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1.
We downscaled atmospheric reanalysis data using linear regression and Bayesian neural network (BNN) ensembles to obtain daily maximum and minimum temperatures at ten weather stations in southern Quebec and Ontario, Canada. Performance of the linear and non-linear downscaling models was evaluated using four different sets of predictors, not only in terms of their ability to reproduce the magnitude of day-to-day variability (i.e., “weather,” mean absolute error between the daily values of the predictand(s) and the downscaled data) but also in terms of their ability to reproduce longer time scale variability (i.e., “climate,” indices of agreement between the predictand's observed annual climate indices and the corresponding downscaled values). The climate indices used were the 90th percentile of the daily maximum temperature, 10th percentile of the daily minimum temperature, number of frost days, heat wave duration, growing season length, and intra-annual temperature range.
Our results show that the non-linear models usually outperform their linear counterparts in the magnitude of daily variability and, to a greater extent, in annual climate variability. In particular, the best model simulating weather and climate was a BNN ensemble using stepwise selection from 20 reanalysis predictors, followed by a BNN ensemble using the three leading principal components from the aforementioned predictors. Finally, we showed that, on average, the first three indices presented higher skills than the growing season length, number of frost days, and the heat wave duration. 相似文献
2.
Myong-In Lee Siegfried D. Schubert Dongmin Kim 《Asia-Pacific Journal of Atmospheric Sciences》2011,47(3):245-253
This study examines the tropical storms simulated in the Modern-Era Retrospective analysis for Research and Applications (MERRA) global atmospheric reanalysis for the recent 12 years (1998–2009), focusing on the tropical storm activity over the Northwestern Pacific. For validation, the International Best Track Archive for Climate Stewardship (IBTrACS) dataset is used as an observational counterpart. Climatological-mean features of the tropical storm genesis, tracks and their maximum intensity are the primary interests in this study. Regarding the genesis location of tropical storms, MERRA is reasonable in resolving major development regions over the South China Sea and the Northwestern Pacific close to the Philippines. The seasonal variation of the number of storms is also reproduced in a realistic way in MERRA, with peak values occurring from July to September. In addition, MERRA tends to reproduce the observed interannual variation of the number of tropical storms during the 12-years, though with a limited accuracy. The simulated paths toward higher latitudes are also reasonable in MERRA, where the reanalysis corresponds well with the observations in resolving frequent paths of westward moving storms and recurving storms toward the northeast. Regarding the intensity, MERRA captures the linear relationship between the minimum center pressure and the maximum wind speed near the surface at the maximum development. Some discrepancies from the observed features are found in the reanalysis, such as less frequent development of storms over the South China Sea and less frequent paths over this region. The reanalysis also does not attain the observed maximum intensity for the resolved tropical storms, particularly underestimating the center pressure. These deficiencies are likely related to limitations in the horizontal resolution and the parameterized physics of the data assimilation system. 相似文献
3.
Validation results of the MGO regional climate model (RCM) with 50-km resolution for Siberia are discussed. For the specification of side boundary conditions, the reanalysis data are used. It is shown that the model satisfactorily simulates the sea-level pressure and temperature fields for all seasons and the year as a whole. The lowest computational errors in the simulation of regional surface temperature arise in the fall and winter; in spring and summer, the temperature errors are slightly higher. The model slightly underestimates the variability of daily mean temperature in winter relative to the reanalysis data. In summer, on the contrary, the RCM-simulated variability exceeds the variability in reanalysis. In winter, the space distribution of model precipitation is in qualitative agreement with the data of observational analysis; in summer, the space variability of model precipitation is significantly higher than that of precipitation in the reanalysis, especially in the mountains. Agreement between time changes in precipitation and temperature anomalies in RCM and in the reanalysis is better in the areas with a relatively large number of weather stations. The model can be used for estimation of future climate changes in the above-mentioned region. 相似文献
4.
