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1.
海底沉积物的声学测量是海底测深的关键技术之一,应用于海底地形地貌测量、海洋矿产资源开采和海底工程建设等。海底沉积物声学测量方法中的原位测量方法可以避免保真采样法的强扰动性和遥测法的准确度、精度及灵敏度的不确定性等缺点,如何改进原位测量系统渐成为海底探测的研究热点。通过分析现有海底沉积物原位测量设备测试换能器的工作原理,针对垂直压入方式换能器测量深度有限,提出了一种通过改变换能器压入沉积物的角度来增加测量深度的方法。在理论上论证出在不低于换能器接收阈值时,测量深度随着掠射角的增加而增加。在不增加压入深度的前提下提供了一种增加测量深度方法。 相似文献
2.
The use of free-fail penetrators is being now actively considered by many national and international organizations as a possible option for the safe final, disposal of high-level radioactive waste in vitrified form within deep-ocean sedimentary geological formations. The present paper describes methods and results of a study aimed at highlighting the effects of a number of different parameters on penetrator performance. This work is intended as a preparation of a new series of tests to be carried out during 1984-1986 to assess the present modeling capabilities in more detail. An initial experiment carried out in March 1983, using large model penetrators (3.25 m long, 0.325 m diameter, weight 1.8 tons in air) has successfully demonstrated that it is feasible to design free-fall vehicles which are capable of reaching terminal velocities of 45-50 m/s and embedding themselves up to thirty meters in clayey deep-sea sediments. 相似文献
3.
This paper describes the ocean bottom unit and surface ship deck unit of a multi-microprocessor-based underwater acoustic telemetry system designed primarily to address the application of tidal data gathering during the course of a hydrographic survey. The problems of tidal data collection are highlighted and the objectives of the acoustic telemetry system are stated. A shallow-water environmental model is used to obtain accurate estimates of parameters such as propagation loss, band-level noise, frequency dispersion, and time dispersion. The environmental model in conjunction with in situ measurements dictates the guidelines used in the system design. A breakdown of the units into subsystems is given and each subsystem is described. The results of tests performed with the system on June 12 and 13, 1982, in the Bedford Basin, Dartmouth, Nova Scotia, are summarized. Finally, other potential applications of the system are mentioned. 相似文献
4.
An accurate model of acoustic interaction with sandy sediments is crucial to the application of SONAR in shallow-water environments. Because acoustic scattering from interface roughness plays a major role in the reverberation from and penetration into sandy sediments, it is imperative to be able to accurately measure the roughness of the sediment/water interface. An interface roughness measurement system has been developed in which a laser light sheet is projected onto the ocean floor. A resulting image can then be analyzed to determine the interface roughness. The system has been shown to achieve a height measurement error of less than 0.9 mm over a spatial frequency range of 15 to 60 cycles/m with about 0.5 mm standard deviation. These spatial frequencies correspond to acoustic Bragg frequencies of 11 to 45 kHz for backscattering applications. The error in wavelength was less than 5 mm with a standard deviation of about 1.0 mm. The system is inexpensive, easily deployable and automated in terms of data extraction. This system could greatly aid in determining the local interface profile for in situ acoustic scattering experiments. 相似文献
5.
Acoustic telemetry--An overview 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Acoustic telemetry from underwater submersibles and sensors has been pursued ever since it was recognized that the ocean could support signal transmission. While it has been evident that some form of communication is possible, the ocean has proved to be a distressingly difficult medium in which to achieve high data rates. High data rate transmission requires a wide bandwidth which is severely constrained in the ocean because of the absorption of high-frequency energy. Moreover, the ocean is a very reverberant environment with both time and frequency spreading of signals; this further limits data transmission rates. The net effect of the bandwidth and reverberation constraints has led to either acoustic telemetry systems with low data rates or to the use of tethered systems. Over the years, various forms of acoustic communication systems have been developed. These have included direct AM and SSB for underwater telephones, FM for sensor data, FSK and DPSK for digital data, and parametric sonars for narrow-beam systems. As offshore operations have increased, several other systems have been proposed and/or built to respond to particular needs. In this paper, we review the underwater channel and the limitations that it imposes upon acoustic telemetry systems. We then survey some of the systems that have been built (excluding military systems) and indicate how they use various communication system principles to overcome these limitations. 相似文献
6.
