共查询到19条相似文献，搜索用时 281 毫秒
1.
相对垂直加速度和中尺度大气运动方程组 总被引：1，自引：6，他引：1
对具有强对流性质的中尺度系统运动的描写，直接采用包含准静力假设的p坐标系或σ坐标系大气运动方程组是不精确又不合理的。因此，必须发展更精确的非静力中尺度大气运动方程组。本文通过引入相对垂直加速度δ和通用(x，y，ζ，t)坐标系(简称ζ坐标系).导出了ζ坐标系中的非静力大气运动方程组。该方程组的垂直运动方程是非静力的，相对垂直加速度δ是可预报的；垂直加速度可由δ直接求得；而δ既直接影响速度场、位势场、质量场和地面气压场，还间接影响温度场。通过对通用ζ坐标系中非静力大气运动方程组的应用，可以很容易地获得p坐标系或σ坐标系及其它垂直坐标系中的非静力大气运动方程组；当δ为零时，则简化为一般包含准静力假设的p坐标系或σ坐标系及其它垂直坐标系中的大气运动方程组。在一般广泛使用的p坐标系或σ坐标系大气运动方程组中，因未考虑δ的贡献，对一些场的预报就会产生误差，较长时间的数值积分会使这种误差积累愈来愈大。显然，新发展的非静力大气运动方程组考虑了δ的贡献，从而消除了这种误差，所以就更为精确，也更适用于对中尺度系统运动的描写和预报。 相似文献
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大气动力学的基本问题,也是自然流体力学中的一些基本问题.大气运动是极其多种多样的.在时、空尺度上以及在形态和性质上都有很大差别.大体上说可以分为全球规模的和行星尺度的运动——即所谓大气环流、大尺度天气系统、涡旋、波动、对流以及边界层湍流.我们这里只讲关于前三者的一些问题. 一、大气环流和大尺度运动的动力学 1.在引力和旋转力场中流体运动的一般特点简言之,大气运动是由地球吸收太阳辐射能所推动的.然而它又是在地球重力场和旋转力场作用之下. 相似文献
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正压大气中尺度半平衡和准平衡动力学模式 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
应用描写正压大气运动的基本方程组，分析了中尺度大气运动的物理特征，指出非平衡强迫运动是引起中尺度重要天气演变的根本原因。中尺度动力学方程组是中尺度动力学理论研究的基础，因此，结合中尺度大气运动的基本特征，依据严格的尺度分析理论和摄动理论，简化基于流体力学和热力学的大气动力学方程组使之能够恰当地描述出中尺度运动的基本特征，对于中尺度动力学的发展是极为必要的。基于非线性平衡方程所得到的半平衡和准平衡动力学模式分别与半地转和准地转模式极为相似，它们可以较精确地描述中尺度大气运动的基本特征，因而，可作为中尺度动力学研究的理论基础。将准平衡动力学模式应用于中尺度涡旋系统的研究，结论表明中尺度平衡涡旋系统主要是受梯度风控制，其流场和气压场的发展演变则由一个演化方程来描写，获得了较为理想的结果。 相似文献
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非平衡态大气热力学的研究 总被引：10，自引：2，他引：8
要挟了建立非平衡态大气热力学的必要怀和迫切性。并在考虑到大气系统是以湍涡为基本单元,具有气压梯度力,重力和Ｃｏｒｉｏｌｉｓ力的地球大气宏观体系的基础上,直接引入大气动力主程组,建立了非平衡态大气热力学的熵平衡方程。 相似文献
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大气垂直运动方程若干问题讨论 总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5
本文对大气垂直运动方程的尺度分析和小量可否忽略重新进行了讨论，认为如同存在水平地转平衡一样，在大气垂直方向应当存在垂直地转平衡。并提出在大气垂直方向可能存在更高阶平衡：一级平衡为静力平衡，二级平衡为静力偏差和垂直柯氏力的垂直地转平衡，可能还存在第三级平衡，即垂直地转偏差和重力异常的平衡，最后，重力异常偏差的最级有可能与大气行星波垂直加速度和引潮力垂直分量已处于同一量级。 相似文献
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在第二讲中,我们已经讨论了地球大气的基本作用力。大气运动就是在那些力系的驱动下发生的,而对于不同的天气系统(主要表现为空间尺度的差异),各种力的作用又有主次之分,运动则各具不同的特征。本讲我们将讨论在某些基本作用力相平衡时,大气运动的性质。 相似文献
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不同尺度涡旋相互作用对台风的结构和移动的影响 总被引：7，自引：3，他引：7
根据大气运动原始方程组导出一个支配台风中心移动的基本方程，方程中包括了非绝热加热，温度场分布，地形与摩擦等各中能影响台风移动的强迫因子。对非绝热加热与水平温度分布的使用所作分析表明，非轴对称的非绝热引导作用可使台风加速、减速或转向运动；温度场上的准区对台风有吸收作用。 相似文献
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本文讨论无限深上层流体和有限深下层流体的两层流体系统，该系统是大气的一种近似模型。采用拉格朗日坐标系，从无粘不可压流体力学方程式出发，利用摄动方法获得了所讨论系统中界面孤立波迎撞的摄动解。结果表明，在迎撞前后每个波独立地由Benjamin-Ono方程所描述，即波的形状不发生变化，迎撞的效应由相移来体现。 相似文献
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Yang Fanglin 《大气科学进展》1991,8(2):149-164
The stability of large-scale horizontal motion in the atmosphere is discussed in this paper by using qualitative analysis theory of non-linear ordinary differential equations. Both the non-linear distribution of basic Zephyr flow and the variation of geostrophic vorticity along the latitude (f=f0 + βδy ) are all included in this paper's mathematical model so as to analogue the background field of large-scale horizontal air motion more really in the rotating reference frame of the earth. Some significant results are drawn out from this paper and the conclusions of Li(1986)'s and Wan et al.(1990)'s are extended widely. 相似文献
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A NOVEL METHOD FOR CALCULATING VERTICAL VELOCITY: A RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN HORIZONTAL VORTICITY AND VERTICAL MOVEMENT 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
The present work provides a novel method for calculating vertical velocity based on continuity equations in a pressure coordinate system.The method overcomes the disadvantage of accumulation of calculating errors of horizontal divergence in current kinematics methods during the integration for calculating vertical velocity,and consequently avoids its subsequent correction.In addition,through modifications of the continuity equations,it shows that the vorticity of the vertical shear vector(VVSV) is proportional to-ω,the vertical velocity in p coordinates.Furthermore,if the change of ω in the horizontal direction