基于中尺度数值模式的分类强对流天气预报方法研究 总被引：3，自引：1，他引：3
针对雷暴大风、短时强降水、冰雹和龙卷等强对流天气短期预报,采用0.25°×0.2°每天4次日本气象厅(JMA)东亚地区再分析资料计算的百余类对流参数(物理量)及其15 d滑动平均值,根据“邻(临)近”原则对江苏2001—2009年2—9月各类强对流天气进行时间和站点的匹配后,应用相对偏差模糊矩阵评价技术,对上述对流参数进行权重分配和逐次筛选,获得了既体现强对流与气候平均态间明显差异,又体现自身相对稳定的特征对流参数序列。同时,根据历史分类强对流个例中各特征对流参数的频谱分布获得各对流参数的频率分布分段函数,然后基于中尺度数值模式预报的对流参数,综合历史频率分布和权重分配,构建了分类强对流天气预报概率,并以优势概率作为分类判据,做出强对流分类预报。最后建立了业务化系统,以全自动方式提供分类强对流客观预报产品,投入到日常业务和南京青年奥林匹克运动会气象保障服务工作。 相似文献
5.
Summary Due to the periodicity of variations in solar radiation and air temperature their dimensionless values are expanded in Fourier series. Fourier coefficients were determined using data recorded by weather stations in various Egyptian cities. In terms of ambient air temperature, these coefficients are used to calculate solar radiation for specific geographic locations near to weather stations for which solar radiation data are unavailable.Estimates of solar radiation calculated by means of Fourier coefficients are compared with observed solar radiation data based on the number of hours of sunshine for the stations where there were records of sunshine duration. The comparison shows a good agreement between estimated and observed.With 10 Figures 相似文献
6.
In connection with analysis of anomalous weather in summer of 2010, the state-of-the-art is reviewed of climatology of the
blocking anticyclones, of mechanism for their onset and persistence, as well as possibilities of their forecasting. The main
results are quoted on occurrence frequency, intensity, and duration of blockings and on their connection with features of
general circulation of the atmosphere in the Northern and Southern hemispheres. As the primary cause of the blocking formation,
nonlinear instability of the Rossby waves is considered with intense energy exchange with planetary waves and with synoptic-scale
eddies. Mathematical means have been developed to investigate the energy exchange on the real data of objective analysis (reanalysis).
This approach can be applied to analyze causes of anomalous duration of the summer blocking. From the point of view of forecasting,
blockings do not differ much from other atmospheric pressure systems. Namely, within the framework of medium-range forecasting,
the blocking onset, under condition of its absence in the initial fields, can be predicted with a projection of several days;
also, the ensemble forecasts are generally more successful than those obtained with any single model. The blocking duration
and decay can be predicted successfully within the medium-range forecasting. 相似文献
7.
采用中国强沙尘暴序列及其支撑数据集,对1958—2007年中国沙尘暴的时间序列进行小波分析,揭示了中国沙尘暴多时间尺度的复杂结构和总体变化趋势,给出不同时间尺度下沙尘暴变化的突变点,并对未来变化趋势进行了展望。结果表明：中国沙尘暴呈明显振荡式减少趋势,距平值在1985-1986年出现转折;50a中沙尘暴变化呈现从多到少的振荡形式,其减少趋势的振荡变化主要受6—8a和2～3a尺度变化的叠加影响,6～8a尺度变化出现了4次突变;1966、1985和2001年沙尘暴出现较强的变化是多时间尺度叠加的结果。2008年后的10～15a中,沙尘暴总体减少趋势将减缓,其平均值在1958-2007年平均值和1983-2007年平均值之间,2011年前后可能出现一个接近2001和2002年平均情况的峰值,随后仍和缓减少。 相似文献
8.
Trends and fluctuations of rainfall regime in the Brahmaputra and Barak basins of Assam, India 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1
R. L. Deka C. Mahanta H. Pathak K. K. Nath S. Das 《Theoretical and Applied Climatology》2013,112(1-2):61-71
Severe weather conditions create negative impacts on humans. One of the severe weather conditions is storms. In the scope of this study, the storm effects on the Marmara Region were investigated using data for the period 2000 to 2010 giving the hourly averaged wind direction and speed in the Marmara Region, as provided by the Turkish Meteorological Service. The monthly distribution of storms has been estimated and their daily variability has been investigated. Additionally, air masses that cause storms have been determined by using NCEP/NCAR re-analysis data. Other than this, by studying the storms, extreme values have been ascertained and northerly values from these storm values (since in percentage terms they are larger) and hourly variability in a single day for 17 weather stations have been depicted graphically. The days that northerly storms reached extreme values are shown with the meteorological maps (surface chart, 850, 700, 500, and 300 hPa) and the temperature diagrams for Istanbul in the Marmara Region have been examined and analysed. 相似文献
9.