Performance limitations in digital acoustic telemetry are addressed. Increases in computational capabilities have led to a number of complex but practical solutions aimed at increasing the reliability of acoustic data links. These solutions range from ocean-basin scale data telemetry to video-image transmission at a few hundred yards' distance. The opportunity to implement highly complex tasks in real time on modest hardware is a common factor. The data rates range from 1 to 500 kb/s and are much slower than satellite channels, while acceptable system complexity is higher than virtually any other channel with comparable data throughput. The basic performance bounds are the channel phase stability, available bandwidth, and the channel impulse response fluctuation rate. Phase stability is of particular concern for long-range telemetry, channel fluctuation characteristics drive equalizer, and synchronizer design; the bandwidth limitation is a direct constraint on data rate for a given signaling method 相似文献
7.
The coastal system of the Bonne-Anse is evolving rapidly from a cuspate foreland to a recurve spit system and embayment. The
evolutionary changes in morphology can be noted from an old map sequence and from changes in vertical sequence of sediments
and microfauna. A model defining the relationship between water circulation, sediments and ostracofauna was made which has
potential use for the analogue interpretation of more ancient environments. By determining the transported ostracofauna's
place of origin and relating this to the deposited sediments, we have succeeded in tracing both the evolution of the water
circulation and the morphology of the lagoonal system. 相似文献
8.
A telemetering, recoverable, sonobuoy system for seismic refraction surveying using a single ship is described. The novel feature of the system is two-way telemetry between ship and buoys, enabling the setting of gain controls in the buoys and conservation of battery power between recording periods. This makes it possible to have several widely separated buoys simultaneously record the shots. Thus a reversed or multiple-reversed profile is obtained from a single line of shots. By careful design of the telemetry system, a maximum range of 50 km is achieved with an antenna height of only 50 ft on the ship. 相似文献
9.
Appell G.F. Mero T.N. Bethem T.D. French G.W. 《Oceanic Engineering, IEEE Journal of》1994,19(2):149-157
A port information system was developed for Tampa Bay, FL, that provides data in real time. Current, water level, and weather systems measure various parameters from around the bay and report at 6-min intervals via a packet-modern-controlled telemetry system. A central receiving station and data acquisition system process the data and make it available in various formats. A voice data response system provides immediate access to the data via touchtone telephone. A voice processor is used to compose phrases that provide a user with environmental information based on the selection made from the voice menu. The design and development of all aspects of the system are described. This system has proven to be a valuable asset to the local and regional marine community, providing information for safe navigation, oil spills, search and rescue, fishing, and existing weather conditions 相似文献
10.
基于主元分析技术的海底沉积物声速预报方程 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
通过应用主元分析技术建立预报海底沉积物声速的经验方程，将前人研究报道的经验方程进行分析研究，指出其计算误差，运用南海南部大陆架和大陆坡数据，建立了主元回归计算模型。从理论上研究了如何在众多影响声速的物理参数中，排除相互关联的参数，优选出相互独立的、且对声速有显著影响的少数几个物理参数，用优选后的物理参数建立了南海南部海域大陆架及大陆坡沉积物的3参数（孔隙度n、颗粒中值粒径Ma、塑限W，）声速预报方程：Cp=1774-5．0944n＋12．499Md＋0．9985Wp，该方程的相对预报误差仅为-4．48％-3．77％。 相似文献
11.
A reversible method is presented to transform waterlogged sediment cores into dry and stable specimens which can go on exhibition or into permanent storage, needing no special precautions. Wet sediment core segments are bath-impregnated with polyethylene glycol of molecular weight 3,350 (PEG 3,350) dissolved in water. The samples are then subjected to a freeze-drying process, during which the PEG forms a stabilising and bonding porous network structure in the capillary system of the sediment. Standard sediment cores at least 1 m long become strong enough to stand upright. Sediment types ranging from muddy deep-sea sediments to very coarse littoral Halimeda sand were successfully stabilised. For standard cores of 10-cm diameters split length-wise, impregnation times vary from 2 weeks for coarse sand to 6–10 weeks for more compacted sediments. With regard to the stability of the samples and the visual clarity of detail, best results were obtained by impregnation with 25 to 60% solutions of PEG 3,350, coarse sediments needing more PEG than finer ones. Colour changes are systematic – the processed samples are lighter in appearance and the contrasts are enhanced, but there is no serious shift in colour tones. The PEG can easily be re-dissolved and washed out of the sediments. Display specimens can thus be made available for research again. 相似文献
12.