is neglected,the vorticity of the horizontal vorticity vector is proportional to-ω.When ω is under a fluctuating state in the vertical direction,the updraft occurs when the vector of horizontal vorticity rotates counterclockwise;the downdraft occurs when rotating clockwise.The validation result indicates that the present method is generally better than the vertical velocity calculated by the ω equation using the wet Q-vector divergence as a forcing term,and the vertical velocity calculated by utilizing the kinematics method is followed by the O'Brien method for correction.The plus-minus sign of the vertical velocity obtained with this method is not correlated with the intensity of d BZ,but the absolute error increases when d BZ is =40.This method demonstrates that it is a good reflection of the direction of the vertical velocity. 相似文献
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In this paper,by using the simplified hydrodynamic equations of barotropic nondivergent atmosphere incylindrial coordinates,the nondispersion cnoidal wave solution of spiral planetary waves is discovered.The formulas of wave speed and the diagnostic relationships between wave parameters are obtained,mostof which are consistent with observed facts.It might mean that the nondispersion cnoidal wave does existin the real atmosphere.At least it might be a first approximation to the actual nonlinear wave. 相似文献
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In this paper,the continuity and thermodynamic equations including moisture forcings were derived.Using these two equations and the basic momentum equation of local Cartesian coordinates,the budget equation of generalized moist potential vorticity(GMPV) was derived.The GMPV equation is a good generalization of the Ertel potential vorticity(PV) and moist potential vorticity(MPV) equations.The GMPV equation is conserved under adiabatic,frictionless,barotropic,or saturated atmospheric conditions,and it is closely associated with the horizontal frontogenesis and stability of the real atmosphere.A real case study indicates that term diabatic heating could be a useful diagnostic tool for heavy rainfall events. 相似文献
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V. V. Shashkin M. A. Tolstykh A. R. Ivanova E. N. Skriptunova 《Russian Meteorology and Hydrology》2017,42(9):554-563
The SL-AV atmospheric model version using hybrid vertical coordinates combies the advantages of sigma and isobaric coordinates. The formulation and discretization of model equations maintain the equivalency of the new model version to the basic sigma version in the special case, when hybrid coordinates coincide with sigma coordinates. The SL-AV model version with hybrid vertical coordinate is verified with medium-range weather forecasts. The decrease in the errors of predicted geopotential height and wind as compared to the sigma model version is demonstrated. The use of hybrid coordinates also leads to a certain increase in forecast skill scores for some meteorological parameters characterizing aviation significant weather. 相似文献
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Effects of terrain-following vertical coordinates on high-resolution NWP simulations 总被引：5，自引：3，他引：2 
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下载免费PDF全文 With increasing resolution in numerical weather prediction(NWP)models,the model topography can be described with finer resolution and includes steeper slopes.Consequently,negative effects of the traditional terrain-following vertical coordinate on high-resolution numerical simulations become more distinct due to larger errors in the pressure gradient force(PGF)calculation and associated distortions of the gravity wave along the coordinate surface.A series of numerical experiments have been conducted in this study,including idealized test cases of gravity wave simulation over a complex mountain,error analysis of the PGP estimation over a real topography,and a suite of real-data test cases.The GRAPES-Meso