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引言 井孔水位对降雨荷载的反映,在国内20多口观测井中已记录到,一些同志对此做了大量的工作,但对其形成机制、变化特征、影响因素等尚有不同的认识。为了对井孔水位雨荷效应进行深入研究,提高对地下水微动态的分析能力,白城地区地震办公室特在白城ZK6井的北侧0.7m处打了一眼浅井。目 相似文献
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降雨对鲁０４井水位存在着“地表荷载效应”形式的影响，为了消除这一带有滞后记忆效应的影响，采用了卷积滤波的方法，这样不仅顾及到降雨荷载当时的影响，也顾及到它的滞后记忆影响，从而提出了井水位降雨影响定量改正的一种新方法。 相似文献
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利用数值模拟与含水层垂向应力反演的方法,对降雨与河流荷载作用下静乐井区应力进行定量计算,并从区域应力场与同一构造区其他前兆测项变化特征对2种方法计算结果进行分析。数值模拟结果显示,降雨与河流荷载的共同作用使静乐井所在区域产生的最大垂向位移约为0.7mm,最大垂向应力约为30hPa;同时段静乐井-含水层垂向应力反演结果显示静乐井-含水层最大垂向应力约为79hPa;数值模拟与静乐井-含水层垂向应力反演结果均表明,静乐井水位高值异常与同时段降雨量增多、河流荷载效应增强关系密切,但2种结果存在一定差异。通过可反映井区应力场变化特征的山西地震带3级地震缺震和b值、穿过静乐井的GPS基线、地震矩释放、同一构造单元同时段其他前兆测项与静乐井水位高值异常对比等分析结果可知,2017年静乐井水位高值异常期间井区应力场存在显著异常,推测静乐井水位高值异常除受降雨与河流荷载作用的影响外,也可能受构造活动增强的影响。 相似文献
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楼盘施工注浆及荷载对唐山矿井水位的影响分析 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
2010年唐山矿井水位上升速率明显加快,上升幅度明显高于往年同期.本文从地下水动力学和荷载效应角度,利用抽(注)水试验模型和均布荷载下半无限大的弹性空间理论模型,分析井孔附近楼盘施工注浆及建成后荷载作用对井水位的影响.结果表明,距井孔200 ～700m范围内注浆,每天注浆2500 m3,注浆270d,能引起井水位上升8～11m的变化;大面积的楼盘荷载作用可以引起井水位上升约4m的变化.通过对这些影响因素的分析,认为唐山矿井水位的上升异常与楼盘施工注浆及建成后的荷载作用有一定的相关性. 相似文献
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本文运用弹性力学中关于均布荷载下半无限大弹性空间的应力解,对气压效应、降雨效应等进行机理分析,改进了前人提出的气压系数、降雨系数的理论计算公式。通过计算从理论上说明气压系数、降雨系数不仅与含水层本身性质有关,还与气压变化范围、降雨面积大小、承压井含水层埋深有关,并证明了两系数之和为1。本文还以苏07井为例,分析计算了地表水体涨落对井水位的干扰,结果与他人用二元回归方法所得的结果基本相符。 相似文献
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井水位降雨影响的定量改正 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
给出了井水位降雨影响定量改正的新方法.利用褶积滤波和多元回归的方法,考虑到降雨对井水位影响的滞后记忆效应,对井水位进行降雨影响改正.对鲁08井水位的降雨改正结果表明,该方法的改正效果是比较好的. 相似文献
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本文据白城ZK6井水位的记震能力及特征、结合省内及国内一些地震观测井孔的水文地质和井孔结构特征,经综合对比分析研究从为一眼观测井的记震能力(记震次数、记震的百分比、水震波的振幅及持续时间)的强弱,主要决定于含水层岩性的坚硬程度、渗透系数及单位涌水量、水位的埋深.其次还与含水层的厚度、并孔直径大小及井孔的封闭条件好坏有关. 相似文献
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以钟祥马岭井历年水温观测资料为研究对象,发现2套SZW-1A型数字水温仪记录的数据曲线自2016年7月以来均具有“V”型异常特征,从观测系统、地震、降雨等因素进行分析,排查干扰因素,并分析水温变化的可能机理,认为现该异常应为降雨干扰所致。干扰机理如下：降雨量累积值达40 mm以上,降雨迅速补充地下水,浅层冷水经井段223—246 m处存在的岩石裂隙、断层、溶洞等渗入井孔,造成静水位迅速上升,井水温度随之下降,上下层冷—热水之间的热传导使得位于井孔深部的水温下降;降雨结束,地表水渗入量减少,水温逐渐恢复正常。 相似文献
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结合观测井孔的水文地质条件、大气降水资料 ,深入剖析了华北地区水位、水氡的中期和转折型短期异常变化的直接原因 ,认为水位异常是由于降水量的增大与减少造成的 ,其形成机制主要为降水渗入补给 ;水氡异常的形成原因主要为降水渗入 -混合机制。进而提出“深浅构造的互动作用” ,用以解释流体异常与地震的关系 ,其论点是 :降水、地下水变化可诱发 (活化 )浅层的构造变动 ,而浅层构造活动又引发深部构造活动和地震的发生 ;反之 ,深部构造的活动和地震的孕育 ,使浅层岩石的应力增强 ,在降水、地下水的诱发作用下 ,可导致浅层的构造活动。降水引起的地下水异常是一种广义的地震前兆 相似文献
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Hydraulic redistribution defined as the translocation of soil moisture by plant root systems in response to water potential gradients is a phenomenon widely documented in different climate, vegetation, and soil conditions. Past research has largely focused on hydraulic redistribution in deep tree roots with access to groundwater and/or winter rainfall, while the case of relatively shallow (i.e., ≈1–2 m deep) tree roots has remained poorly investigated. In fact, it is not clear how hydraulic redistribution in shallow root zones is affected by climate, vegetation, and soil properties. In this study, we developed a model to investigate the climate, vegetation, and soil controls on the net direction and magnitude of hydraulic redistribution in shallow tree root systems at the growing season to yearly timescale. We used the model to evaluate the effect of hydraulic redistribution on the water stress of trees and grasses. We found that hydraulic lift increases with decreasing rainfall frequency, depth of the rooting zone, root density in the deep soil and tree leaf area index; at the same time for a given rainfall frequency, hydraulic lift increases with increasing average rainstorm depth and soil hydraulic conductivity. We propose that water drainage into deeper soil layers can lead to the emergence of vertical water potential gradients sufficient to explain the occurrence of hydraulic lift in shallow tree roots without invoking the presence of a shallow water table or winter precipitation. We also found that hydraulic descent reduces the water stress of trees and hydraulic lift reduces the water stress of grass with important implications on tree–grass interactions. 相似文献