针对 UUV 任务结束或能源不足时自主回收的需求,深入研究了 UUV 中远程水声定位与遥测遥控导引技术,完成了水声定位与遥测遥控导引系统方案设计,重点研究了 MFSK、OFDM、扩频等水声遥测遥控调制方式。 通过分析和对比,设计了一种正交混合扩频调制方式,并采用相干二维搜索技术,提高扩频技术多普勒补偿能力。 开展了湖上静态与动态跑船试验,试验数据结果表明:水声水平定位精度优于 0. 5%,水声遥测遥控系统解算误码率达到了 10-3 数量级,可有效引导 UUV 回收作业。 相似文献
13.
A simple laboratory microcosm system, previously used as a community level sediment bioassay for laboratory contaminated sediments, has been used for testing contaminated field sediments. Meiobenthic communities from the Lynher Estuary were incubated with defaunated sediment collected from the Fal Estuary system where a gradient of heavy metal concentrations is reflected in meiofaunal community structure. In the microcosms changes in nematode community structure were related to sediment metal concentrations. These changes in community structure were similar to those previously observed between creeks in the Fal Estuary system indicating that an experimental microcosm approach can be useful both as a sediment bioassay and in the validation of conclusions drawn from field surveys. 相似文献
14.
A reversible method is presented to transform waterlogged sediment cores into dry and stable specimens which can go on exhibition or into permanent storage, needing no special precautions. Wet sediment core segments are bath-impregnated with polyethylene glycol of molecular weight 3,350 (PEG 3,350) dissolved in water. The samples are then subjected to a freeze-drying process, during which the PEG forms a stabilising and bonding porous network structure in the capillary system of the sediment. Standard sediment cores at least 1 m long become strong enough to stand upright. Sediment types ranging from muddy deep-sea sediments to very coarse littoral Halimeda sand were successfully stabilised. For standard cores of 10-cm diameters split length-wise, impregnation times vary from 2 weeks for coarse sand to 6–10 weeks for more compacted sediments. With regard to the stability of the samples and the visual clarity of detail, best results were obtained by impregnation with 25 to 60% solutions of PEG 3,350, coarse sediments needing more PEG than finer ones. Colour changes are systematic – the processed samples are lighter in appearance and the contrasts are enhanced, but there is no serious shift in colour tones. The PEG can easily be re-dissolved and washed out of the sediments. Display specimens can thus be made available for research again. 相似文献
15.
Seismic reflection data obtained with a 500-channel digital streamer cable can be processed by array-forming techniques such as optimal weighting of individual channels and beam-steering. Such processing can improve the resolution of horizons at early and intermediate times as well as enhance the continuity and clarity of later reflections. The data may also be processed to simulate results obtainable with a wide variety of conventional streamers. To demonstrate data enhancement obtained by these processing techniques, a selected line was surveyed in the Gulf of Mexico, first with the 500-channel digital system and then with a conventional 48-channel streamer. Comparison of stacked sections shows that: 1) long steered arrays can enhance deeper events while retaining the high-frequency content of shallow data, and 2) short arrays at small group intervals allow finer vertical resolution of shallow events, as well as finer lateral resolution at all depths. When the digital streamer data were processed to duplicate the 48-channel conventional data, the digital system yielded somewhat better results; this improvement may be attributed in part to inherent advantages of digital telemetry over analog telemetry. 相似文献
16.
A seabed 2-m-long cone penetrometer and coring system (Geotechnical Module) has been used at 17 stations in four transects on the Scotian Slope to characterise in situ shear strength and induced pore pressure on several different types of late Pleistocene and early Holocene failure. Study sites were selected using the SAR high-resolution deep-towed acoustic system equipped with a digital 160–190 kHz sidescan sonar and a 3.5 kHz subbottom profiler.