针对基于作物模型开展产量实时预报后期气象资料的获取问题,提出通过相似类比,从历史气象资料库中获取替代资料的方案,基于CERES-Rice模型系统评估了平均值处理方案和历史相似类比方案的可预报性和误差分布特征。结果表明:水稻产量对成熟前2个月内的气象条件较为敏感,基于气象资料和作物模型开展产量预测,在5%误差范围内可获得60%以上的预测概率;以多年气候平均值替代起报日后期气象资料,在成熟前2个月起报预测概率约为60%,成熟前1个月约为70%,但预报误差系统性偏高;采用气候相似类比方法,从历史气象资料中获取起报日后期替代资料,可有效降低预报误差的系统偏差,若引入后期气候趋势信息,成熟前2个月起报预测概率可达80%以上,较采用历史平均值有显著提高。研究结果为基于作物模型和气象观测及气候预测信息开展产量预报提供了技术方案。 相似文献
10.
A comparison is made between modelled (NCEP/NCAR reanalysis) and observed (CRC and CRU dataset) annual and monthly precipitation
over tropical Africa during the period 1958–1997. The split moving-windows dissimilarity analysis (SMWDA) is used to locate
abrupt changes in rainfall time series. In the NCEP reanalysis data, we identify a main abrupt shift, which occurs in 1967
and concerns more than 50% of grid points. In the observation, this shift is only found over parts of tropical North Africa.
Three other NCEP abrupt shifts (1975, 1983 and 1987) in the reanalysis shown by the SMWDA, each concerning about 20% of tropical
Africa, are not identified in the observation. One hypothesis concerning the 1967 marked abrupt shift is a problem of data
assimilation in the NCEP/NCAR model which generated artificial shifts in the time series. In view of this result, further
comparisons have been restricted to the period 1968–1997. On a continental scale, while the CRC and NCEP mean seasonal rainfall
patterns are almost the same, however, some regional features are not well reproduced. Using five regional rainfall indexes,
the mean seasonal rainfall cycle is correctly reproduced, but the NCEP reanalysis generally underestimates the amounts during
the rainy season. The NCEP reanalysis rainfall is closer to the observation when the region shows a single rainy season. The
correlation values between NCEP and CRC interannual rainfall variations over the period 1968–1997 are very low and seldom
significant. The NCEP four main structures of rainfall variability as deducted from rotated principal component analysis are
not realistic at all and the associated time series are systematically dominated by a marked low-frequency variability not
present in the observation. However, the main teleconnections between ENSO and African rainfall variations are fairly well
reproduced, with a correct location of the main structures, but with lower correlation values than those found in the observation.
Received: 22 September 1999 / Accepted: 10 May 2000 相似文献
11.
12.
Global warming is expected to affect both the frequency and severity of extreme weather events, though projections of the response of these events to climate warming remain highly uncertain. The range of changes reported in the climate modelling literature is very large, sometimes leading to contradictory results for a given extreme weather event. Much of this uncertainty stems from the incomplete understanding of the physics of extreme weather processes, the lack of representation of mesoscale processes in coarse-resolution climate models, and the effect of natural climate variability at multi-decadal time scales. However, some of the spread in results originates simply from the variety of scenarios for future climate change used to drive climate model simulations, which hampers the ability to make generalizations about predicted changes in extreme weather events. In this study, we present a meta-analysis of the literature on projected future extreme weather events in order to quantify expected changes in weather extremes as a function of a common metric of global mean temperature increases. We find that many extreme weather events are likely to be significantly affected by global warming. In particular, our analysis indicates that the overall frequency of global tropical cyclones could decrease with global warming but that the intensity of these storms, as well as the frequency of the most intense cyclones could increase, particularly in the northwestern Pacific basin. We also found increases in the intensity of South Asian monsoonal rainfall, the frequency of global heavy precipitation events, the number of North American severe thunderstorm days, North American drought conditions, and European heatwaves, with rising global mean temperatures. In addition, the periodicity of the El Niño–Southern Oscillation may decrease, which could, in itself, influence extreme weather frequency in many areas of the climate system. 相似文献
13.