model is utilized with four different coordinates,i.e.,the traditional terrain-following vertical coordinate proposed by Gal-Chen and Somerville(hereinafter referred to as the Gal.C.S coordinate),the one-scale smoothed level(SLEVE1),the two-scale smoothed level(SLEVE2),and the COSINE(COS)coordinates.The results of the gravity wave simulation indicate that the GRAPES-Meso model generally can reproduce the mountain-induced gravity waves,which are consistent with the analytic solution.However,the shapes,vertical structures,and intensities of the waves are better simulated with the SLEVE2 coordinate than with the other three coordinates.The model with the COS coordinate also performs well,except at lower levels where it is not as effective as the SLEVE2 coordinate in suppressing the PGF errors.In contrast,the gravity waves simulated in both the Gal.C.S and SLEVE1 coordinates are relatively distorted.The estimated PGF errors in a rest atmosphere over the real complex topography are much smaller(even disappear at the middle and upper levels)in the GRAPES-Meso model using the SLEVE2 and COS coordinates than those using the Gal.C.S and SLEVE1 coordinates.The results of the real-data test cases conducted over a one-month period suggest that the three modified vertical coordinates(SLEVE1,SLEVE2,and COS coordinates)give better results than the traditional Gal.C.S coordinate in terms of forecasting bias and root mean square error,and forecasting anomaly correlation coefficients.In conclusion,the SLEVE2 coordinate is proved to be the best option for the GRAPES-Meso model. 相似文献
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The three dimensional structure of the atmospheric energy budget: methodology and evaluation 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Studies of the vertically-integrated energy and moisture budgets of the atmosphere are expanded to three dimensions. The vertical integrals of the moisture, energy and heat budget equations computed analytically act as a very strong constraint on any local computational results of the vertical structure. This paper focuses on the methodology and difficulties in closing the budgets and satisfying constraints, given the need to use a pressure coordinate because model coordinates all differ. Vertical interpolation destroys delicate mass balances and can lead to inconsistencies, such as from how geopotential or vertical motion is computed. Using the advective rather than flux form of the equations greatly reduces the contamination from these effects. Results are documented for January 1989 using European Centre for Medium Range Weather Forecasts reanalysis (ERA-40) data. The moistening, diabatic heating and total energy forcing of the atmosphere are computed as a residual from the analyses using the moisture, dry energy (dry static energy plus kinetic energy) and total atmospheric (moist static plus kinetic) energy equations. The components from the monthly averaged flow and transients, as a function of layer in the atmosphere, and as quasi-horizontal and vertical fluxes of dry static, latent and kinetic energy are examined. Results show the moistening of the atmosphere at the surface, its release as latent heat in precipitation and transformation into dry static energy, and thus net radiative cooling as a function of height and location. The vertically integrated forcings computed from the model parameterizations are compared with available observations and budget-derived values, and large ERA-40 model biases are revealed in radiation and precipitation. The energy and moisture budget-derived quantities are more realistic, although results depend on the quality of the analyses which are not constructed to conserve mass, moisture or energy, owing to analysis increments. 相似文献
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本文进一步对旋转正压大气中的包络Rossby孤立波进行了研究，结果发现当Rossby波的波数m（m为纬向波数）满足1≤m≤2时，旋转正压大气中才存在包络Rossby孤立波，并且只有m＝2的包络Rossby孤立波才具有阻塞高压的结构。我们还对这种m＝２的包络Rossby孤立波随纬度变化的持续性进行了计算，得到了许多结果。 相似文献