Several distinctive types of “geotechnical signature” were recognised from plots of cone resistance and induced pore pressure with depth in the sediment. Normally consolidated sediments show a progressive increase in cone resistance with depth (to about 75 kPa at 2 m subbottom). Holocene surficial muds show spectacular apparent overconsolidation, reaching a peak of 250 kPa at about 50 cm subbottom and then decreasing down to 1.5 m. This overconsolidation is associated with Zoophycos burrows. Late Pleistocene sediments exhumed by bedding plane slides show strong true overconsolidation consistent with the original depth of burial inferred from high-resolution seismic stratigraphy. Debris flows show only a slight shear stress gradient with depth (40–45 kPa over 0.5–1 m subbottom) with under-consolidation due to remoulding of sediment. 相似文献
17.
P. T. Harris 《Marine Geology》2000,170(3-4):317-330
Biosiliceous sediments sampled from a submarine valley system on the continental shelf of East Antarctica contain intervals of ripple cross-lamination interspersed with massively bedded units. Based on radiocarbon dates from one core collected on the Mac.Robertson Shelf, the most intensely cross-laminated sediments were deposited between 6 and 3.5 kyr BP, with isolated cross-laminae deposited at other times in the Holocene. The cross-laminated sediments are interpreted here as a signal of episodic density currents flowing across the outer shelf, which result from the formation of high salinity shelf water (HSSW). This HSSW is formed in winter by brine rejection during sea ice formation and by the exchange and cooling of upwelled saline slope water, and it contributes to the bottom water produced along the continental margin of Antarctica. If this interpretation of the cross-laminae is correct, then bottom water formation and export from the East Antarctic shelf has exhibited temporal, and probably also spatial, variability throughout the Holocene. Such variability would have implications for oceanographers attempting to quantify Antarctic bottom water production rates based only on present day observations. 相似文献
18.
To perform geophysical and multidisciplinary real-time measurements on the ocean floor, it has been attempted to reuse decommissioned submarine cables. The VENUS project reuses the TPC-2, which is one of these systems and runs across the entire Philippine Sea Plate between Guam Island and Okinawa Island. The VENUS system comprises an ocean floor observatory, a submarine cable, and a land system. The major components of the ocean floor observatory are geophysical instruments and a telemetry system. There are seven scientific instrument units including broadband seismometers and a hydrophone array. Digital telemetry using the old analog telephone cable obtains high data accuracy and real-time accessibility to data from a laboratory on land. The bottom-telemetry system and a part of sensor units were installed at a depth of 2157 m on the landward slope of the Ryukyu (Nansei-Syoto) Trench on August 29, 1999. The data from the hydrophone array and tsunami gauge have been correctly transmitted to the data center. The rest of the scientific instruments will be deployed by deep-tow equipment and a remotely operated vehicle. Using a decommissioned submarine cable will greatly reduce construction costs compared to using a new cable system 相似文献
19.
A newly developed towed transient electromagnetic (TEM) system is capable of measuring the electrical conductivity of the
uppermost 5–10 m of sediments on the sea floor. The profiles of conductivity may be interpreted to give the porosity and likely
texture of the bottom sediments. Recent tests of the system have demonstrated that data may be collected continuously in a
surveying mode. Results from Knight Inlet, British Columbia, are in good agreement with sea floor samples from the area.
Applications for the system include the rapid identification of sediment types for dredging operations, geotechnical surveys,
or reconnaissance mapping of Quaternary geology. 相似文献
20.
介绍了最新研制的基于液压驱动贯入的自容式海底沉积声学原位测量系统及其在南黄海中部海底沉积声学调查中的应用。该系统可以实现对海底沉积物声速和声衰减系数进行原位测量,通过液压驱动装置将四根声学探杆匀速贯入到海底沉积物中,减少了对沉积物的扰动,可按照预设的工作参数在海底全自动工作,无需甲板上人员实时控制,采集的声波信号自容式存储于存储单元。系统工作水深为500 m,测量深度为1 m,测量频率为30 kHz,采样频率为10 MHz。使用该系统在南黄海中部获得了40个站位不同类型沉积物的声学特性原位测量数据,并使用CTD剖面仪对该系统声速测量进行了标定,相对误差均小于0.5%,表明该系统测量数据准确、可靠。 相似文献