One of the main concerns in regional climate modeling is to which extent limited-area regional climate models (RCM) reproduce
the large-scale atmospheric conditions of their driving general circulation model (GCM). In this work we investigate the ability
of a multi-model ensemble of regional climate simulations to reproduce the large-scale weather regimes of the driving conditions.
The ensemble consists of a set of 13 RCMs on a European domain, driven at their lateral boundaries by the ERA40 reanalysis
for the time period 1961–2000. Two sets of experiments have been completed with horizontal resolutions of 50 and 25 km, respectively.
The spectral nudging technique has been applied to one of the models within the ensemble. The RCMs reproduce the weather regimes
behavior in terms of composite pattern, mean frequency of occurrence and persistence reasonably well. The models also simulate
well the long-term trends and the inter-annual variability of the frequency of occurrence. However, there is a non-negligible
spread among the models which is stronger in summer than in winter. This spread is due to two reasons: (1) we are dealing
with different models and (2) each RCM produces an internal variability. As far as the day-to-day weather regime history is
concerned, the ensemble shows large discrepancies. At daily time scale, the model spread has also a seasonal dependence, being
stronger in summer than in winter. Results also show that the spectral nudging technique improves the model performance in
reproducing the large-scale of the driving field. In addition, the impact of increasing the number of grid points has been
addressed by comparing the 25 and 50 km experiments. We show that the horizontal resolution does not affect significantly
the model performance for large-scale circulation. 相似文献
14.
利用地面气象观测资料,分析了我国北方1954～2001年年、季沙尘天气发生日数的演变规律及其与主要气候要素,风速、相对湿度、降水、气温和干燥度的相关关系,用NCEP/NCAR再分析资料分析了冬春气压梯度的变化趋势。结果表明:近50年来,造成我国北方沙尘天气频率显著下降的直接自然原因是沙尘源区和发生区平均风速和大风日数的减少、主要沙尘源区降水量特别是春季及其前冬降水量的增加以及由于源区降水增加引起的大气和土壤湿润程度的改善。冬春季节气压梯度的减小是风速减小、进而导致沙尘日数减小的关键间接因素。 相似文献
15.
将随机过程的交叉理论应用于天气气候极值分析，以长江三角洲地区逐月最高最低气温为例，说明了交叉理论在极值研究中的作用。基于该理论，对上海市近100a一月气温序列，用随机模拟的方法讨论了极端温度出现的频数、持续时间、时间间隔等参数对于气候变化的敏感性，并根据气候变化趋势，预测了未来气候极值统计特征的变化规律。 相似文献
16.
基于广义线性模型和NCEP资料的降水随机发生器 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
天气发生器可以用来插补历史缺测气象数据或生成未来天气情境, 近年来被普遍应用于对气象变量的降尺度研究, 为陆面的水文、 生态模拟提供外强迫输入。广义线性模型 (GLM) 是近年来用于建立大尺度气象变量与地面气象因子之间的一种有效方法, 基于GLM的天气发生器具有一定的应用前景。本文以NCEP再分析资料中的单格点气温、 500 hPa位势高度、 位温、 相对湿度、 海平面气压等5个变量作为影响降水变化的大尺度因子建立模拟逐日降水量的广义线性模型。模型中对降水概率的描述采用Logistic模型模拟, 而对降水量则分别试用Gamma分布、 指数分布、 正态分布和对数正态分布来模拟, 试图比较和揭示这些基于不同理论分布的模型的能力。模型中待定参数的估计及对研究区逐日降水量的模拟采用了完全相同的实测逐日降水数据和同期NCEP再分析资料。参数的最大似然估计用遗传算法来实现, 对山东省临沂地区10个主要气象观测站降水资料的研究表明, Gamma分布模型的拟合效果最好, 对数正态分布次之, 指数分布再次, 正态分布最差; 参数估计分月获取的拟合效果略好于不分月的。模型逐日降水模拟表明, 对降水发生概率的模拟会低估各月的多年平均值, 基于指数分布的GLM会低估各月总降水量期望 (为月内每日降水量期望之和) 的多年平均值, 而基于对数正态分布的GLM则会在降水量较大时产生高估现象。由对应的天气发生器模型生成的随机模拟降水序列表明, 基于对数正态分布的模型会高估月降水量较大时的多年平均, 而基于指数分布及Gamma分布的模型则模拟效果较好。总体上看, 这种基于NCEP再分析资料和GLM的天气发生器对降水变率具有很强的解释和模拟能力。 相似文献
17.
