度及平均直径发现,云粒子在作业前时段内的平均浓度为31 cm-3,远高于作业后平均浓度（17.6 cm-3）;但平均直径变化不大。作业后冰晶粒子通过贝吉龙过程消耗过冷水长大,浓度由之前的0.86 L-1增至4.27 L-1,平均直径也增至550 μm。冰晶粒子逐渐长大形成降水,降水粒子浓度也相应有所升高,谱明显变宽。 相似文献
17.
Influence of drizzle on Z–M relationships in warm clouds 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
This paper addresses the sensitivity of the relationships between radar reflectivity (Z) and liquid water content (M) for liquid water clouds to microphysical drizzle parameters by means of simulated radar observation at a frequency of 3 GHz of modeled cumulus clouds. A power law relationship for non drizzling clouds with water content as high as 3 gm− 3: Zc = 0.026 Mc1.61 is numerically derived and agreed with previous empirical relationships relative to cumulus and stratocumulus. This relationship is then used to explore the influence of drizzle on the correlation between radar reflectively and water content. Due to their large diameters with respect to cloud droplets, drizzle sized drops dominate radar reflectivity but do not carry the cloud water content so that reflectivity and liquid water content are expected to be not correlated in clouds containing drizzle. It is shown that for congestus or extreme congestus cumuli, microphysical conditions for which the Zc–Mc relationship can be used with a tolerance of 5 and 10% are provided whereas for humilis or mediocris cumuli, the presence of drizzle breaks down the Zc–Mc relationship whatever the situations. 相似文献
18.
云对云中大气臭氧影响因子的分析 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
应用一个较详细的气相光化学和液相化学耦合的箱体模式, 研究了云层对云中大气臭氧的影响过程。这一过程可分解为三个因子来考虑： 因子Ａ （云的辐射效应）, 由于云的存在改变太阳光辐射通量, 使得对流层光化学反应减弱或增强, 从而降低或增加臭氧浓度; 因子Ｂ（云的吸收效应）, 云层中液态水对大气臭氧及其前体物 （ＮＯｘ、ＮＭＨＣ、自由基等） 的直接吸收作用; 因子Ｃ（云的液相化学效应）, 吸收进入云中的物质发生液相化学反应从而改变大气臭氧浓度。数值研究结果表明： 上述三因子对云中臭氧浓度影响的程度差别很大, 并且与云层的物理结构有密切关系。讨论了云的吸收及液相化学效应影响臭氧浓度的主要原因 相似文献
19.
采用中国气象科学研究院 (CAMS) 中尺度云参数化模式对2010年4月20日山西省一次春季层状降水云系的宏微观结构,特别是垂直方向上的微物理结构进行了数值模拟和分析。利用携带云粒子探测设备的飞机对该次层状云系进行了两次云物理探测飞行,并将飞机探测所获取的数据和图像资料与数值模拟结果进行了对比研究。模拟结果显示:该次降水过程以层状冷云降水为主,云中过冷水含量丰富,云系存在明显的3层结构,地面降水主要来自于云中高层冰晶、雪、霰等冰相粒子的融化和低层云水的转化。数值模拟与飞机探测对比分析显示,高空温度、湿度和高度的配置两者基本一致,数值模拟不同高度的云粒子相态、垂直方向云水比含水量与飞机探测获取的云粒子图像和云液态水含量的垂直结构基本吻合,但数值模拟的云中各种水成物粒子出现的高度较飞机探测偏高。 相似文献
20.
A numerical model is developed to simulate convective stratus cloud formation over the sea. The model is based on quasi-steady state moist plumes advecting over an area of increasing sea-surface temperature with the sea warmer than the air, but it is also a good approximation for non-steady states whenever the model is matched to air-sea temperature differences. Combining the effects of upward transfer of heat and moisture fluxes as well as adiabatic cooling, stratus cloud forms and spreads downward in this field. The depth of the convective field, the sea surface temperature gradient, the liquid water content at cloud top, and the horizontal pressure gradient are the four controlling parameters for the convective field. Alternatively, the wind speed, air-sea temperature difference, and the mixing ratio of the air, derived variables in this treatment, can be taken, with the depth, as the basic parameters.The entity type of convective model used here has the advantage that it models the transport and modification of air parcels and hence provides a method for studying drop size development in stratus clouds. It also uses relationships derived from water tank experiments with plumes and tested in dry convection and so needs no parameters specific to each situation. Its most important feature, however, is that the mean motion of plumes, rather than turbulent diffusion, transports the moisture.The upward growth and erosion of a temperature step increase to produce an inversion can be attributed to liquid water present in haze drops or cloud drops, rather than to turbulent diffusion. Radiative transfer is not a necessary requirement, but may either enhance or slow down the process. 相似文献