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Streamflow is the runoff response integrated in space and time over a complex system involving climatic and catchment physiographic factors. In the Andes, accelerating runoff process understanding is hampered by the inability to quantify heterogeneity of surface and subsurface catchment properties. Here, we present a statistical approach based on regression models and correlation analysis that links hydrological signatures and catchment properties to unveil processes in a set of volcanic mountain catchments (latitude 0°30'N) in Ecuador. The catchments represent form and function diversity in the same hydrological unit. We found that despite of similar atmospheric-water inputs the water yield in the north-east region is about 5× larger than in the south-west region and their flow regimes are asymmetric. The soil-bedrock interface and lithology exert a first-order control on hydrologic partitioning, and this allowed us to hypothesize two hydrological mechanisms. Firstly, in the north-east region, the perennial streamflow is associated with seasonal rainfall patterns, and subsequent drainage processes taking place at the surface and subsurface level. The amount of streamflow is related to landform characteristics, high canopy density and root development of forest as well as water holding capacity of organic soils. From a mechanistic standpoint, the low concentration time, steep slopes and shallow infiltration limited by high-consolidated deposits of sedimentary and volcanics suggest a lateral movement of the flow. Secondly, in the south-west region the streamflow regime is mostly groundwater-dependent and it becomes seasonally enhanced by rainfall. Larger seasonal variations of precipitation and temperature result into enhanced evapotranspiration in the drier months, limiting shallow soil infiltration. Under the soil layers, highly permeable pyroclastic deposits and andesitic lavas promote deep percolation. The results highlight the degree of dissimilarity of hydrological processes in Andean settings, but unravelling their complexity seems plausible using streamflow signatures and causal explanatory models. 相似文献
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A geochemical study was carried out in a small spa area (Onyang Spa, Korea) where intensive pumping of deep thermal groundwater (1 300 000 m3 year−1) is taking place. This has caused the deep fractures to lose their artesian pressure and the upper shallow fractures have been encroached by shallow, cold waters. To quantify the influence of long‐term heavy pumping on the quality of the geothermal water, groundwater sampling and chemical analysis, water‐level measurement, and well loggings were performed for the selected deep thermal wells and shallow cold wells. Chemical analysis results indicate a big contrast in water chemistry and origins between the two water types. Shallow groundwater shows a wider concentration ranges in solutes that are closely related to human activity, illustrating the water's vulnerability to contamination near the land surface. Plots of water chemistry as a function of fluoride reveal that the quality of the thermal water was greatly influenced by the shallow, cold groundwater and that intensive pumping of the deep thermal groundwater has caused the introduction of shallow groundwater into the deeper fractures. Although the deep and the shallow fractures were piezometrically separated to some extent, a mixing model based on fluoride and nitrate indicated that the cold‐water fractions in the thermal wells are up to 50%. This suggests that the thermal water is faced with water quality degradation by the downward flow of the shallow, cold water. Restriction on the total of all the pumpage permits per unit area is suggested to restore the artesian pressure of the deep thermal aquifer and to prevent cold‐water intrusion in the study area. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
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JingBo Zhao YanDong Ma XiaoQing Luo DaPeng Yue TianJie Shao ZhiBao Dong 《中国科学:地球科学(英文版)》2017,60(4):707-719