Robert J. Trapp Eric D. Robinson Michael E. Baldwin Noah S. Diffenbaugh Benjamin R. J. Schwedler 《Climate Dynamics》2011,37(3-4):677-688
We explore the use of high-resolution dynamical downscaling as a means to simulate the regional climatology and variability of hazardous convective-scale weather. Our basic approach differs from a traditional regional climate model application in that it involves a sequence of daily integrations. We use the weather research and forecasting (WRF) model, with global reanalysis data as initial and boundary conditions. Horizontal grid lengths of 4.25?km allow for explicit representation of deep convective storms and hence a compilation of their occurrence statistics over a large portion of the conterminous United States. The resultant 10-year sequence of WRF model integrations yields precipitation that, despite its positive bias, has a diurnal cycle consistent with observations, and otherwise has a realistic geographical distribution. Similarly, the occurrence frequency of short-duration, potentially flooding rainfall compares well to analyses of hourly rain gauge data. Finally, the climatological distribution of hazardous-thunderstorm occurrence is shown to be represented with some degree of skill through a model proxy that relates rotating convective updraft cores to the presence of hail, damaging surface winds, and tornadoes. The results suggest that the proxy occurrences, when coupled with information on the larger-scale atmosphere, could provide guidance on the reliability of trends in the observed occurrences. 相似文献
18.
利用塔里木盆地周边27个气象站1961-2006年逐月平均气温和塔中气象站1999-2006年逐月平均气温资料,同时选取1961-2006年NCEP/NCAR 2.5°×2.5°经纬度距地表2 m的月平均气温再分析格点资料,分别用逐步回归分析、EOF分解和NCEP资料3种方法对塔中气象站1961-1998年历年逐月平均气温序列进行了恢复与重建,分析了误差,并与周边气象站的变化特征进行对比。结果表明,逐步回归和EOF法都能够作为重建塔中逐月平均气温的方法,但相对而言,逐步回归法重建的序列误差更小,平均拟合绝对误差为0.3℃,最大绝对误差为1.9℃。而NCEP/NCAR资料由于冬季存在明显的系统性误差,数值显著偏高,不能用于塔中气温序列的重建。 相似文献
19.
利用局地经向环流对河南一次连阴雨过程的定量诊断 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
利用2.5°×2.5°NCEP/NCAR再分析资料和改进的局地经向环流线性模式,定量诊断了2011年9月5—19日河南省秋季连阴雨天气的形成机理,并利用局地经向环流的垂直分量与降水量滞后相关的分析,研究了这次连阴雨过程主要物理因子的演变特征。结果表明:(1)潜热加热、平均经向温度平流、平均西风动量的纬向平流和平均纬向温度平流是导致2011年9月河南省秋季连阴雨天气形成的主要物理因子。(2)潜热加热和平均纬向温度平流是造成此次连阴雨发生的主要物理因子;平均纬向温度平流、平均经向温度平流和平均西风动量的纬向平流是造成此次连阴雨发展或持续的主要物理因子;潜热加热、平均西风动量的纬向平流和平均纬向温度平流是造成此次连阴雨结束的主要物理因子。 相似文献
20.
S. A. Myslenkov A. A. Shestakova P. A. Toropov 《Russian Meteorology and Hydrology》2016,41(10):706-713
The results ofnumerical simulation of storm waves near the northeastern coast ofthe Black Sea using different wind forcing (CFSR reanalysis, GFS forecast, and WRF reanalysis and forecast) are presented. The wave modeling is based on the SWAN spectral wave model and the high-resolution unstructured grid for the Tsemes Bay. The quality estimates of wave simulation results for various wind forcing are provided by comparing the model results with the instrumental data on wind waves in the Tsemes Bay. It is shown that the forecast of the maximum wave height for some storms using the WRF wind forcing is more accurate than that based on the GFS forcing. 相似文献