The Badain Jaran Desert exhibits the greatest difference in altitude of all of the world’s deserts. On the slopes of megadunes in the desert, there are physical and chemical deposits produced by surface runoff. In addition, we have observed rarely-seen infiltration-excess surface runoff in the megadune depressions as well as spring streams at the base of megadunes. We used electron microscopy, energy spectrum analysis, infiltration experiments, moisture content determinations and grain-size analysis to study the mineral and chemical composition of the runoff precipitates, and grain-size of the deposits associated with the runoff, together with the hydrological balance in the megadune area, and the atmospheric precipitation mechanism responsible for groundwater recharge and for supplying water to lakes. The observations of shallow runoff and infiltration-excess surface runoff indicate the occurrence of strong and effective precipitation in summer, which would provide an important source for groundwater recharge. Several lines of evidence, such as the physical and chemical deposits resulting from shallow subsurface runoff, spring streams, infiltration-excess runoff, and gravity capillary water with a moisture content of 3–6%, demonstrate that precipitation reaches the base of the megadunes through infiltration and subsequently becomes groundwater. The chemical deposits, such as newly-formed calcite and gypsum, and gray-black physical deposits, as well as different stages in the development of fan-shaped landforms resulting from shallow subsurface runoff, indicate that groundwater recharge in the area is the result of long-term precipitation, rather than intermittent individual major rainfall events. Fine sand layers with a low infiltration capacity lead to subsurface runoff emerging at the ground surface. Five factors play an important role in maintaining a positive water balance and in replenishing groundwater via rainfall: effective rainfall as a water source, the high infiltration capacity of the sands enabling rainfall to rapidly become capillary water in the dunes, low evapotranspiration rates due to the sparse vegetation, the fact that the depth of the sand layer influenced by evaporation is shallow enough to maximize the deep infiltration of rainfall, and rapidly-moving gravity capillary water in the sandy dunes. These five factors together constitute a mechanism for groundwater recharge from rainfall, and explain the origin of the groundwater and lakes in the area. Our findings represent a significant advance in research on the hydrological cycle, including groundwater recharge conditions and recharge mechanisms, in this desert region. 相似文献
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Chia‐Shyun Chen 《水文研究》2008,22(8):1119-1124
When a slug test is conducted in a highly permeable aquifer, a shallow pressure transducer in the well casing produces an oscillatory pressure head that is representative of the water level fluctuation, whereas a deep pressure transducer in the well casing yields an oscillatory pressure head that is different from the water level change. Although the solutions for shallow and deep pressure head are different, it is found that the ratios of the subsequent extremity displacements are in an identical relationship (an extremity can be a maximum or a minimum in the oscillatory pressure head). Based on this relationship, an analytical data analysis method for the determination of the hydraulic conductivity is developed for both shallow and deep pressure transducer data. This analytical method is applied to the pressure head measured at different depths in the well casing of a well partially penetrating an unconfined coarse sand aquifer. Satisfactory results are obtained, validating the applicability of this analytical method for pressure transducer data at any depth in a well casing. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
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长江中下游浅水湖泊富营养化发生机制与控制途径初探 总被引：191，自引：22，他引：169
长江中下游地区是我国淡水湖泊比较集中的地区。该地区绝大多数湖泊为浅水湖泊,所有的城郊湖泊都已经富营养化,其他湖泊的营养状况均为中营养－富营养,处于富营养化的发展中,这些湖泊富营养化的原因同流域上的人类活动有很大的关系。一方面,工业,农业和城市生活污水正源源不断地向湖泊中排放。另一方面,人类通过湖泊围垦、湖岸忖砌,水产养殖等破坏自然生态环境,减少营养盐输出途径。国际上对于浅水湖泊富营养化治理的经验表明,即使流域上的外源污染排放降到历史最低点,湖泊富营养化问题依然突出,其原因与浅水湖泊底泥所造成的内源污染有关。动力作用导致底泥悬浮,,影响底泥中营养盐的释放,也影响水下光照和初级生产力。控制浅水湖泊富营养化,除了进行外源性营养盐控制之外,还必须进行湖内内源营养盐的治理。治理内源营养盐的有效途径是恢复水生植被,控制底泥动力悬浮与营养盐释放。而要进行水生植被恢复,必须进行湖泊生态系统退化机制及生态修复的实验研究。 相似文献